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Menden T, Alcaín GB, Stevenson AT, Pollock RD, Tank H, Hodkinson P, Jolley C, Smith TG, Leonhardt S, Walter M. Dynamic lung behavior under high G acceleration monitored with electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34375953 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac1c63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During launch and atmospheric re-entry in suborbital space flights, astronauts are exposed to high G-acceleration. These acceleration levels influence gas exchange inside the lung and can potentially lead to hypoxaemia. The distribution of air inside the lung can be monitored by Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). This imaging technique might reveal how high gravitational forces affect the dynamic behavior of ventilation and impair gas exchange resulting in hypoxaemia. APPROACH We performed a trial in a long-arm centrifuge with ten participants lying supine while being exposed to +2, +4 and +6\,Gx(chest-to-back acceleration) to study the magnitude of accelerations experienced during suborbital spaceflight. MAIN RESULTS First, the tomographic images revealed that the dorsal region of the lung emptied faster than the ventral region. Second, the ventilated area shifted from dorsal to ventral. Consequently, alveolar pressure in the dorsal area reached the pressure of the upper airways before the ventral area emptied completely. Finally, the upper airways collapsed and the end-expiratory volume increased. This resulted in ventral gas trapping with restricted gas exchange. SIGNIFICANCE At +4xchanges in ventilation distribution varied considerably between subjects potentially due to variation in individual physical conditions. However, at +6\,Gxall participants were affected similarly and the influence of high gravitational conditions was pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Menden
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, GERMANY
| | - Gema B Alcaín
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, GERMANY
| | - Alec T Stevenson
- QinetiQ EMEA, Farnborough, Hampshire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Ross D Pollock
- King's College London Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, London, London, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Henry Tank
- QinetiQ EMEA, Farnborough, Hampshire, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Peter Hodkinson
- King's College London Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, London, London, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Caroline Jolley
- King's College London Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, London, London, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Thomas G Smith
- King's College London Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, London, London, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Steffen Leonhardt
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, GERMANY
| | - Marian Walter
- Chair for Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, GERMANY
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Tu MY, Chu H, Chen HH, Chiang KT, Hu JM, Li FL, Yang CS, Cheng CC, Lai CY. Roles of Physiological Responses and Anthropometric Factors on the Gravitational Force Tolerance for Occupational Hypergravity Exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17218061. [PMID: 33147694 PMCID: PMC7663089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Gravity in the head-to-toe direction, known as +Gz (G force), forces blood to pool in the lower body. Fighter pilots experience decreases in blood pressure when exposed to hypergravity in flight. Human centrifuge has been used to examine the G tolerance and anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM) techniques of military pilots. Some factors that may affect G tolerance have been reported but are still debated. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses and anthropometric factors correlated with G tolerance. We retrospectively reviewed the training records of student pilots who underwent high G training. Variables were collected to examine their correlations with the outcome of 7.5G sustained for 15 s (7.5G profile). There were 873 trainees who underwent 7.5G profile training, 44 trainees (5.04%) could not sustain the test for 15 s. The group with a small heart rate (HR) increase (less than 10%) during the first 1–5 s of the 7.5G profile had a nearly ten-fold higher failing chance compared with the large HR increase group (adjusted odds ratio: 9.91; 95% confidence interval: 4.11–23.88). The chances of failure were inversely related to the HR increase percentage (p for trend <0.001). Factors, including body mass index, relaxed and straining G tolerance, and AGSM, were found to be negatively correlated with the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Tu
- Aviation Physiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Gangshan Branch, Kaohsiung City 820, Taiwan; (M.-Y.T.); (K.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.); (C.-C.C.)
- Department of Health Business Administration, Meiho University, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences and PhD Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Chu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Taipei City 105, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan;
| | - Kwo-Tsao Chiang
- Aviation Physiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Gangshan Branch, Kaohsiung City 820, Taiwan; (M.-Y.T.); (K.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.); (C.-C.C.)
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ling Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Shu Yang
- Aviation Physiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Gangshan Branch, Kaohsiung City 820, Taiwan; (M.-Y.T.); (K.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chao-Chien Cheng
- Aviation Physiology Research Laboratory, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Gangshan Branch, Kaohsiung City 820, Taiwan; (M.-Y.T.); (K.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.); (C.-C.C.)
| | - Chung-Yu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 114, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Jin Z, Cao ZT, Wang HX, Zhang LH, Li YF, Zhou YB, Wang Q, Li BH, Xu Y, Wei XY, Wang H, Lin R, Yang JH, Geng XC. [Changes of regional cerebral oxygen saturation under gradual-onset rate +Gz exposure]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2020; 36:130-3. [PMID: 32744005 DOI: 10.12047/j.cjap.5905.2020.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Konishi T, Kurazumi T, Kato T, Takko C, Ogawa Y, Iwasaki KI. Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation and cerebral blood flow velocity under mild +Gz hypergravity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:190-197. [PMID: 31169473 PMCID: PMC6692742 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00119.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that cerebral blood flow (CBF) was reduced by even mild +Gz hypergravity. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (C-rSO2) has been widely used to detect cerebral ischemia in clinical practice. For example, decreases in C-rSO2 reflect reduced CBF or arterial oxygen saturation. Thus it was hypothesized that C-rSO2 would decrease in association with reduced CBF during mild hypergravity. To test this hypothesis, we measured CBF velocity by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and C-rSO2 during mild +Gz hypergravity while participants were in a sitting position. Among 17 male participants, 15 completed 21 min of exposure to +1.5 Gz generated by short-arm centrifuge. C-rSO2 and mean CBF velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCBFVMCA) during centrifugation were averaged every 5 min and compared with pre-hypergravity (+1.0 Gz). C-rSO2 did not change significantly throughout centrifugation, although MCBFVMCA gradually decreased from the beginning (−1.2% at 0–5 min), and significantly decreased at 5–10 min (−4.8%), 10–15 min (−6.7%), and 15–20 min (−7.4%). Contrary to our hypothesis, decreases in C-rSO2 were not detected, despite reductions in CBF velocity during hypergravity. Since some assumptions, such as unaltered arteriovenous volume ratio, hemoglobin concentration, extracranial blood flow, and brain activity, need to be satisfied to monitor cerebral ischemia by C-rSO2, the present results suggest that these necessary assumptions for near-infrared spectroscopy are not always applicable, and that cerebral oxygenation may not precisely reflect decreases in CBF under mild +Gz hypergravity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate simultaneously cerebral oxygenation monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy and cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitored by transcranial Doppler under +1.5 Gz hypergravity. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant correlation between CBF velocity and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (C-rSO2). However, an incomplete case nearly involving syncope suggests the possibility that C-rSO2 can detect a remarkable decrease in CBF with development of presyncope during +Gz hypergravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Konishi
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.,Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Ministry of Defense , Saitama , Japan
| | - Takuya Kurazumi
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kato
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Chiharu Takko
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yojiro Ogawa
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iwasaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
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Piotrowski T, Rittweger J, Zange J. A Comparison of Squatting Exercise on a Centrifuge and With Earth Gravity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1759. [PMID: 30568604 PMCID: PMC6290078 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Long-duration space missions require countermeasures against the muscular wasting and cardiovascular deconditioning associated with microgravity. Replacing gravitational acceleration by means of centrifugation is a promising alternative as it challenges all physiological systems at once. The aim of this study is to examine the metabolic energy costs of squatting on a centrifuge in comparison with squatting in an upright standing posture under natural gravity. Methods: 24 subjects (11 male, 13 female) performed continuous squatting exercise for 9 min with increasing cadence (10, 12, and 15 squats min-1). This was done under three conditions: Upright under natural gravity and lying supine on a centrifuge at two radii (2.5 and 3.5 m) at 1 g of centrifugal acceleration at the subject’s average center of mass during the exercise. Results: Generally, subjects did not suffer from motion sickness. Exercise under natural gravity led to a higher Δ V’O2/body mass (7.1 ± 2.0, ml min-1 kg-1, mean ± SD) compared with exercise on the centrifuge (6.1 ± 1.6, ml min-1 kg-1, mean ± SD). Exercise efficiency was also reduced under natural 1 g at 28.2 ± 1.0% compared to 40.4 ± 1.5% on the centrifuge. As expected, oxygen consumption increased with increasing cadences. The Coriolis effect had a negligible impact as there was no significant difference in V’O2 between the two radii. However, during centrifugation and upward movement the right leg was more loaded than the leg left and vice versa during downward movement (centrifuge running clockwise looking down, so to the subjects’ right). Conclusion: The lower V’O2 on the centrifuge may be attributed to the unloading of trunk muscles while subjects were lying on the sled, which in the upright condition leaning against the sled were still working to stabilize the torso. Subjects tolerated high rotational rates combined with exercise very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Piotrowski
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Zange
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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Barbiero M, Rousseau C, Papaxanthis C, White O. Coherent Multimodal Sensory Information Allows Switching between Gravitoinertial Contexts. Front Physiol 2017; 8:290. [PMID: 28553233 PMCID: PMC5425486 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the central nervous system is capable to switch between contexts critically depends on experimental details. Motor control studies regularly adopt robotic devices to perturb the dynamics of a certain task. Other approaches investigate motor control by altering the gravitoinertial context itself as in parabolic flights and human centrifuges. In contrast to conventional robotic experiments, where only the hand is perturbed, these gravitoinertial or immersive settings coherently plunge participants into new environments. However, radically different they are, perfect adaptation of motor responses are commonly reported. In object manipulation tasks, this translates into a good matching of the grasping force or grip force to the destabilizing load force. One possible bias in these protocols is the predictability of the forthcoming dynamics. Here we test whether the successful switching and adaptation processes observed in immersive environments are a consequence of the fact that participants can predict the perturbation schedule. We used a short arm human centrifuge to decouple the effects of space and time on the dynamics of an object manipulation task by adding an unnatural explicit position-dependent force. We created different dynamical contexts by asking 20 participants to move the object at three different paces. These contextual sessions were interleaved such that we could simulate concurrent learning. We assessed adaptation by measuring how grip force was adjusted to this unnatural load force. We found that the motor system can switch between new unusual dynamical contexts, as reported by surprisingly well-adjusted grip forces, and that this capacity is not a mere consequence of the ability to predict the time course of the upcoming dynamics. We posit that a coherent flow of multimodal sensory information born in a homogeneous milieu allows switching between dynamical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Barbiero
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France
| | - Célia Rousseau
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France
| | - Olivier White
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice UMR1093Dijon, France
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