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De Ciucis CG, Fruscione F, De Paolis L, Mecocci S, Zinellu S, Guardone L, Franzoni G, Cappelli K, Razzuoli E. Toll-like Receptors and Cytokine Modulation by Goat Milk Extracellular Vesicles in a Model of Intestinal Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11096. [PMID: 37446274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric spherical structures, enclosed in a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by multiple cell types under specific physiologic and pathologic conditions. Their complex cargo modulates immune cells within an inflammatory microenvironment. Milk is one of the most promising sources of EVs in terms of massive recovery, and milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs) have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to characterize goat mEVs' immunomodulating activities on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and related immune genes, including cytokines, using a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) after the establishment of a pro-inflammatory environment. IPEC-J2 was exposed for 2 h to pro-inflammatory stimuli as a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely LPS for Crohn's disease (CD) and H2O2 for ulcerative colitis (UC); then, cells were treated with goat mEVs for 48 h. RT-qPCR and ELISA data showed that cell exposure to LPS or H2O2 caused a pro-inflammatory response, with increased gene expression of CXCL8, TNFA, NOS2 and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the LPS model, the treatment with mEVs after LPS determined the down-regulation of NOS2, MMP9, TLR5, TGFB1, IFNB, IL18 and IL12A gene expressions, as well as lower release of IL-18 in culture supernatants. At the same time, we observed the increased expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR8 and EBI3. On the contrary, the treatment with mEVs after H2O2 exposure, the model of UC, determined the increased expression of MMP9 alongside the decrease in TGFB1, TLR8 and DEFB1, with a lower release of IL-1Ra in culture supernatants. Overall, our data showed that a 48 h treatment with mEVs after a pro-inflammatory stimulus significantly modulated the expression of several TLRs and cytokines in swine intestinal cells, in association with a decreased inflammation. These results further highlight the immunomodulatory potential of these nanosized structures and suggest their potential application in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Lisa Guardone
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy
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Ewing M, Karper JC, de Vries MR, Quax PHA. Editorial: Inflammation and immunomodulation in cardiovascular remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1094094. [PMID: 36588544 PMCID: PMC9801713 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1094094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ewing
- Department of Cardiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep (NWZ), Alkmaar, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Mark Ewing
| | - Jacco C. Karper
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis Assen (WZA), Assen, Netherlands
| | - Margreet R. de Vries
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H. A. Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Mecocci S, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Cappelli K. Extracellular Vesicles from Animal Milk: Great Potentialities and Critical Issues. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233231. [PMID: 36496752 PMCID: PMC9740508 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Other than representing the main source of nutrition for newborn mammals, milk delivers a sophisticated signaling system from mother to child that promotes postnatal health. The bioactive components transferred through the milk intake are important for the development of the newborn immune system and include oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-La, and immunoglobulins. In the last 15 years, a pivotal role in this mother-to-child exchange has been attributed to extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are micro- and nanosized structures enclosed in a phospholipidic double-layer membrane that are produced by all cell types and released in the extracellular environment, reaching both close and distant cells. EVs mediate the intercellular cross-talk from the producing to the receiving cell through the transfer of molecules contained within them such as proteins, antigens, lipids, metabolites, RNAs, and DNA fragments. The complex cargo can induce a wide range of functional modulations in the recipient cell (i.e., anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, angiogenetic, and pro-regenerative modulations) depending on the type of producing cells and the stimuli that these cells receive. EVs can be recovered from every biological fluid, including blood, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, saliva, bile, and milk, which is one of the most promising scalable vesicle sources. This review aimed to present the state-of-the-art of animal-milk-derived EV (mEV) studies due to the exponential growth of this field. A focus on the beneficial potentialities for human health and the issues of studying vesicles from milk, particularly for the analytical methodologies applied, is reported.
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Patel DK. Herbal Phytomedicine 'Irisolidone' in Chronic Diseases: Biological Efficacy and Pharmacological Activity. Recent Adv Antiinfect Drug Discov 2022; 17:13-22. [PMID: 35249525 DOI: 10.2174/1574891x16666220304231934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived products have been used in medicine as a source of bioactive molecules, mainly due to their medicinal importance and therapeutic potential. Nowadays, plant derived products have been used in the medicine for the development of novel drug leads. Polyphenols are an important class of secondary metabolites found to be present in plants and their derived products. Polyphenols play an important role in the nutrition of human beings and also have a significant role in plant resistance against pests and diseases. Scientific studies have proven the biological importance of flavonoids in medicine and other allied health sectors. Anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor and anti-allergic activities are the important pharmacological features of flavonoids. Irisolidone is an important isoflavone found to be present in Pueraria lobata flowers. METHODS To know the medicinal importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in the medicine, numerous scientific research data have been collected from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. Pharmacological activity data of irisolidone has been collected and analyzed in the present works to know their health beneficial aspects in the medicine. Detailed pharmacological activities of irisolidone have been investigated through scientific data analysis of scientific research works. RESULTS Scientific research data analysis of irisolidone revealed the anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anti-cancer, anti-platelet, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective and estrogenic potential. However, the biological effect of irisolidone on the gastric system, aldose reductase enzymes, malignant gliomas, and JC virus has also been investigated. Scientific data analysis revealed the significance of analytical tools for the separation and identification of irisolidone. CONCLUSION Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mrowietz U, Kircik L, Reich K, Munjal S, Shenoy S, Lebwohl M. Tepilamide Fumarate (PPC-06) Extended Release Tablets in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Plaque Psoriasis: Safety and Efficacy Results from the Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled AFFIRM Study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2022; 15:53-58. [PMID: 35309277 PMCID: PMC8903235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Safe, effective, long-term oral therapies are needed for plaque psoriasis. This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of tepilamide fumarate (a fumaric acid ester) extended-release tablets. METHODS This Phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week, multicenter study treated adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis with tepilamide fumarate 400 mg once (QD) or twice daily (BID), 600 mg BID, or placebo. Coprimary endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving ≥75% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI-75) and Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) of clear or almost clear (≥2 points' reduction). RESULTS A total of 426 patients were randomized (mean age 49.6 [±13.0] years). There was a ≥75% PASI reduction in 39.7%, 47.2%, 44.3%, and 20.0% in the 400 mg QD, 400 mg BID, 600 mg BID, and placebo groups, respectively; IGA treatment success was 35.7%, 41.4%, 44.4%, and 22.0%, respectively. Between 50%-66% of tepilamide fumarate and 48% of placebo patients experienced ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event. Gastrointestinal intolerance (20%-42%), infection (6%-18%), and decreased lymphocyte count (4%-9%) were more common with tepilamide fumarate. LIMITATIONS High placebo response somewhat limits the utility of these findings. CONCLUSION Patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis treated with oral tepilamide fumarate demonstrated positive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Mrowietz
- Dr. Mrowietz is with the Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Campus Kiel, Germany
- Dr. Kircik is with DermResearch, PLLC, in Louisville, Kentucky
- Dr. Reich is with the Center of Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Skinflammation® Center in Hamburg, Germany Dr. Munjal is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Shenoy is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Lebwohl is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York
| | - Leon Kircik
- Dr. Mrowietz is with the Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Campus Kiel, Germany
- Dr. Kircik is with DermResearch, PLLC, in Louisville, Kentucky
- Dr. Reich is with the Center of Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Skinflammation® Center in Hamburg, Germany Dr. Munjal is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Shenoy is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Lebwohl is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York
| | - Kristian Reich
- Dr. Mrowietz is with the Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Campus Kiel, Germany
- Dr. Kircik is with DermResearch, PLLC, in Louisville, Kentucky
- Dr. Reich is with the Center of Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Skinflammation® Center in Hamburg, Germany Dr. Munjal is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Shenoy is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Lebwohl is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York
| | - Sagar Munjal
- Dr. Mrowietz is with the Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Campus Kiel, Germany
- Dr. Kircik is with DermResearch, PLLC, in Louisville, Kentucky
- Dr. Reich is with the Center of Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Skinflammation® Center in Hamburg, Germany Dr. Munjal is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Shenoy is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Lebwohl is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York
| | - Srinivas Shenoy
- Dr. Mrowietz is with the Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Campus Kiel, Germany
- Dr. Kircik is with DermResearch, PLLC, in Louisville, Kentucky
- Dr. Reich is with the Center of Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Skinflammation® Center in Hamburg, Germany Dr. Munjal is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Shenoy is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Lebwohl is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York
| | - Mark Lebwohl
- Dr. Mrowietz is with the Psoriasis Center at the Department of Dermatology at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein in Campus Kiel, Germany
- Dr. Kircik is with DermResearch, PLLC, in Louisville, Kentucky
- Dr. Reich is with the Center of Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Skinflammation® Center in Hamburg, Germany Dr. Munjal is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc., in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Shenoy is with Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. in Princeton, New Jersey
- Dr. Lebwohl is with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, New York
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Raheem A, Liang L, Zhang G, Cui S. Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections With Emphasis on Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616713. [PMID: 33897683 PMCID: PMC8060567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth, antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only affect target pathogens but also intestinal beneficially microbes, inducing long-lasting changes in intestinal microbiota associated with diseases. The application of antibiotics also has many other side effects like, intestinal barrier dysfunction, antibiotics residues in foodstuffs, nephropathy, allergy, bone marrow toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorders, hepatotoxicity carcinogenicity, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which greatly compromise the efficacy of antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antibiotics is necessary, while the search for antibiotic alternatives continues. Probiotics are considered the ideal antibiotic substitute; in recent years, probiotic research concerning their application during pathogenic infections in humans, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock industry, with emphasis on modulating the immune system of the host, has been attracting considerable interest. Hence, the adverse effects of antibiotics and remedial effects of probiotics during infectious diseases have become central points of focus among researchers. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and when given in adequate quantities, confer good health effects to the host through different mechanisms. Among them, the regulation of host immune response during pathogenic infections is one of the most important mechanisms. A number of studies have investigated different aspects of probiotics. In this review, we mainly summarize recent discoveries and discuss two important aspects: (1) the application of probiotics during pathogenic infections; and (2) their modulatory effects on the immune response of the host during infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raheem
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Akıcı N, Kırmızı Nİ, Aydın V, Bayar B, Aksoy M, Akıcı A. Off-label drug use in pediatric patients: a comparative analysis with nationwide routine prescription data. Turk J Pediatr 2020; 62:949-961. [PMID: 33372433 DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children constitute a special population for off-label drug use (OLDU), yet limited drug-focused data exist regarding pediatric OLDU in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate pediatric OLDU practice and compare it with pediatric drug utilization patterns of routine prescribing data. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined all approved pediatric OLDU applications, compared with electronic prescription data on national Prescription Information System of Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency in 2015. OLDU applications and prescriptions were analyzed for demographic characteristics, healthcare/socioeconomic indices as well as details of drugs and diagnoses. RESULTS We found 7,896 OLDU applications and 7,029,512 prescriptions for the pediatric population in 2015. OLDU applications and prescriptions were mostly practiced for `2-11-year-old` children (52.7% vs. 63.4%, respectively; p < 0.01). OLDU applications and prescriptions were detected to have a positive correlation with socio-economic development index (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001 and r: 0.40, p = 0.0002; respectively) and the physician density (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001 and r: 0.43, p < 0.0001; respectively). In addition, OLDU was also positively correlated with the number of hospital beds per province (r = 0.39, p = 0.0003). Antineoplastic/immunomodulating agents were the most commonly applied drug category in OLDU (47.0%), compared with respiratory system drugs (36.6%) in routine prescribing. Eculizumab (6.5%), mycophenolate (5.6%), and canakinumab (4.4%) were the top drugs used as off-label. OLDU applications and routine prescription data revealed the most frequent diagnosis as `I27-other pulmonary heart diseases` (7.4%) and `J06-acute upper respiratory infections` (12.6%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first nationwide study to show indication- and drug-centered aspects of pediatric OLDU and prescribing practice. Though OLDU applications is overall consistent with routine clinical practice in terms of demographics and institutional capacity, substantial variations exist regarding main drug classes and diseases. Our findings are expected to shed light on interventions focused on improving `indicated` pediatric use of drugs currently applied as off-label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Akıcı
- Department of Pediatrics, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - N İpek Kırmızı
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Aydın
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Bayar
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mesil Aksoy
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akıcı
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Khan F, Sarker MMR, Ming LC, Mohamed IN, Zhao C, Sheikh BY, Tsong HF, Rashid MA. Comprehensive Review on Phytochemicals, Pharmacological and Clinical Potentials of Gymnema sylvestre. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1223. [PMID: 31736747 PMCID: PMC6830388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre is a plant included in Apocynaceae family and is located in many regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. This plant is widely used as a traditional therapy for different purposes. Even now it is being used as a dietary supplement due to its numerous therapeutic uses. It is known to have blood glucose lowering potential and, thus, is widely used in traditional and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. It renders glucose lowering activity due to the presence of phytochemicals, such as gurmarin, gymnemic acid as well as gymnemasaponins. Gymnema sylvestre is also known to have anti-oxidant, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, gastro and hepatoprotective, anticancer and lipid-lowering activities. This review discusses in details on different pharmacological and clinical potentials of Gymnema sylvestre and its chemical constituents associated with its therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
- Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bassem Y. Sheikh
- Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Muthuramalingam K, Choi SI, Hyun C, Kim YM, Cho M. β-Glucan-Based Wet Dressing for Cutaneous Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:125-135. [PMID: 31737411 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), β-glucans, a naturally occurring heterogeneous group of polysaccharides, were investigated for their ability to accelerate wound healing in the form of high water-retaining hydrogel dressing. Approach: Full-thickness wounds on the dorsal side of mice created using a 5-mm biopsy punch were treated with β-glucan-based hydrogel for 2 weeks. Standardized photographs of the wound site were taken at regular time intervals to calculate the percentage of wound closure. Tissues isolated from the wound area were subjected to histological examination and immunoblot analysis. Results: β-Glucan-based hydrogel significantly accelerated the duration of wound healing and enhanced the development of skin appendages in the regenerated skin tissue. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-β3 in the skin tissue isolated from the healed wound site indicated that skin regeneration rather than skin repair occurred, thereby minimizing cutaneous scarring. The expression level of cytokeratin 10 and cytokeratin 14 in the isolated skin tissue revealed that the wounds treated with hydrogel showed proper differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermal layer. Innovation: Immunomodulating β-glucan (responsible for fighting infections at the wound site, and enhancing the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts) in the form of a three-dimensional hydrogel membrane that retains a high water content (responsible for cooling and soothing effect around the wound site, thereby reducing pain) was prepared and analyzed for its effects on the cutaneous wound healing mechanism. Conclusion: β-Glucan-based hydrogels are promising as wet wound dressings in the health care industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Muthuramalingam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung In Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Quegen Biotech Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changlim Hyun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Aim: The aim of this article is to review the current literature on the therapeutic uses and efficacy of Triphala. Herbal remedies are among the most ancient medicines used in traditional systems of healthcare such as Ayurveda. Triphala, a well-recognized and highly efficacious polyherbal Ayurvedic medicine consisting of fruits of the plant species Emblica officinalis (Amalaki), Terminalia bellerica (Bibhitaki), and Terminalia chebula (Haritaki), is a cornerstone of gastrointestinal and rejuvenative treatment. Methods: A search of the PubMed database was conducted. Results: In addition, numerous additional therapeutic uses described both in the Ayurvedic medical literature and anecdotally are being validated scientifically. In addition to laxative action, Triphala research has found the formula to be potentially effective for several clinical uses such as appetite stimulation, reduction of hyperacidity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antibacterial, antimutagenic, adaptogenic, hypoglycemic, antineoplastic, chemoprotective, and radioprotective effects, and prevention of dental caries. Polyphenols in Triphala modulate the human gut microbiome and thereby promote the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus while inhibiting the growth of undesirable gut microbes. The bioactivity of Triphala is elicited by gut microbiota to generate a variety of anti-inflammatory compounds. Conclusions: This review summarizes recent data on pharmacological properties and clinical effects of Triphala while highlighting areas in need of additional investigation and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tara Peterson
- 1 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health , La Jolla, CA.,2 Chopra Foundation , Department of Ayurveda and Yoga Research, Carlsbad, CA
| | - Kate Denniston
- 3 Department of Naturopathic Medicine, Bastyr University , San Diego, CA
| | - Deepak Chopra
- 1 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health , La Jolla, CA.,2 Chopra Foundation , Department of Ayurveda and Yoga Research, Carlsbad, CA
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Li XJ, Bao WR, Leung CH, Ma DL, Zhang G, Lu AP, Wang SC, Han QB. Chemical Structure and Immunomodulating Activities of an α-Glucan Purified from Lobelia chinensis Lour. Molecules 2016; 21:E779. [PMID: 27314319 PMCID: PMC6274272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A neutral α-glucan, named BP1, with a molecular mass of approximately 9.45 kDa, was isolated from Lobelia chinensis by hot-water extraction, a Q-Sepharose Fast Flow column and Superdex-75 column chromatography. Its chemical structure was characterized by monosaccharide analysis, methylation analysis and analysis of its FT-IR, high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and 1D/2D-NMR spectra data. The backbone of BP1 consists of →₆α-d-Glcp¹→6,3α-d-Glcp¹→(₆α-d-Glcp¹)x-6,3α-d-Glcp¹-(₆α-d-Glcp¹)y→. The side chains were terminal α-d-Glcp¹→ and α-d-Glcp¹→ (₆α-d-Glcp¹)z→₄α-d-Glcp¹→₃α-d-Glcp¹→₄α-d-Glcp¹→ (x + y + z = 5), which are attached to the backbone at O-3 of 3,6α-d-Glcp¹. The results of the effect of BP1 on mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 indicate that BP1 enhances the cell proliferation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production and cytokine secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Because the inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4 blocks the BP1-induced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, we hypothesize that α-glucan BP1 activates TLR4, which mediates the above-mentioned immunomodulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Wan-Rong Bao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ai-Ping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Shun-Chun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Quan-Bin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Fransen MF, Ossendorp F, Arens R, Melief CJ. Local immunomodulation for cancer therapy: Providing treatment where needed. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26493. [PMID: 24490127 PMCID: PMC3897564 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine models of cancer, we have achieved efficient systemic activation of tumor-specific T cells by the local administration of a CTLA4-blocking antibody at low doses. Using a slow-release formulation, we could drastically lower the serum levels of the antibody, hence decreasing adverse effects and the risk of autoimmune reactions, without losing systemic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke F Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Jm Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands ; ISA Pharmaceuticals; Leiden, The Netherlands
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