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Muka S. Pics or It Didn't Happen: Reading Photographs in the Reef Tank Community. Ber Wiss 2023; 46:181-205. [PMID: 37428469 DOI: 10.1002/bewi.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In 1961, Lee Chin Eng jumpstarted the reef hobby, a hobby dedicated to the modeling of coral reefs in captivity, with an article in Tropical Fish Hobbyist. He illustrated the article with eight photographs; these images were meaningful to the hobbyists viewing them and they conveyed both information about the tank system and also claims about Lee's expertise. This paper examines three genres of photographs-landscapes, active, and passive portraiture-that appeared in Lee's article and how and why they have proliferated in the reef hobbyist community over the last sixty years. By tracing the history of these genres, we can better understand natural knowledge producers rely on photographs to exchange knowledge and cement community identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Muka
- College of Arts and Letters at Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey
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2
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Rojas IM, Jennings MK, Conlisk E, Syphard AD, Mikesell J, Kinoshita AM, West K, Stow D, Storey E, De Guzman ME, Foote D, Warneke A, Pairis A, Ryan S, Flint LE, Flint AL, Lewison RL. A landscape-scale framework to identify refugia from multiple stressors. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13834. [PMID: 34476838 PMCID: PMC9298232 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
From a conservation perspective, quantifying potential refugial capacity has been predominantly focused on climate refugia, which is critical for maintaining the persistence of species and ecosystems. However, protection from other stressors, such as human-induced changes in fire and hydrology, that cause habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation is also necessary to ensure that conservation efforts focused on climate are not undermined by other threats. Thus, conceptual and methodological advances for quantifying potential refugia from multiple anthropogenic stressors are important to support conservation efforts. We devised a new conceptual approach, the domains of refugia, for assessing refugial capacity that identifies areas where exposure to multiple stressors is low. In our framework, patterns of environmental variability (e.g., increased frequency of warm summers), thresholds of resilience, and extent and intensity of stressors are used to identify areas of potential refugia from a suite of ongoing anthropogenic stressors (e.g., changes in fire regime). To demonstrate its utility, we applied the framework to a Southern California landscape. Sites with high refugial capacity (super-refugia sites) had on average 30% fewer extremely warm summers, 20% fewer fire events, 10% less exposure to altered river channels and riparian areas, and 50% fewer recreational trails than the surrounding landscape. Our results suggest that super-refugia sites (∼8200 km2 ) for some natural communities are underrepresented in the existing protected area network, a finding that can inform efforts to expand protected areas. Our case study highlights how considering exposure to multiple stressors can inform planning and practice to conserve biodiversity in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Rojas
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Megan K. Jennings
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Ecological Monitoring and ManagementSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Erin Conlisk
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Point Blue Conservation SciencePetalumaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandra D. Syphard
- Department of GeographySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Vertus WildfireSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Conservation Biology InstituteLa MesaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jack Mikesell
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental EngineeringSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alicia M. Kinoshita
- Department of Civil, Construction, & Environmental EngineeringSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Krista West
- Department of GeographySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Doug Stow
- Department of GeographySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emanuel Storey
- Department of GeographySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark E. De Guzman
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diane Foote
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- School of Public AffairsSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Sherry Ryan
- School of Public AffairsSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lorraine E. Flint
- Water Resources DisciplineU.S. Geological SurveySacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alan L. Flint
- Water Resources DisciplineU.S. Geological SurveySacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rebecca L. Lewison
- Department of BiologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Ecological Monitoring and ManagementSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Mastandrea S, Tinio PPL, Smith JK. Editorial: Environment, Art, and Museums: The Aesthetic Experience in Different Contexts. Front Psychol 2021; 12:675165. [PMID: 33995233 PMCID: PMC8116953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mastandrea
- Department of Education and Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pablo P L Tinio
- Department of Educational Foundations, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Smith
- College of Education, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Nijp JJ, Temme AJ, van Voorn GA, Kooistra L, Hengeveld GM, Soons MB, Teuling AJ, Wallinga J. Spatial early warning signals for impending regime shifts: A practical framework for application in real-world landscapes. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1905-1921. [PMID: 30761695 PMCID: PMC6849843 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of ecosystem response to global environmental change is a pressing scientific challenge of major societal relevance. Many ecosystems display nonlinear responses to environmental change, and may even undergo practically irreversible 'regime shifts' that initiate ecosystem collapse. Recently, early warning signals based on spatiotemporal metrics have been proposed for the identification of impending regime shifts. The rapidly increasing availability of remotely sensed data provides excellent opportunities to apply such model-based spatial early warning signals in the real world, to assess ecosystem resilience and identify impending regime shifts induced by global change. Such information would allow land-managers and policy makers to interfere and avoid catastrophic shifts, but also to induce regime shifts that move ecosystems to a desired state. Here, we show that the application of spatial early warning signals in real-world landscapes presents unique and unexpected challenges, and may result in misleading conclusions when employed without careful consideration of the spatial data and processes at hand. We identify key practical and theoretical issues and provide guidelines for applying spatial early warning signals in heterogeneous, real-world landscapes based on literature review and examples from real-world data. Major identified issues include (1) spatial heterogeneity in real-world landscapes may enhance reversibility of regime shifts and boost landscape-level resilience to environmental change (2) ecosystem states are often difficult to define, while these definitions have great impact on spatial early warning signals and (3) spatial environmental variability and socio-economic factors may affect spatial patterns, spatial early warning signals and associated regime shift predictions. We propose a novel framework, shifting from an ecosystem perspective towards a landscape approach. The framework can be used to identify conditions under which resilience assessment with spatial remotely sensed data may be successful, to support well-informed application of spatial early warning signals, and to improve predictions of ecosystem responses to global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer J. Nijp
- Soil Geography and Landscape group, Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Ecohydrology GroupNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Arnaud J.A.M. Temme
- Soil Geography and Landscape group, Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
- Geography DepartmentKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | | | - Lammert Kooistra
- Laboratory of Geo‐information Science and Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Merel B. Soons
- Ecology and Biodiversity group, Institute of Environmental Biology, Biology DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Teuling
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wallinga
- Soil Geography and Landscape group, Department of Environmental SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
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Baker GH, Tann CR, Verwey P, Lisle L. Do the plant host origins of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth populations reflect the agricultural landscapes within which they are caught? Bull Entomol Res 2019; 109:1-14. [PMID: 29704901 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of Bt cotton varieties has greatly reduced the amount of conventional insecticides required to control lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera, in Australia, but the possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, a Resistance Management Plan, which includes the mandatory growing of refuge crops (pigeon pea and non-Bt cotton; both C3 plants), has been established for Bt cotton farmers. However, knowledge of the relative contributions made to overall moth populations from the many host origins (both C3 and C4 plants) available to these insects throughout cotton production regions remains limited, as do the scales of movement and spatial mixing of moths within and between these areas. This study used stable isotope signatures (in particular δ13C) to help identify where moths fed as larvae within separate cotton production regions which differed in their proportions of C3 and C4 host crops (e.g. cotton and sorghum, respectively). C3-derived moths predominated in the early season, but C4-derived moths increased in frequency later. The overall proportion of C4 moths was higher in H. armigera than in H. punctigera. Whilst the relative proportions of C3 and C4 moths differed between regions, no differences in such proportiorns were found at smaller spatial scales, nor were there significant correlations between crop composition and isotope signatures in moths. Overall, these results suggest that C4 host plants are likely to be very important in offsetting the development of Bt resistance in these insects and such influences may operate across multiple regions within a single growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Baker
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity,GPO Box 1700,Canberra,A.C.T. 2601,Australia
| | - C R Tann
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food,Locked Bag 59,Narrabri,N.S.W. 2390,Australia
| | - P Verwey
- NSW Department of Primary Industries,Locked Bag 1000,Narrabri,N.S.W. 2390,Australia
| | - L Lisle
- Environmental & Rural Science,University of New England,Armidale,N.S.W. 2351,Australia
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Haemig PD, Sjöstedt de Luna S, Blank H, Lundqvist H. Ecology and phylogeny of birds foraging at outdoor restaurants in Sweden. Biodivers Data J 2015; 3:e6360. [PMID: 26491395 PMCID: PMC4609751 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birds frequently visit the outdoor serving areas of restaurants to feed on scraps of food and leftovers. Although this feeding association between humans and birds is widespread and could have significant effects, both positive and negative, for all taxa involved, the authors know of no published studies that have investigated restaurant bird communities. To lay the foundation for future research, the authors conducted a basic study of birds at 80 outdoor restaurants in Sweden, identifying which species and taxonomic clades of birds visited the restaurants and comparing restaurant birds in urban and rural environments. NEW INFORMATION Thirteen species of birds visited the outdoor restaurants. Eight of these species were predominant, i.e. accounting for 51% or more of bird presence (sum of minutes of all individual birds) at one or more restaurants. Every restaurant studied had a predominant species, but species often differed from each other in frequency of predominance in different landscapes. No endangered species were seen visiting restaurants. However, three farmland bird species (House Sparrow Passer domesticus, White Wagtail Motacilla alba, Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus), whose numbers are reported to be declining in the countryside, were predominant at the majority of restaurants in rural areas, suggesting that rural restaurants might be able to contribute to the conservation of these species. The thirteen species of restaurant-visiting birds belonged to five monophyletic clades. Ninety percent of all restaurants had, as their predominant species, birds from either Clade A (Passeridae, Motacillidae, Fringillidae) or Clade C (Corvidae). Statistical testing revealed that Clade A and Clade C were distributed differently in environments along the urban-rural gradient. At all spatial scales measured, birds of Clade C were predominant at the majority of restaurants in urban areas, while birds of Clade A were the predominant clade at the majority of restaurants in rural areas. The authors use this evidence, and observations of birds foraging in association with other primates, to hypothesize that the outdoor serving areas of modern restaurants may be helping to preserve and nurture ancient human-bird symbioses that have been part of human ecology since antiquity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Haemig
- Naturavdelningen, Länsstyrelsen i Jönköpings Län (English Translation: Nature Division, Governing Board of Jönköping Province), Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Sjöstedt de Luna
- Institutionen för Matematik och Matematisk Statistik, Umeå Universitet (English Translation: Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrick Blank
- Naturavdelningen, Länsstyrelsen i Jönköpings Län (English Translation: Nature Division, Governing Board of Jönköping Province), Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lundqvist
- Naturavdelningen, Länsstyrelsen i Jönköpings Län (English Translation: Nature Division, Governing Board of Jönköping Province), Jönköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Does human vision deploy a generic template for open landscapes that might fit the gist of current optical input? In an experiment, participants judged depth order in split-field images in which the two fuzzily delineated half-images were filled with different hues. For the majority of observers, we find a systematic dependence of depth order of these half-images on their hue and/or brightness difference. After minor cleaning of the data, we are left with two mutually well-separated clusters. Correlation with the statistical distribution of hue and brightness in generic "open landscape" photographs reveals that one cluster correlates with hue, the other with brightness. This suggests that human observers indeed at least partly rely on "generic landscape" templates in the psychogenesis of their visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Koenderink
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; and Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, Psychologische Functieleer, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea van Doorn
- Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, Psychologische Functieleer, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Albertazzi
- CIMeC, Palazzo Fedrigotti, Rovereto, Italy; and Department of Humanities, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Atkinson S. Scales of care and responsibility: debating the surgically globalised body. Soc Cult Geogr 2011; 12:10.1080/14649365.2011.601263. [PMID: 24273456 PMCID: PMC3837213 DOI: 10.1080/14649365.2011.601263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper initiates debate for geographers on the nature of care in relation to the self explored through the practices of aesthetic surgery. Central to debates on the meanings and relations of aesthetic surgery are a set of problematics related to the scales of care and responsibility. These are captured in the distinctions between caring for or caring about and between self-care or care of the self. Aesthetic surgery is a particularly ambivalent 'extreme care', which for many is always the expression of consent to an aesthetic hegemony or the exercise of disciplinary power. The paper draws out some of the spatial paradoxes involved in care related to the self in aesthetic surgery and proposes some routes forward. The framework of landscapes of care that enhances a temporal dimension and the concept of reworking the social relations of hegemony may help mediate the inherent tensions of scales of care and responsibility. Specifically, this combination may offer a way to allow for a limited, or bounded, care of the self without negating the networks of power within which the practices of self-care are enacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Atkinson
- Centre for Medical Humanities and Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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