1
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Tseng E, Kuo G, Baek SH, Matsuda N, Maimone A, Schiffers F, Chakravarthula P, Fu Q, Heidrich W, Lanman D, Heide F. Neural étendue expander for ultra-wide-angle high-fidelity holographic display. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2907. [PMID: 38649369 PMCID: PMC11035703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Holographic displays can generate light fields by dynamically modulating the wavefront of a coherent beam of light using a spatial light modulator, promising rich virtual and augmented reality applications. However, the limited spatial resolution of existing dynamic spatial light modulators imposes a tight bound on the diffraction angle. As a result, modern holographic displays possess low étendue, which is the product of the display area and the maximum solid angle of diffracted light. The low étendue forces a sacrifice of either the field-of-view (FOV) or the display size. In this work, we lift this limitation by presenting neural étendue expanders. This new breed of optical elements, which is learned from a natural image dataset, enables higher diffraction angles for ultra-wide FOV while maintaining both a compact form factor and the fidelity of displayed contents to human viewers. With neural étendue expanders, we experimentally achieve 64 × étendue expansion of natural images in full color, expanding the FOV by an order of magnitude horizontally and vertically, with high-fidelity reconstruction quality (measured in PSNR) over 29 dB on retinal-resolution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Grace Kuo
- Reality Labs Research, Meta, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Fu
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolfgang Heidrich
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Felix Heide
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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2
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Lee JS, Cho SH, Choi WJ, Choi YW. Enhancing the color gamut of waveguide displays for augmented reality head-mounted displays through spatially modulated diffraction grating. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8821. [PMID: 38627454 PMCID: PMC11021499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) applications require displays with an extended color gamut to facilitate the presentation of increasingly immersive content. The waveguide (WG) display technology, which is typical AR demonstration method, is a critical constraint on the color gamut of AR systems because of the intrinsic properties of the holographic optical elements (HOEs) used in this technology. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a method of spatially modulated diffractive optics that can expand the color gamut of HOE-based WG displays. This approach involves spatial modulation using sub-pixelized HOEs, which enables the diffraction of red, green, and blue rays along identical directions. The proposed structure considers both the characteristics of the HOE and the wavelength sensitivity of the observer to optimize the color gamut. Consequently, an expanded color gamut was achieved. The results of the theoretical and experimental analyses substantiate the effectiveness and practicality of this method in enhancing the color gamut of HOE-based WG displays. Thus, the proposed method can facilitate the implementation of more immersive AR displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sang Lee
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo June Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Young-Wan Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Li Y, Guo Z, Zhao X, Liu S, Chen Z, Dong WF, Wang S, Sun YL, Wu X. An all-optical multidirectional mechano-sensor inspired by biologically mechano-sensitive hair sensilla. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2906. [PMID: 38575578 PMCID: PMC10994919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechano-sensitive hair-like sensilla (MSHS) have an ingenious and compact three-dimensional structure and have evolved widely in living organisms to perceive multidirectional mechanical signals. Nearly all MSHS are iontronic or electronic, including their biomimetic counterparts. Here, an all-optical mechano-sensor mimicking MSHS is prototyped and integrated based on a thin-walled glass microbubble as a flexible whispering-gallery-mode resonator. The minimalist integrated device has a good directionality of 32.31 dB in the radial plane of the micro-hair and can detect multidirectional displacements and forces as small as 70 nm and 0.9 μN, respectively. The device can also detect displacements and forces in the axial direction of the micro-hair as small as 2.29 nm and 3.65 μN, respectively, and perceive different vibrations. This mechano-sensor works well as a real-time, directional mechano-sensory whisker in a quadruped cat-type robot, showing its potential for innovative mechano-transduction, artificial perception, and robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihe Guo
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wen-Fei Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Shixiang Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun-Lu Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Hinney J, Kim S, Flatt GJK, Datta I, Alù A, Lipson M. Efficient excitation and control of integrated photonic circuits with virtual critical coupling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2741. [PMID: 38548757 PMCID: PMC10978855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Critical coupling in integrated photonic devices enables the efficient transfer of energy from a waveguide to a resonator, a key operation for many applications. This condition is achieved when the resonator loss rate is equal to the coupling rate to the bus waveguide. Carefully matching these quantities is challenging in practice, due to variations in the resonator properties resulting from fabrication and external conditions. Here, we demonstrate that efficient energy transfer to a non-critically coupled resonator can be achieved by tailoring the excitation signal in time. We rely on excitations oscillating at complex frequencies to load an otherwise overcoupled resonator, demonstrating that a virtual critical coupling condition is achieved if the imaginary part of the complex frequency equals the mismatch between loss and coupling rate. We probe a microring resonator with tailored pulses and observe a minimum intensity transmission T = 0.11 in contrast to a continuous-wave transmission T = 0.58 , corresponding to 8 times enhancement of intracavity intensity. Our technique opens opportunities for enhancing and controlling on-demand light-matter interactions for linear and nonlinear photonic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hinney
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Seunghwi Kim
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Graydon J K Flatt
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ipshita Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Michal Lipson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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5
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Idjadi MH, Kim K, Fontaine NK. Modulation-free laser stabilization technique using integrated cavity-coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1922. [PMID: 38429298 PMCID: PMC10907685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Stable lasers play a significant role in precision optical systems where an electro-optic laser frequency stabilization system, such as the Pound-Drever-Hall technique, measures laser frequency and actively stabilizes it by comparing it to a frequency reference. Despite their excellent performance, there has been a trade-off between complexity, scalability, and noise measurement sensitivity. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a modulation-free laser stabilization method using an integrated cavity-coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer as a frequency noise discriminator. The proposed architecture maintains the sensitivity of the Pound-Drever-Hall architecture without the need for any modulation. This significantly simplifies the architecture and makes miniaturization into an integrated photonic platform easier. The implemented chip suppresses the frequency noise of a semiconductor laser by 4 orders-of-magnitude using an on-chip silicon microresonator with a quality factor of 2.5 × 106. The implemented passive photonic chip occupies an area of 0.456 mm2 and is integrated on AIM Photonics 100 nm silicon-on-insulator process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwangwoong Kim
- Nokia Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Ave, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974, USA
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6
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Sun S, Wang B, Liu K, Harrington MW, Tabatabaei F, Liu R, Wang J, Hanifi S, Morgan JS, Jahanbozorgi M, Yang Z, Bowers SM, Morton PA, Nelson KD, Beling A, Blumenthal DJ, Yi X. Integrated optical frequency division for microwave and mmWave generation. Nature 2024; 627:540-545. [PMID: 38448598 PMCID: PMC10954543 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The generation of ultra-low-noise microwave and mmWave in miniaturized, chip-based platforms can transform communication, radar and sensing systems1-3. Optical frequency division that leverages optical references and optical frequency combs has emerged as a powerful technique to generate microwaves with superior spectral purity than any other approaches4-7. Here we demonstrate a miniaturized optical frequency division system that can potentially transfer the approach to a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible integrated photonic platform. Phase stability is provided by a large mode volume, planar-waveguide-based optical reference coil cavity8,9 and is divided down from optical to mmWave frequency by using soliton microcombs generated in a waveguide-coupled microresonator10-12. Besides achieving record-low phase noise for integrated photonic mmWave oscillators, these devices can be heterogeneously integrated with semiconductor lasers, amplifiers and photodiodes, holding the potential of large-volume, low-cost manufacturing for fundamental and mass-market applications13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuman Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Beichen Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Harrington
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Fatemehsadat Tabatabaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ruxuan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Samin Hanifi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jesse S Morgan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mandana Jahanbozorgi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zijiao Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven M Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Beling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J Blumenthal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Xu Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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7
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Ma X, Cai Z, Zhuang C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Liu K, Cao B, He J, Yang C, Bao C, Zeng R. Integrated microcavity electric field sensors using Pound-Drever-Hall detection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1386. [PMID: 38360758 PMCID: PMC10869830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Discerning weak electric fields has important implications for cosmology, quantum technology, and identifying power system failures. Photonic integration of electric field sensors is highly desired for practical considerations and offers opportunities to improve performance by enhancing microwave and lightwave interactions. Here, we demonstrate a high-Q microcavity electric field sensor (MEFS) by leveraging the silicon chip-based thin film lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Using the Pound-Drever-Hall detection scheme, our MEFS achieves a detection sensitivity of 5.2 μV/(m[Formula: see text]), which surpasses previous lithium niobate electro-optical electric field sensors by nearly two orders of magnitude, and is comparable to atom-based quantum sensing approaches. Furthermore, our MEFS has a bandwidth that can be up to three orders of magnitude broader than quantum sensing approaches and measures fast electric field amplitude and phase variations in real-time. The ultra-sensitive MEFSs represent a significant step towards building electric field sensing networks and broaden the application spectrum of integrated microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhaoyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chijie Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Changxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengying Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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8
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Sun Y, Li Q, Kong LJ, Zhang X. Correlated optical convolutional neural network with "quantum speedup". Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:36. [PMID: 38291071 PMCID: PMC10828439 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Compared with electrical neural networks, optical neural networks (ONNs) have the potentials to break the limit of the bandwidth and reduce the consumption of energy, and therefore draw much attention in recent years. By far, several types of ONNs have been implemented. However, the current ONNs cannot realize the acceleration as powerful as that indicated by the models like quantum neural networks. How to construct and realize an ONN with the quantum speedup is a huge challenge. Here, we propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally a new type of optical convolutional neural network by introducing the optical correlation. It is called the correlated optical convolutional neural network (COCNN). We show that the COCNN can exhibit "quantum speedup" in the training process. The character is verified from the two aspects. One is the direct illustration of the faster convergence by comparing the loss function curves of the COCNN with that of the traditional convolutional neural network (CNN). Such a result is compatible with the training performance of the recently proposed quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN). The other is the demonstration of the COCNN's capability to perform the QCNN phase recognition circuit, validating the connection between the COCNN and the QCNN. Furthermore, we take the COCNN analog to the 3-qubit QCNN phase recognition circuit as an example and perform an experiment to show the soundness and the feasibility of it. The results perfectly match the theoretical calculations. Our proposal opens up a new avenue for realizing the ONNs with the quantum speedup, which will benefit the information processing in the era of big data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Jun Kong
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of advanced optoelectronic quantum architecture and measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081, Beijing, China.
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9
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Mu H, Smith D, Ng SH, Anand V, Le NHA, Dharmavarapu R, Khajehsaeidimahabadi Z, Richardson RT, Ruther P, Stoddart PR, Gricius H, Baravykas T, Gailevičius D, Seniutinas G, Katkus T, Juodkazis S. Fraxicon for Optical Applications with Aperture ∼1 mm: Characterisation Study. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:287. [PMID: 38334558 PMCID: PMC10856946 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Emerging applications of optical technologies are driving the development of miniaturised light sources, which in turn require the fabrication of matching micro-optical elements with sub-1 mm cross-sections and high optical quality. This is particularly challenging for spatially constrained biomedical applications where reduced dimensionality is required, such as endoscopy, optogenetics, or optical implants. Planarisation of a lens by the Fresnel lens approach was adapted for a conical lens (axicon) and was made by direct femtosecond 780 nm/100 fs laser writing in the SZ2080™ polymer with a photo-initiator. Optical characterisation of the positive and negative fraxicons is presented. Numerical modelling of fraxicon optical performance under illumination by incoherent and spatially extended light sources is compared with the ideal case of plane-wave illumination. Considering the potential for rapid replication in soft polymers and resists, this approach holds great promise for the most demanding technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Mu
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Daniel Smith
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Soon Hock Ng
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Vijayakumar Anand
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nguyen Hoai An Le
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Raghu Dharmavarapu
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Zahra Khajehsaeidimahabadi
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Rachael T. Richardson
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia;
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Paul R. Stoddart
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Henrikas Gricius
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (H.G.); (D.G.)
| | | | - Darius Gailevičius
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (H.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Gediminas Seniutinas
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Tomas Katkus
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre, ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (H.M.); (D.S.); (N.H.A.L.); (R.D.); (Z.K.); (P.R.S.); (G.S.); (T.K.); (S.J.)
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 10, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; (H.G.); (D.G.)
- WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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10
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Dai C, Wan S, Li Z, Shi Y, Zhang S, Li Z. Switchable unidirectional emissions from hydrogel gratings with integrated carbon quantum dots. Nat Commun 2024; 15:845. [PMID: 38287059 PMCID: PMC10825124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Directional emission of photoluminescence despite its incoherence is an attractive technique for light-emitting fields and nanophotonics. Optical metasurfaces provide a promising route for wavefront engineering at the subwavelength scale, enabling the feasibility of unidirectional emission. However, current directional emission strategies are mostly based on static metasurfaces, and it remains a challenge to achieve unidirectional emissions tuning with high performance. Here, we demonstrate quantum dots-hydrogel integrated gratings for actively switchable unidirectional emission with simultaneously a narrow divergence angle less than 1.5° and a large diffraction angle greater than 45°. We further demonstrate that the grating efficiency alteration leads to a more than 7-fold tuning of emission intensity at diffraction order due to the variation of hydrogel morphology subject to change in ambient humidity. Our proposed switchable emission strategy can promote technologies of active light-emitting devices for radiation control and optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yangyang Shi
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China.
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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11
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Paralı U, Üstün K, Giden İH. Enhancement of optical levitation with hyperbolic metamaterials. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1734. [PMID: 38242942 PMCID: PMC10799002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The tightly focused laser beam in an optical trap has become a useful tool for many recent research areas. The momentum change in the photon-stream path of incident laser beam induces radiation force that enables trapping and manipulating mesoscopic micron-sized objects. In this study, we report the first analytical demonstration of optical trapping and levitation with radiation pressure on a transparent micron-sized spherical object made of hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM). The optical radial and axial forces acting on dielectric and HMM spherical particles are calculated using ray-optics approximation, assuming an optical levitation trapping setup. We compared the net force acting on the two objects, finding that the net radiation force exerted towards HMM particle is enhanced in the axial direction: The optical force enhancement in the HMM particle is more than ~ 8 times stronger compared to the induced force on the conventional dielectric particle with the corresponding material parameters. Besides, a better performance in the radial stabilization is observed for the HMM particle in comparison with the dielectric case, at which some oscillations and unstable saturation locations for the radial stabilization is monitored for TEM00 beam incidence. Furthermore, "zero-force" paths where radial stabilization of the HMM particle exists are also obtained for both TEM00 and [Formula: see text] laser beam incidences. Such phenomenon does not occur for particles of only dielectric and only metal material, which can be considered as another superiority of the proposed HMM particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Paralı
- ASELSAN Inc., Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. İstiklal Marşı Cad. No:16, 06200, Yenimahalle-Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kadir Üstün
- ASELSAN Inc., Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. İstiklal Marşı Cad. No:16, 06200, Yenimahalle-Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Halil Giden
- ASELSAN Inc., Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. İstiklal Marşı Cad. No:16, 06200, Yenimahalle-Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University, 06570, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Tenbrake L, Faßbender A, Hofferberth S, Linden S, Pfeifer H. Direct laser-written optomechanical membranes in fiber Fabry-Perot cavities. Nat Commun 2024; 15:209. [PMID: 38172102 PMCID: PMC10764917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrated micro- and nanophotonic optomechanical experiments enable the manipulation of mechanical resonators on the single phonon level. Interfacing these structures requires elaborate techniques limited in tunability, flexibility, and scaling towards multi-mode systems. Here, we demonstrate a cavity optomechanical experiment using 3D-laser-written polymer membranes inside fiber Fabry-Perot cavities. Vacuum coupling rates of g0/2π ≈ 30 kHz to the fundamental megahertz mechanical mode are reached. We observe optomechanical spring tuning of the mechanical resonator frequency by tens of kilohertz exceeding its linewidth at cryogenic temperatures. The direct fiber coupling, its scaling capabilities to coupled resonator systems, and the potential implementation of dissipation dilution structures and integration of electrodes make it a promising platform for fiber-tip integrated accelerometers, optomechanically tunable multi-mode mechanical systems, and directly fiber-coupled systems for microwave to optics conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tenbrake
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Linden
- Institute of Physics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Pfeifer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Chang SS, Wu KH, Liu SJ, Lin ZK, Wu JB, Ge SJ, Chen LJ, Chen P, Hu W, Xu Y, Chen H, He D, Yang DQ, Jiang JH, Lu YQ, Chen JH. Electrical tuning of branched flow of light. Nat Commun 2024; 15:197. [PMID: 38172091 PMCID: PMC10764866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Branched flows occur ubiquitously in various wave systems, when the propagating waves encounter weak correlated scattering potentials. Here we report the experimental realization of electrical tuning of the branched flow of light using a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) system. We create the physical realization of the weakly correlated disordered potentials of light via the inhomogeneous orientations of the NLC. We demonstrate that the branched flow of light can be switched on and off as well as tuned continuously through the electro-optical properties of NLC film. We further show that the branched flow can be manipulated by the polarization of the incident light due to the optical anisotropy of the NLC film. The nature of the branched flow of light is revealed via the unconventional intensity statistics and the rapid fidelity decay along the light propagation. Our study unveils an excellent platform for the tuning of the branched flow of light which creates a testbed for fundamental physics and offers a new way for steering light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ke-Hui Wu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jin-Bing Wu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shi-Jun Ge
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu-Jian Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yadong Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Dahai He
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Da-Quan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China.
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14
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Smit R, Tebyani A, Hameury J, van der Molen SJ, Orrit M. Sharp zero-phonon lines of single organic molecules on a hexagonal boron-nitride surface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7960. [PMID: 38042826 PMCID: PMC10693553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single fluorescent molecules embedded in the bulk of host crystals have proven to be sensitive probes of the dynamics in their nano environment, thanks to their narrow (about 30-50 MHz or 0.1-0.2 μeV) optical linewidth of the 0-0 zero-phonon line (0-0 ZPL) at cryogenic temperatures. However, the optical linewidths of the 0-0 ZPL have been found to increase dramatically as the single molecules are located closer to a surface or interface, while no 0-0 ZPL has been detected for single molecules on any surface. Here we study single terrylene molecules adsorbed on the surface of hexagonal boron-nitride (hBN) substrates. Our low-temperature results show that it is possible to observe the 0-0 ZPL of fluorescent molecules on a surface. We compare our results for molecules deposited on the surfaces of annealed and non-annealed hBN flakes and we see a marked improvement in the spectral stability of the emitters after annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Smit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arash Tebyani
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jil Hameury
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, LION, Postbus 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Kim I, Choi GE, Mei M, Kim MW, Kim M, Kwon YW, Jeong TI, Kim S, Hong SW, Kyhm K, Taylor RA. Gain enhancement of perovskite nanosheets by a patterned waveguide: excitation and temperature dependence of gain saturation. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:285. [PMID: 38001058 PMCID: PMC10673887 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical gain enhancement of two-dimensional CsPbBr3 nanosheets was studied when the amplified spontaneous emission is guided by a patterned structure of polyurethane-acrylate. Given the uncertainties and pitfalls in retrieving a gain coefficient from the variable stripe length method, a gain contour [Formula: see text] was obtained in the plane of spectrum energy (ℏω) and stripe length (x), whereby an average gain was obtained, and gain saturation was analysed. Excitation and temperature dependence of the gain contour show that the waveguide enhances both gain and thermal stability due to the increased optical confinement and heat dissipation, and the gain origins were attributed to the two-dimensional excitons and the localized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhong Kim
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Eul Choi
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Mei
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Kwon
- Department of Nano-Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-In Jeong
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchul Kim
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwangseuk Kyhm
- Department of Opto & Cogno Mechatronics Engineering, RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Robert A Taylor
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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16
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Nguyen HT, Kasztelanic R, Filipkowski A, Pysz D, Van Le H, Stepien R, Omatsu T, Krolikowski W, Buczynski R. Broadband optical vortex beam generation using flat-surface nanostructured gradient index vortex phase masks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20255. [PMID: 37985733 PMCID: PMC10662286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a new kind of compact flat-surface nanostructured gradient index vortex phase mask, for the effective generation of optical vortex beams in broadband infrared wavelength range. A low-cost nanotechnological material method was employed for this work. The binary structure component consists of 17,557 nano-sized rods made of two lead-bismuth-gallium silicate glasses which were developed in-house. Those small rods are spatially arranged in such a way that, according to effective medium theory, the refractive index of this internal structure is constant in the radial direction and linearly changes following azimuthal angle. Numerical results demonstrated that a nanostructured vortex phase mask with a thickness of 19 μm can convert Gaussian beams into fundamental optical vortices over 290 nm wavelength bandwidth from 1275 to 1565 nm. This has been confirmed in experiments using three diode laser sources operating at 1310, 1550, and 1565 nm. The generation of vortex beams is verified through their uniform doughnut-like intensity distributions, clear astigmatic transformation patterns, and spiral as well as fork-like interferograms. This new flat-surface component can be directly mounted to an optical fiber tip for simplifying vortex generator systems as well as easier manipulation of the generated OVB in three-dimensional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi Nguyen
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Optical Fiber Technology and Quantum Systems, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics & Photonics, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland.
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hong Duc University, 40-157, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam.
| | - Rafal Kasztelanic
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Optical Fiber Technology and Quantum Systems, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics & Photonics, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Filipkowski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Optical Fiber Technology and Quantum Systems, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics & Photonics, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pysz
- Department of Optical Fiber Technology and Quantum Systems, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics & Photonics, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hieu Van Le
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hong Duc University, 40-157, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam
| | - Ryszard Stepien
- Department of Optical Fiber Technology and Quantum Systems, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics & Photonics, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Takashige Omatsu
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wieslaw Krolikowski
- Department of Quantum Science and Technologies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ryszard Buczynski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Optical Fiber Technology and Quantum Systems, Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics & Photonics, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Saitta L, Cutuli E, Celano G, Tosto C, Sanalitro D, Guarino F, Cicala G, Bucolo M. Projection Micro-Stereolithography to Manufacture a Biocompatible Micro-Optofluidic Device for Cell Concentration Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4461. [PMID: 38006185 PMCID: PMC10675802 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a 3D printed biocompatible micro-optofluidic (MoF) device for two-phase flow monitoring is presented. Both an air-water bi-phase flow and a two-phase mixture composed of micrometric cells suspended on a liquid solution were successfully controlled and monitored through its use. To manufacture the MoF device, a highly innovative microprecision 3D printing technique was used named Projection Microstereolithography (PμSL) in combination with the use of a novel 3D printable photocurable resin suitable for biological and biomedical applications. The concentration monitoring of biological fluids relies on the absorption phenomenon. More precisely, the nature of the transmission of the light strictly depends on the cell concentration: the higher the cell concentration, the lower the optical acquired signal. To achieve this, the microfluidic T-junction device was designed with two micrometric slots for the optical fibers' insertion, needed to acquire the light signal. In fact, both the micro-optical and the microfluidic components were integrated within the developed device. To assess the suitability of the selected biocompatible transparent resin for optical detection relying on the selected working principle (absorption phenomenon), a comparison between a two-phase flow process detected inside a previously fully characterized micro-optofluidic device made of a nonbiocompatible high-performance resin (HTL resin) and the same made of the biocompatible one (BIO resin) was carried out. In this way, it was possible to highlight the main differences between the two different resin grades, which were further justified with proper chemical analysis of the used resins and their hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature via static water contact angle measurements. A wide experimental campaign was performed for the biocompatible device manufactured through the PμSL technique in different operative conditions, i.e., different concentrations of eukaryotic yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (with a diameter of 5 μm) suspended on a PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) solution. The performed analyses revealed that the selected photocurable transparent biocompatible resin for the manufactured device can be used for cell concentration monitoring by using ad hoc 3D printed micro-optofluidic devices. In fact, by means of an optical detection system and using the optimized operating conditions, i.e., the optimal values of the flow rate FR=0.1 mL/min and laser input power P∈{1,3} mW, we were able to discriminate between biological fluids with different concentrations of suspended cells with a robust working ability R2=0.9874 and Radj2=0.9811.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Saitta
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Emanuela Cutuli
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Giovanni Celano
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Claudio Tosto
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
| | - Dario Sanalitro
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Cicala
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (C.T.); (G.C.)
- INSTM-UDR CT, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maide Bucolo
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (M.B.)
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18
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Cutuli E, Sanalitro D, Stella G, Saitta L, Bucolo M. A 3D-Printed Micro-Optofluidic Chamber for Fluid Characterization and Microparticle Velocity Detection. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2115. [PMID: 38004972 PMCID: PMC10673365 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a multi-objective polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-optofluidic (MoF) device suitably designed and manufactured through a 3D-printed-based master-slave approach. It exploits optical detection techniques to characterize immiscible fluids or microparticles in suspension inside a compartment specifically designed at the core of the device referred to as the MoF chamber. In addition, we show our novel, fast, and cost-effective methodology, dual-slit particle signal velocimetry (DPSV), for fluids and microparticle velocity detection. Different from the standard state-of-the-art approaches, the methodology focuses on signal processing rather than image processing. This alternative has several advantages, including the ability to circumvent the requirement of complex and extensive setups and cost reduction. Additionally, its rapid processing speed allows for real-time sample manipulations in ongoing image-based analyses. For our specific design, optical signals have been detected from the micro-optics components placed in two slots designed ad hoc in the device. To show the devices' multipurpose capabilities, the device has been tested with fluids of various colors and densities and the inclusion of synthetic microparticles. Additionally, several experiments have been conducted to prove the effectiveness of the DPSV approach in estimating microparticle velocities. A digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV)-based approach has been used as a baseline against which the outcomes of our methods have been evaluated. The combination of the suitability of the micro-optical components for integration, along with the MoF chamber device and the DPSV approach, demonstrates a proof of concept towards the challenge of real-time total-on-chip analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Cutuli
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Dario Sanalitro
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Giovanna Stella
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Lorena Saitta
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maide Bucolo
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (D.S.); (G.S.); (M.B.)
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19
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Hu B, Yang X, Wu J, Lu S, Yang H, Long Z, He L, Luo X, Tian K, Wang W, Li Y, Wu H, Li W, Guo C, Yang H, Wang QJ, Liang H. Highly efficient octave-spanning long-wavelength infrared generation with a 74% quantum efficiency in a χ (2) waveguide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7125. [PMID: 37932272 PMCID: PMC10628208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The realization of compact and efficient broadband mid-infrared (MIR) lasers has enormous impacts in promoting MIR spectroscopy for various important applications. A number of well-designed waveguide platforms have been demonstrated for MIR supercontinuum and frequency comb generations based on cubic nonlinearities, but unfortunately third-order nonlinear response is inherently weak. Here, we propose and demonstrate for the first time a χ(2) micrometer waveguide platform based on birefringence phase matching for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) laser generation with a high quantum efficiency. In a ZnGeP2-based waveguide platform, an octave-spanning spectrum covering 5-11 μm is generated through optical parametric generation (OPG). A quantum conversion efficiency of 74% as a new record in LWIR single-pass parametric processes is achieved. The threshold energy is measured as ~616 pJ, reduced by more than 1-order of magnitude as compared to those of MIR OPGs in bulk media. Our prototype micro-waveguide platform could be extended to other χ(2) birefringence crystals and trigger new frontiers of MIR integrated nonlinear photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangen Wu
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyi Lu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hang Yang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhe Long
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linzhen He
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Luo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kan Tian
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhe Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wenlong Li
- Chengdu Dien PHOTOELECTRIC Technology Co., Ltd., 610100, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyu Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Sino-German College of Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering & The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Houkun Liang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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20
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Korček R, Medina Quiroz D, Wilmart Q, Edmond S, Cheben P, Vivien L, Alonso-Ramos C, Benedikovič D. Library of single-etch silicon nitride grating couplers for low-loss and fabrication-robust fiber-chip interconnection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17467. [PMID: 37838803 PMCID: PMC10576773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguides become an appealing choice to realize complex photonic integrated circuits for applications in telecom/datacom transceivers, sensing, and quantum information sciences. However, compared to high-index-contrast silicon-on-insulator platform, the index difference between the Si3N4 waveguide core and its claddings is more moderate, which adversely affects the development of vertical grating-coupled optical interfaces. Si3N4 grating couplers suffer from the reduced strength, therefore it is more challenging to radiate all the waveguide power out of the grating within a beam size that is comparable to the mode field diameter of standard optical fibers. In this work, we present, by design and experiments, a library of low-loss and fabrication-tolerant surface grating couplers, operating at 1.55 μm wavelength range and standard SMF-28 fiber. Our designs are fabricated on 400 nm Si3N4 platform using single-etch fabrication and foundry-compatible low-pressure chemical vapor deposition wafers. Experimentally, the peak coupling loss of - 4.4 dB and - 3.9 dB are measured for uniform couplers, while apodized grating couplers yield fiber-chip coupling loss of - 2.9 dB, without the use of bottom mirrors, additional overlays, and multi-layered grating arrangements. Beside the single-hero demonstrations, over 130 grating couplers were realized and tested, showing an excellent agreement with finite difference time domain designs and fabrication-robust performance. Demonstrated grating couplers are promising for Si3N4 photonic chip prototyping by using standard optical fibers, leveraging low-cost and foundry-compatible fabrication technologies, essential for stable and reproducible large-volume device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Korček
- Department of Multimedia and Information-Communication Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - David Medina Quiroz
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Quentin Wilmart
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Samson Edmond
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pavel Cheben
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Laurent Vivien
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Carlos Alonso-Ramos
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Daniel Benedikovič
- Department of Multimedia and Information-Communication Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia.
- University Science Park, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia.
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21
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Zaplotnik J, Mur U, Malkar D, Ranjkesh A, Muševič I, Ravnik M. Photonic eigenmodes and transmittance of finite-length 1D cholesteric liquid crystal resonators. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16868. [PMID: 37803161 PMCID: PMC10558490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystals exhibit a periodic helical structure that partially reflects light with wavelengths comparable to the period of the structure, thus performing as a one-dimensional photonic crystal. Here, we demonstrate a combined experimental and numerical study of light transmittance spectra of finite-length helical structure of cholesteric liquid crystals, as affected by the main system and material parameters, as well as the corresponding eigenmodes and frequency eigenspectra with their Q-factors. Specifically, we have measured and simulated transmittance spectra of samples with different thicknesses, birefringences and for various incident light polarisation configurations as well as quantified the role of refractive index dispersion and the divergence of the incident light beam on transmittance spectra. We identify the relation between transmittance spectra and the eigenfrequencies of the photonic eigenmodes. Furthermore, we present and visualize the geometry of these eigenmodes and corresponding Q-factors. More generally, this work systematically studies the properties of light propagation in a one-dimensional helical cholesteric liquid crystal birefringent profile, which is known to be of interest for the design of micro-lasers and other soft matter photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Zaplotnik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Mur
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Deepshika Malkar
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amid Ranjkesh
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Muševič
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Ravnik
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Orange Kedem R, Opatovski N, Xiao D, Ferdman B, Alalouf O, Kumar Pal S, Wang Z, von der Emde H, Weber M, Sahl SJ, Ponjavic A, Arie A, Hell SW, Shechtman Y. Near index matching enables solid diffractive optical element fabrication via additive manufacturing. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:222. [PMID: 37696792 PMCID: PMC10495398 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have a wide range of applications in optics and photonics, thanks to their capability to perform complex wavefront shaping in a compact form. However, widespread applicability of DOEs is still limited, because existing fabrication methods are cumbersome and expensive. Here, we present a simple and cost-effective fabrication approach for solid, high-performance DOEs. The method is based on conjugating two nearly refractive index-matched solidifiable transparent materials. The index matching allows for extreme scaling up of the elements in the axial dimension, which enables simple fabrication of a template using commercially available 3D printing at tens-of-micrometer resolution. We demonstrated the approach by fabricating and using DOEs serving as microlens arrays, vortex plates, including for highly sensitive applications such as vector beam generation and super-resolution microscopy using MINSTED, and phase-masks for three-dimensional single-molecule localization microscopy. Beyond the advantage of making DOEs widely accessible by drastically simplifying their production, the method also overcomes difficulties faced by existing methods in fabricating highly complex elements, such as high-order vortex plates, and spectrum-encoding phase masks for microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Orange Kedem
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nadav Opatovski
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dafei Xiao
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boris Ferdman
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Onit Alalouf
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sushanta Kumar Pal
- School of Electrical Engineering Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ziyun Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Henrik von der Emde
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen J Sahl
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ady Arie
- School of Electrical Engineering Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yoav Shechtman
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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23
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Ding S. "Interesting and useful, extreme and ultimate": an interview with Prof. Huigao Duan. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:227. [PMID: 37699904 PMCID: PMC10497624 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
EDITORIAL He is an explorer in micro-nano manufacturing, an adventurer in interdisciplinary studies, an impassioned educator; an ever-curious reader, a lover of sports, and a coffee connoisseur. In this episode of Light People Interview, we are honored to have Prof. Huigao Duan from Hunan University share his insights on micro-nano manufacturing, planar optics, teaching, nurturing, reading, growing up, and hobbies. "A man with a great smile", "a good teacher," and "an interesting soul" are just some of the descriptions that came through my mind during my conversation with him. Today, let's get to know this outstanding scholar who pursues "interesting and useful, extreme and ultimate" in micro-nano manufacturing and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ding
- Light Publishing Group, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and, Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Dong Nan Hu Road, 130033, Changchun, China.
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24
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Vassiliev V, Sumetsky M. High Q-factor reconfigurable microresonators induced in side-coupled optical fibres. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:197. [PMID: 37596274 PMCID: PMC10439148 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
High Q-factor monolithic optical microresonators found numerous applications in classical and quantum optical signal processing, microwave photonics, ultraprecise sensing, as well as fundamental optical and physical sciences. However, due to the solid structure of these microresonators, attaining the free spectral range tunability of most of them, critical for several of these applications, was, so far, unfeasible. To address this problem, here we experimentally demonstrate that the side-coupling of coplanar bent optical fibres can induce a high Q-factor whispering gallery mode optical microresonator. By changing the curvature radius of fibres from the centimetre order to the millimetre order, we demonstrate fully mechanically reconfigurable optical microresonators with dimensions varying from the millimetre order to 100-micron order and free spectral range varying from a picometre to ten picometre order. The developed theory describes the formation of the discovered microresonators and their major properties in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The new microresonators may find applications in cavity QED, microresonator optomechanics, frequency comb generation with tuneable repetition rate, tuneable lasing, and tuneable processing and delay of optical pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vassiliev
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Michael Sumetsky
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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25
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Ren X, Pan J, Yan M, Sheng J, Yang C, Zhang Q, Ma H, Wen Z, Huang K, Wu H, Zeng H. Dual-comb optomechanical spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5037. [PMID: 37596269 PMCID: PMC10439198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical cavities are essential for enhancing the sensitivity of molecular absorption spectroscopy, which finds widespread high-sensitivity gas sensing applications. However, the use of high-finesse cavities confines the wavelength range of operation and prevents broader applications. Here, we take a different approach to ultrasensitive molecular spectroscopy, namely dual-comb optomechanical spectroscopy (DCOS), by integrating the high-resolution multiplexing capabilities of dual-comb spectroscopy with cavity optomechanics through photoacoustic coupling. By exciting the molecules photoacoustically with dual-frequency combs and sensing the molecular-vibration-induced ultrasound waves with a cavity-coupled mechanical resonator, we measure high-resolution broadband ( > 2 THz) overtone spectra for acetylene gas and obtain a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.71 × 10-11 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2 with 30 GHz simultaneous spectral bandwidth. Importantly, the optomechanical resonator allows broadband dual-comb excitation. Our approach not only enriches the practical applications of the emerging cavity optomechanics technology but also offers intriguing possibilities for multi-species trace gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
| | - Jiteng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai, 201315, China.
- Shanghai Branch, Hefei National Laboratory, Shanghai, 201315, China.
| | - Heping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong, 250101, China.
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26
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Li Z, Wang RN, Lihachev G, Zhang J, Tan Z, Churaev M, Kuznetsov N, Siddharth A, Bereyhi MJ, Riemensberger J, Kippenberg TJ. High density lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4856. [PMID: 37563149 PMCID: PMC10415301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits have the potential to pervade into multiple applications traditionally limited to bulk optics. Of particular interest for new applications are ferroelectrics such as Lithium Niobate, which exhibit a large Pockels effect, but are difficult to process via dry etching. Here we demonstrate that diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a superior material for the manufacturing of photonic integrated circuits based on ferroelectrics, specifically LiNbO3. Using DLC as a hard mask, we demonstrate the fabrication of deeply etched, tightly confining, low loss waveguides with losses as low as 4 dB/m. In contrast to widely employed ridge waveguides, this approach benefits from a more than one order of magnitude higher area integration density while maintaining efficient electro-optical modulation, low loss, and offering a route for efficient optical fiber interfaces. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a III-V/LiNbO3 based laser with sub-kHz intrinsic linewidth and tuning rate of 0.7 PHz/s with excellent linearity and CMOS-compatible driving voltage. We also demonstrated a MZM modulator with a 1.73 cm length and a halfwave voltage of 1.94 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grigory Lihachev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junyin Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zelin Tan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Churaev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Kuznetsov
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anat Siddharth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad J Bereyhi
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Luxtelligence SA, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann Riemensberger
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center of Quantum Science and Engineering (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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27
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Astrauskytė D, Galvanauskas K, Gailevičius D, Drazdys M, Malinauskas M, Grineviciute L. Anti-Reflective Coatings Produced via Atomic Layer Deposition for Hybrid Polymer 3D Micro-Optics. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2281. [PMID: 37630866 PMCID: PMC10458567 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for optics quality requires the lowest optical power loss, which can occur from unwanted reflections. Laser direct writing (LDW) allows for the fabrication of complex structures, which is particularly advantageous in micro-optic applications. This research demonstrates the possibility of forming an anti-reflective coating on hybrid polymer micro-lenses fabricated by employing LDW without changing their geometry. Such coating deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD) decreased the reflection from 3.3% to 0.1% at a wavelength of 633 nm for one surface of hybrid organic-inorganic SZ2080™ material. This research validates the compatibility of ALD with LDW 3D multiphoton lithography synergistically, expanding its applications on optical grade sub-100 μm scale micro-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Astrauskytė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių av. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Galvanauskas
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Darius Gailevičius
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Drazdys
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių av. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research Center, Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lina Grineviciute
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanorių av. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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28
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Saitta L, Cutuli E, Celano G, Tosto C, Stella G, Cicala G, Bucolo M. A Regression Approach to Model Refractive Index Measurements of Novel 3D Printable Photocurable Resins for Micro-Optofluidic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2690. [PMID: 37376336 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a quadratic polynomial regression model was developed to aid practitioners in the determination of the refractive index value of transparent 3D printable photocurable resins usable for micro-optofluidic applications. The model was experimentally determined by correlating empirical optical transmission measurements (the dependent variable) to known refractive index values (the independent variable) of photocurable materials used in optics, thus obtaining a related regression equation. In detail, a novel, simple, and cost-effective experimental setup is proposed in this study for the first time for collecting the transmission measurements of smooth 3D printed samples (roughness ranging between 0.04 and 2 μm). The model was further used to determine the unknown refractive index value of novel photocurable resins applicable in vat photopolymerization (VP) 3D printing techniques for manufacturing micro-optofluidic (MoF) devices. In the end, this study proved how knowledge of this parameter allowed us to compare and interpret collected empirical optical data from microfluidic devices made of more traditional materials, i.e., Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), up to novel 3D printable photocurable resins suitable for biological and biomedical applications. Thus, the developed model also provides a quick method to evaluate the suitability of novel 3D printable resins for MoF device fabrication within a well-defined range of refractive index values (1.56; 1.70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Saitta
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cutuli
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Celano
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Tosto
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Stella
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cicala
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- INSTM-UDR CT, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maide Bucolo
- Department of Electrical Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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29
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Li C, Wang S, Li X. Spatiotemporal pulse weaving scalar optical hopfions. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 36859383 PMCID: PMC9977835 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scalar optical hopfions weaved by nested equiphase lines in the shape of a toroidal vortex are theoretically designed and experimentally demonstrated. This category of hopfions manifesting as a spatiotemporally structured pulse propagating in space-time may enable encoding and transferring optical topological information in an additional (temporal) dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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30
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Osório JH, Amrani F, Delahaye F, Dhaybi A, Vasko K, Melli F, Giovanardi F, Vandembroucq D, Tessier G, Vincetti L, Debord B, Gérôme F, Benabid F. Hollow-core fibers with reduced surface roughness and ultralow loss in the short-wavelength range. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1146. [PMID: 36854713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While optical fibers display excellent performances in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet ranges remain poorly addressed by them. Obtaining better fibers for the short-wavelength range has been restricted, in all fiber optics, by scattering processes. In hollow-core fibers, the scattering loss arises from the core roughness and represents the limiting factor for loss reduction regardless of the cladding confinement power. Here, we report on the reduction of the core surface roughness of hollow-core fibers by modifying their fabrication technique. The effect of the modified process has been quantified and the results showed a root-mean-square surface roughness reduction from 0.40 to 0.15 nm. The improvement in the core surface entailed fibers with ultralow loss at short wavelengths. The results reveal this approach as a promising path for the development of hollow-core fibers with loss that can potentially be orders of magnitude lower than the ones achievable with silica-core counterparts.
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31
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Wang Y, Du H, Li Y, Mei F, Hu Y, Xiao L, Ma J, Jia S. Testing universality of Feynman-Tan relation in interacting Bose gases using high-order Bragg spectra. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:50. [PMID: 36854664 PMCID: PMC9975228 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Feynman-Tan relation, obtained by combining the Feynman energy relation with the Tan's two-body contact, can explain the excitation spectra of strongly interacting 39K Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Since the shift of excitation resonance in the Feynman-Tan relation is inversely proportional to atomic mass, the test of whether this relation is universal for other atomic systems is significant for describing the effect of interaction in strongly correlated Bose gases. Here we measure the high-momentum excitation spectra of 133Cs BEC with widely tunable interactions by using the second- and third-order Bragg spectra. We observe the backbending of frequency shift of excitation resonance with increasing interaction, and even the shift changes its sign under the strong interactions in the high-order Bragg spectra. Our finding shows good agreement with the prediction based on the Feynman-Tan relation. Our results provide significant insights for understanding the profound properties of strongly interacting Bose gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huiying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Feng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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32
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Solheim JH, Brandsrud MA, Kong B, Banyasz A, Borondics F, Micouin G, Lossius S, Sulé-Suso J, Blümel R, Kohler A. Domes and semi-capsules as model systems for infrared microspectroscopy of biological cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3165. [PMID: 36823297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that infrared microscopy of micrometer sized samples suffers from strong scattering distortions, attributed to Mie scattering. The state-of-the-art preprocessing technique for modelling and removing Mie scattering features from infrared absorbance spectra of biological samples is built on a meta model for perfect spheres. However, non-spherical cell shapes are the norm rather than the exception, and it is therefore highly relevant to evaluate the validity of this preprocessing technique for deformed spherical systems. Addressing these cases, we investigate both numerically and experimentally the absorbance spectra of 3D-printed individual domes, rows of up to five domes, two domes with varying distance, and semi-capsules of varying lengths as model systems of deformed individual cells and small cell clusters. We find that coupling effects between individual domes are small, corroborating previous related literature results for spheres. Further, we point out and illustrate with examples that, while optical reciprocity guarantees the same extinction efficiency for top vs. bottom illumination, a scatterer's internal field may be vastly different in these two situations. Finally, we demonstrate that the ME-EMSC model for preprocessing infrared spectra from spherical biological systems is valid also for deformed spherical systems.
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Zeng J, Wang J. Interrogating imaginary optical force by the complex Maxwell stress tensor theorem. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 36627276 PMCID: PMC9832022 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The complex Maxwell stress tensor theorem has been developed to relate the imaginary optical force, reactive strength of canonical momentum and total optical force of a nanoparticle, which is essential to perfect optical force efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zeng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Hentschel M, Koshelev K, Sterl F, Both S, Karst J, Shamsafar L, Weiss T, Kivshar Y, Giessen H. Dielectric Mie voids: confining light in air. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 36587036 PMCID: PMC9805462 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating light on the nanoscale has become a central challenge in metadevices, resonant surfaces, nanoscale optical sensors, and many more, and it is largely based on resonant light confinement in dispersive and lossy metals and dielectrics. Here, we experimentally implement a novel strategy for dielectric nanophotonics: Resonant subwavelength localized confinement of light in air. We demonstrate that voids created in high-index dielectric host materials support localized resonant modes with exceptional optical properties. Due to the confinement in air, the modes do not suffer from the loss and dispersion of the dielectric host medium. We experimentally realize these resonant Mie voids by focused ion beam milling into bulk silicon wafers and experimentally demonstrate resonant light confinement down to the UV spectral range at 265 nm (4.68 eV). Furthermore, we utilize the bright, intense, and naturalistic colours for nanoscale colour printing. Mie voids will thus push the operation of functional high-index metasurfaces into the blue and UV spectral range. The combination of resonant dielectric Mie voids with dielectric nanoparticles will more than double the parameter space for the future design of metasurfaces and other micro- and nanoscale optical elements. In particular, this extension will enable novel antenna and structure designs which benefit from the full access to the modal field inside the void as well as the nearly free choice of the high-index material for novel sensing and active manipulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Kirill Koshelev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Both
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Karst
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lida Shamsafar
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, and NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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35
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Ghobara M, Oschatz C, Fratzl P, Reissig L. Numerical Analysis of the Light Modulation by the Frustule of Gomphonema parvulum: The Role of Integrated Optical Components. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 13:nano13010113. [PMID: 36616023 PMCID: PMC9823621 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Siliceous diatom frustules present a huge variety of shapes and nanometric pore patterns. A better understanding of the light modulation by these frustules is required to determine whether or not they might have photobiological roles besides their possible utilization as building blocks in photonic applications. In this study, we propose a novel approach for analyzing the near-field light modulation by small pennate diatom frustules, utilizing the frustule of Gomphonema parvulum as a model. Numerical analysis was carried out for the wave propagation across selected 2D cross-sections in a statistically representative 3D model for the valve based on the finite element frequency domain method. The influences of light wavelength (vacuum wavelengths from 300 to 800 nm) and refractive index changes, as well as structural parameters, on the light modulation were investigated and compared to theoretical predictions when possible. The results showed complex interference patterns resulting from the overlay of different optical phenomena, which can be explained by the presence of a few integrated optical components in the valve. Moreover, studies on the complete frustule in an aqueous medium allow the discussion of its possible photobiological relevance. Furthermore, our results may enable the simple screening of unstudied pennate frustules for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghobara
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathleen Oschatz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Louisa Reissig
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Jing X, Zhao R, Li X, Jiang Q, Li C, Geng G, Li J, Wang Y, Huang L. Single-shot 3D imaging with point cloud projection based on metadevice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7842. [PMID: 36543781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is a crucial information acquisition technology for light detection, autonomous vehicles, gesture recognition, machine vision, and other applications. Metasurface, as a subwavelength scale two-dimensional array, offers flexible control of optical wavefront owing to abundant design freedom. Metasurfaces are promising for use as optical devices because they have large field of view and powerful functionality. In this study, we propose a flat optical device based on a single-layer metasurface to project a coded point cloud in the Fourier space and explore a sophisticated matching algorithm to achieve 3D reconstruction, offering a complete technical roadmap for single-shot detection. We experimentally demonstrate that the depth accuracy of our system is smaller than 0.24 mm at a measurement distance of 300 mm, indicating the feasibility of the submillimetre measurement platform. Our method can pave the way for practical applications such as surface shape detection, gesture recognition, and personal authentication.
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37
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Ricardo A. M. Pereira, Nuno Borges Carvalho. Quasioptics for increasing the beam efficiency of wireless power transfer systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20894. [PMID: 36463379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The highest beam efficiency in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system that uses focusing components was 51%, using a [Formula: see text] diameter reflector for a transfer distance of [Formula: see text]. We have beaten that record, and present here a system that surpasses it by 25%. Using the quasioptical framework for reducing spillover losses in WPT, we present a double-reflector system that achieved a higher beam efficiency than the state-of-the-art. The transmitting and receiving antennas were 3D-printed conical smooth-walled horn antennas, specially designed for this purpose. The theoretical analysis enabled the design of a [Formula: see text] system, whose energy focus location has been experimentally verified. Then, the complete system was experimented upon, enabling a high beam transfer efficiency of 63.75%. Additionally, the advantage of using quasioptics in radiative wireless power transfer applications is discussed, as well as the sensitivity of its systems. Finally, a comparison with the state-of-the-art is done by the proposal of new figures-of-merit, relating the systems' physical dimensions and beam efficiency. This research is a paradigm shift by presenting a promising path for future WPT research through quasioptics, whose high efficiencies may enable commercial applications of this technology for solving power supply issues in our society.
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38
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Liu YGN, Wei Y, Hemmatyar O, Pyrialakos GG, Jung PS, Christodoulides DN, Khajavikhan M. Complex skin modes in non-Hermitian coupled laser arrays. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:336. [PMID: 36443286 PMCID: PMC9705320 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
From biological ecosystems to spin glasses, connectivity plays a crucial role in determining the function, dynamics, and resiliency of a network. In the realm of non-Hermitian physics, the possibility of complex and asymmetric exchange interactions ([Formula: see text]) between a network of oscillators has been theoretically shown to lead to novel behaviors like delocalization, skin effect, and bulk-boundary correspondence. An archetypical lattice exhibiting the aforementioned properties is that proposed by Hatano and Nelson in a series of papers in late 1990s. While the ramifications of these theoretical works in optics have been recently pursued in synthetic dimensions, the Hatano-Nelson model has yet to be realized in real space. What makes the implementation of these lattices challenging is the difficulty in establishing the required asymmetric exchange interactions in optical platforms. In this work, by using active optical oscillators featuring non-Hermiticity and nonlinearity, we introduce an anisotropic exchange between the resonant elements in a lattice, an aspect that enables us to observe the non-Hermitian skin effect, phase locking, and near-field beam steering in a Hatano-Nelson laser array. Our work opens up new regimes of phase-locking in lasers while shedding light on the fundamental physics of non-Hermitian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou G N Liu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yunxuan Wei
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Omid Hemmatyar
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Georgios G Pyrialakos
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2700, USA
| | - Pawel S Jung
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2700, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Demetrios N Christodoulides
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2700, USA
| | - Mercedeh Khajavikhan
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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39
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Xiao X, Zhao Y, Ye X, Chen C, Lu X, Rong Y, Deng J, Li G, Zhu S, Li T. Large-scale achromatic flat lens by light frequency-domain coherence optimization. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:323. [PMID: 36357364 PMCID: PMC9649754 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flat lenses, including metalens and diffractive lens, have attracted increasing attention due to their ability to miniaturize the imaging devices. However, realizing a large scale achromatic flat lens with high performance still remains a big challenge. Here, we developed a new framework in designing achromatic multi-level diffractive lenses by light coherence optimization, which enables the implementation of large-scale flat lenses under non-ideal conditions. As results, a series achromatic polymer lenses with diameter from 1 to 10 mm are successfully designed and fabricated. The subsequent optical characterizations substantially validate our theoretical framework and show relatively good performance of the centimeter-scale achromatic multi-level diffractive lenses with a super broad bandwidth in optical wavelengths (400-1100 nm). After comparing with conventional refractive lens, this achromatic lens shows significant advantages in white-light imaging performance, implying a new strategy in developing practical planar optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulations, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yunwei Zhao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulations, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xin Ye
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulations, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chen Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulations, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xinmou Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yansen Rong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junhong Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulations, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Tao Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulations, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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40
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Kuhn L, Repän T, Rockstuhl C. Inverse design of core-shell particles with discrete material classes using neural networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19019. [PMID: 36347865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of scatterers on demand is a challenging task that requires the investigation and development of novel and flexible approaches. In this paper, we propose a machine learning-assisted optimization framework to design multi-layered core-shell particles that provide a scattering response on demand. Artificial neural networks can learn to predict the scattering spectrum of core-shell particles with high accuracy and can act as fully differentiable surrogate models for a gradient-based design approach. To enable the fabrication of the particles, we consider existing materials and introduce a novel two-step optimization to treat continuous geometric parameters and discrete feasible materials simultaneously. Moreover, we overcome the non-uniqueness of the problem and expand the design space to particles of varying numbers of shells, i.e., different number of optimization parameters, with a classification network. Our method is 1-2 orders of magnitudes faster than conventional approaches in both forward prediction and inverse design and is potentially scalable to even larger and more complex scatterers.
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41
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Li X, Ma J, Liu S, Huang P, Chen B, Wei D, Liu J. Efficient second harmonic generation by harnessing bound states in the continuum in semi-nonlinear etchless lithium niobate waveguides. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:317. [PMID: 36316306 PMCID: PMC9622896 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrated photonics provides unprecedented opportunities to pursue advanced nonlinear light sources with low-power consumptions and small footprints in a scalable manner, such as microcombs, chip-scale optical parametric oscillators and integrated quantum light sources. Among a variety of nonlinear optical processes, high-efficiency second harmonic generation (SHG) on-chip is particularly appealing and yet challenging. In this work, we present efficient SHG in highly engineerable semi-nonlinear waveguides consisting of electron-beam resist waveguides and thin-film silicon nitride (SiN)/lithium niobate (LN). By carefully designing octave-separating bound states in the continuum (BICs) for the nonlinear interacting waves in such a hybrid structure, we have simultaneously optimized the losses for both fundamental frequency (FF) and second harmonic (SH) waves and achieved modal phasing matching and maximized the nonlinear modal overlap between the FF and SH waves, which results in an experimental conversion efficiency up to 4.05% W-1cm-2. Our work provides a versatile and fabrication-friendly platform to explore on-chip nonlinear optical processes with high efficiency in the context of nanophotonics and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peinian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dunzhao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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42
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Meng F, Yang A, Du K, Jia F, Lei X, Mei T, Du L, Yuan X. Measuring the magnetic topological spin structure of light using an anapole probe. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:287. [PMID: 36202794 PMCID: PMC9537154 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Topological spin structures of light, including the Skyrmion, Meron, and bi-Meron, are intriguing optical phenomena that arise from spin-orbit coupling. They have promising potential applications in nano-metrology, data storage, super-resolved imaging and chiral detection. Aside from the electric part of optical spin, of equal importance is the magnetic part, particularly the H-type electromagnetic modes for which the spin topological properties of the field are dominated by the magnetic field. However, their observation and measurement remains absent and faces difficult challenges. Here, we design a unique type of anapole probe to measure specifically the photonic spin structures dominated by magnetic fields. The probe is composed of an Ag-core and Si-shell nanosphere, which manifests as a pure magnetic dipole with no electric response. The effectiveness of the method was validated by characterizing the magnetic field distributions of various focused vector beams. It was subsequently employed to measure the magnetic topological spin structures, including individual Skyrmions and Meron/Skyrmion lattices for the first time. The proposed method may be a powerful tool to characterize the magnetic properties of optical spin and valuable in advancing spin photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfei Meng
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aiping Yang
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129, Xi'an, China
| | - Fengyang Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinrui Lei
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Mei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710129, Xi'an, China
| | - Luping Du
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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Hu ZY, Zhang YL, Pan C, Dou JY, Li ZZ, Tian ZN, Mao JW, Chen QD, Sun HB. Miniature optoelectronic compound eye camera. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5634. [PMID: 36163128 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by insect compound eyes (CEs) that feature unique optical schemes for imaging, there has recently been growing interest in developing optoelectronic CE cameras with comparable size and functions. However, considering the mismatch between the complex 3D configuration of CEs and the planar nature of available imaging sensors, it is currently challenging to reach this end. Here, we report a paradigm in miniature optoelectronic integrated CE camera by manufacturing polymer CEs with 19~160 logarithmic profile ommatidia via femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization. In contrast to μ-CEs with spherical ommatidia that suffer from defocusing problems, the as-obtained μ-CEs with logarithmic ommatidia permit direct integration with a commercial CMOS detector, because the depth-of-field and focus range of all the logarithmic ommatidia are significantly increased. The optoelectronic integrated μ-CE camera enables large field-of-view imaging (90°), spatial position identification and sensitive trajectory monitoring of moving targets. Moreover, the miniature μ-CE camera can be integrated with a microfluidic chip and serves as an on-chip camera for real-time microorganisms monitoring. The insect-scale optoelectronic μ-CE camera provides a practical route for integrating well-developed planar imaging sensors with complex micro-optics elements, holding great promise for cutting-edge applications in endoscopy and robot vision.
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Abstract
Existing single-cell adhesion kinetics methods are performed under conditions highly unlike the physiological cell adhesion conditions. Now, researchers have developed a new optical technique for high-precision measurement of cell lateral adhesion kinetics in complex clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Laboratory, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803, Zurich, Switzerland.
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45
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Zhang S. Intelligent metasurfaces: digitalized, programmable, and intelligent platforms. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:242. [PMID: 35915076 PMCID: PMC9343449 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Distinguished from conventional ones, intelligent metasurfaces are endowed with three important characteristics: digitalization, programmability, and intelligence, which can be further integrated with detection, artificial neural networks, and feedback systems into a smart platform. Metasurface-based smart systems are expected to play an important role in wireless communications, advanced sensing technologies and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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46
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Beller J, Shao L. Acousto-optic modulators integrated on-chip. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:240. [PMID: 35906235 PMCID: PMC9338080 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acousto-optic devices that use radio frequency mechanical waves to manipulate light are critical components in many optical systems. Here, the researchers bring acousto-optic devices on-chip and make them more efficient for integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Beller
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Linbo Shao
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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47
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Ren M, Xu J. Intelligent metasurfaces can recognize objects. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:211. [PMID: 35798715 PMCID: PMC9262885 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An on-chip optical neural network is built using metasurfaces, which can recognize objects with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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48
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Hong Z, Ye P, Loy DA, Liang R. High-Precision Printing of Complex Glass Imaging Optics with Precondensed Liquid Silica Resin. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105595. [PMID: 35470571 PMCID: PMC9218758 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of optics has gained significant attention in optical industry, but most of the research has been focused on organic polymers. In spite of recent progress in 3D printing glass, 3D printing of precision glass optics for imaging applications still faces challenges from shrinkage during printing and thermal processing, and from inadequate surface shape and quality to meet the requirements for imaging applications. This paper reports a new liquid silica resin (LSR) with higher curing speed, better mechanical properties, lower sintering temperature, and reduced shrinkage, as well as the printing process for high-precision glass optics for imaging applications. It is demonstrated that the proposed material and printing process can print almost all types of optical surfaces, including flat, spherical, aspherical, freeform, and discontinuous surfaces, with accurate surface shape and high surface quality for imaging applications. It is also demonstrated that the proposed method can print complex optical systems with multiple optical elements, completely removing the time-consuming and error-prone alignment process. Most importantly, the proposed printing method is able to print optical systems with active moving elements, significantly improving system flexibility and functionality. The printing method will enable the much-needed transformational manufacturing of complex freeform glass optics that are currently inaccessible with conventional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Hong
- James C. Wyant College of Optical SciencesThe University of Arizona1630 E University BlvdTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Piaoran Ye
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe University of Arizona1306 E. University BlvdTucsonAZ85721‐0041USA
| | - Douglas A. Loy
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe University of Arizona1306 E. University BlvdTucsonAZ85721‐0041USA
| | - Rongguang Liang
- James C. Wyant College of Optical SciencesThe University of Arizona1630 E University BlvdTucsonAZ85721USA
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Wang J, Xia S, Wang R, Ma R, Lu Y, Zhang X, Song D, Wu Q, Morandotti R, Xu J, Chen Z. Topologically tuned terahertz confinement in a nonlinear photonic chip. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:152. [PMID: 35606368 PMCID: PMC9126941 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Compact terahertz (THz) functional devices are greatly sought after for high-speed wireless communication, biochemical sensing, and non-destructive inspection. However, controlled THz generation, along with transport and detection, has remained a challenge especially for chip-scale devices due to low-coupling efficiency and unavoidable absorption losses. Here, based on the topological protection of electromagnetic waves, we demonstrate nonlinear generation and topologically tuned confinement of THz waves in an engineered lithium niobate chip forming a wedge-shaped Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattice. Experimentally measured band structures provide direct visualization of the THz localization in the momentum space, while robustness of the confined mode against chiral perturbations is also analyzed and compared for both topologically trivial and nontrivial regimes. Such topological control of THz waves may bring about new possibilities in the realization of THz integrated circuits, promising for advanced photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Shiqi Xia
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ride Wang
- Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Ruobin Ma
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yao Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Daohong Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Jingjun Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Zhigang Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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50
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Badloe T, Kim J, Kim I, Kim WS, Kim WS, Kim YK, Rho J. Liquid crystal-powered Mie resonators for electrically tunable photorealistic color gradients and dark blacks. Light Sci Appl 2022; 11:118. [PMID: 35487908 PMCID: PMC9054757 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from beautiful colors in nature, structural colors produced from nanostructured metasurfaces have shown great promise as a platform for bright, highly saturated, and high-resolution colors. Both plasmonic and dielectric materials have been employed to produce static colors that fulfil the required criteria for high-performance color printing, however, for practical applications in dynamic situations, a form of tunability is desirable. Combinations of the additive color palette of red, green, and blue enable the expression of further colors beyond the three primary colors, while the simultaneous intensity modulation allows access to the full color gamut. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface that can represent saturated red, green, and blue pixels that can be dynamically and continuously controlled between on and off states using liquid crystals. We use this to experimentally realize ultrahigh-resolution color printing, active multicolor cryptographic applications, and tunable pixels toward high-performance full-color reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Sung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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