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Freh M, Reinstädler A, Neumann KD, Neumann U, Panstruga R. The development of pleiotropic phenotypes in powdery mildew-resistant barley and Arabidopsis thaliana mlo mutants is linked to nitrogen availability. Plant Cell Environ 2024. [PMID: 38515393 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Powdery mildew-resistant barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Arabidopsis thaliana mlo mutant plants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes such as the spontaneous formation of callose-rich cell wall appositions and early leaf chlorosis and necrosis, indicative of premature leaf senescence. The exogenous factors governing the occurrence of these undesired side effects remain poorly understood. Here, we characterised the formation of these symptoms in detail. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the callose-rich cell wall depositions spontaneously formed in A. thaliana mlo mutants are indistinguishable from those induced by the bacterial pattern epitope, flagellin 22 (flg22). We further found that increased plant densities during culturing enhance the extent of the leaf senescence syndrome in A. thaliana mlo mutants. Application of a liquid fertiliser rescued the occurrence of leaf chlorosis and necrosis in both A. thaliana and barley mlo mutant plants. Controlled fertilisation experiments uncovered nitrogen as the macronutrient whose deficiency promotes the extent of pleiotropic phenotypes in A. thaliana mlo mutants. Light intensity and temperature had a modulatory impact on the incidence of leaf necrosis in the case of barley mlo mutant plants. Collectively, our data indicate that the development of pleiotropic phenotypes associated with mlo mutants is governed by various exogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira D Neumann
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Acevedo-Garcia J, Walden K, Leissing F, Baumgarten K, Drwiega K, Kwaaitaal M, Reinstädler A, Freh M, Dong X, James GV, Baus LC, Mascher M, Stein N, Schneeberger K, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Kollmar M, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R. Barley Ror1 encodes a class XI myosin required for mlo-based broad-spectrum resistance to the fungal powdery mildew pathogen. Plant J 2022; 112:84-103. [PMID: 35916711 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function alleles of plant MLO genes confer broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildews in many eudicot and monocot species. Although barley (Hordeum vulgare) mlo mutants have been used in agriculture for more than 40 years, understanding of the molecular principles underlying this type of disease resistance remains fragmentary. Forward genetic screens in barley have revealed mutations in two Required for mlo resistance (Ror) genes that partially impair immunity conferred by mlo mutants. While Ror2 encodes a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attached protein receptor (SNARE), the identity of Ror1, located at the pericentromeric region of barley chromosome 1H, remained elusive. We report the identification of Ror1 based on combined barley genomic sequence information and transcriptomic data from ror1 mutant plants. Ror1 encodes the barley class XI myosin Myo11A (HORVU.MOREX.r3.1HG0046420). Single amino acid substitutions of this myosin, deduced from non-functional ror1 mutant alleles, map to the nucleotide-binding region and the interface between the relay-helix and the converter domain of the motor protein. Ror1 myosin accumulates transiently in the course of powdery mildew infection. Functional fluorophore-labeled Ror1 variants associate with mobile intracellular compartments that partially colocalize with peroxisomes. Single-cell expression of the Ror1 tail region causes a dominant-negative effect that phenocopies ror1 loss-of-function mutants. We define a myosin motor for the establishment of mlo-mediated resistance, suggesting that motor protein-driven intracellular transport processes are critical for extracellular immunity, possibly through the targeted transfer of antifungal and/or cell wall cargoes to pathogen contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Acevedo-Garcia
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kim Walden
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Baumgarten
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Drwiega
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Freh
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Geo Velikkakam James
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa C Baus
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Center of integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Von Siebold Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmar
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Wu H, Kwaaitaal M, Strugala R, Schaffrath U, Bednarek P, Panstruga R. Chemical suppressors of mlo-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171389. [PMID: 29127104 PMCID: PMC5725617 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function of barley mildew locus o (Mlo) confers durable broad-spectrum penetration resistance to the barley powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). Given the importance of mlo mutants in agriculture, surprisingly few molecular components have been identified to be required for this type of resistance in barley. With the aim to identify novel cellular factors contributing to mlo-based resistance, we devised a pharmacological inhibitor screen. Of the 41 rationally chosen compounds tested, five caused a partial suppression of mlo resistance in barley, indicated by increased levels of Bgh host cell entry. These chemicals comprise brefeldin A (BFA), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA), 2-deoxy-d-glucose, spermidine, and 1-aminobenzotriazole. Further inhibitor analysis corroborated a key role for both anterograde and retrograde endomembrane trafficking in mlo resistance. In addition, all four ribonucleosides, some ribonucleoside derivatives, two of the five nucleobases (guanine and uracil), some guanine derivatives as well as various polyamines partially suppress mlo resistance in barley via yet unknown mechanisms. Most of the chemicals identified to be effective in partially relieving mlo resistance in barley also to some extent compromised powdery mildew resistance in an Arabidopsis mlo2 mlo6 double mutant. In summary, our study identified novel suppressors of mlo resistance that may serve as valuable probes to unravel further the molecular processes underlying this unusual type of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpo Wu
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roxana Strugala
- Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznán, Poland
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Bracuto V, Appiano M, Zheng Z, Wolters AMA, Yan Z, Ricciardi L, Visser RGF, Pavan S, Bai Y. Functional Characterization of a Syntaxin Involved in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Resistance against Powdery Mildew. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1573. [PMID: 28979270 PMCID: PMC5611543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Specific syntaxins, such as Arabidopsis AtPEN1 and its barley ortholog ROR2, play a major role in plant defense against powdery mildews. Indeed, the impairment of these genes results in increased fungal penetration in both host and non-host interactions. In this study, a genome-wide survey allowed the identification of 21 tomato syntaxins. Two of them, named SlPEN1a and SlPEN1b, are closely related to AtPEN1. RNAi-based silencing of SlPEN1a in a tomato line carrying a loss-of-function mutation of the susceptibility gene SlMLO1 led to compromised resistance toward the tomato powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. Moreover, it resulted in a significant increase in the penetration rate of the non-adapted powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Codon-based evolutionary analysis and multiple alignments allowed the detection of amino acid residues that are under purifying selection and are specifically conserved in syntaxins involved in plant-powdery mildew interactions. Our findings provide both insights on the evolution of syntaxins and information about their function which is of interest for future studies on plant-pathogen interactions and tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bracuto
- Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant, Soil and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michela Appiano
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | | | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ricciardi
- Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant, Soil and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Pavan
- Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Plant, Soil and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Yuling Bai,
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