Anti-proliferative, Morphological and Molecular Docking Studies of New Thiophene Derivatives and their Strategy in Ionic Liquids Immobilized Reactions

BACKGROUND

A number of research were conducted on the pyran and thiophene derivatives, which were attributed to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-plasmodial, as well as acting as caspase, hepatitis C and cancer inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE

The multicomponent reactions of the 5-acetyl-2-amino-4-(phenylamino)-thiophene-3-carbonitrile produced biologically active target molecules like pyran and their fused derivatives. Comparison between regular catalytic multi-component reactions and solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized multicomponent was studied.

METHOD

The multicomponent reactions in this work were carried out not only under the reflux conditions using triethylamine as a catalyst but also in solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) catalysts.

RESULTS

Through this work, thirty-one new compounds were synthesized and characterized and were evaluated toward the six cancer cell lines, namely A549, HT-29, MKN-45, U87MG, and SMMC-7721 and H460. The most active compounds were further screened toward seventeen cancer cell lines classified according to the disease. In addition, the effect of compound 11e on the A549 cell line was selected to make further morphological changes in the cell line. The Molecular docking studies of 11e and 11f were carried and promising results were obtained.

CONCLUSION

The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds derived from thiophene derivatives has been receiving significant attention. After a detailed optimizing study, it has been found that the solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized multi-component syntheses afforded a high yield of compounds, opening a greener procedure for this synthetically relevant transformation. Many of the synthesized compounds can be considered anticancer agents, enhancing further studies.

Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses revealed four new species of Agaricales from China

Four new species of Agaricales from China viz. Hohenbuehelia tomentosa, Rhodophana qinghaiensis, Rhodophana aershanensis, and Spodocybe tomentosum are described based on their unique morphological features and molecular evidence. Hohenbuehelia tomentosa is mainly characterized by its dark brown pileus with finely dense pure white tomentum, dirty white, decurrent lamellae, eccentric stipe, smooth spores, and fusiform metuloid cystidia. The characteristics of Rhodophana qinghaiensis are glabrous, smooth, reddish-brown pileus, gray-orange lamellae, and initially light orange becoming reddish brown stipe. The unique morphological characteristics of Rhodophana aershanensis are reddish brown pileus with age, brown-orange toward the margin, light orange lamellae and stipe dark brown at first, and reddish-brown with age. Spodocybe tomentosum is characterized by subclitocyboid and small basidiomes, finely dense pure white tomentum on the pileus surface, and broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid and smaller basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Hohenbuehelia tomentosa, Rhodophana qinghaiensis, Rhodophana aershanensis, and Spodocybe tomentosum formed an independent lineage. Full descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic trees of the four new species are provided in this study.

Improvements in the Engineering Properties of Cementitious Composites Using Nano-Sized Cement and Nano-Sized Additives

The findings of an extensive experimental research study on the usage of nano-sized cement powder and other additives combined to form cement-fine-aggregate matrices are discussed in this work. In the laboratory, dry and wet methods were used to create nano-sized cements. The influence of these nano-sized cements, nano-silica fumes, and nano-fly ash in different proportions was studied to the evaluate the engineering properties of the cement-fine-aggregate matrices concerning normal-sized, commercially available cement. The composites produced with modified cement-fine-aggregate matrices were subjected to microscopic-scale analyses using a petrographic microscope, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). These studies unravelled the placement and behaviour of additives in controlling the engineering properties of the mix. The test results indicated that nano-cement and nano-sized particles improved the engineering properties of the hardened cement matrix. The wet-ground nano-cement showed the best result, 40 MPa 28th-day compressive strength, without mixing any additive compared with ordinary and dry-ground cements. The mix containing 50:50 normal and wet-ground cement exhibited 37.20 MPa 28th-day compressive strength. All other mixes with nano-sized dry cement, silica fume, and fly ash with different permutations and combinations gave better results than the normal-cement-fine-aggregate mix. The petrographic studies and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analyses further validated the above findings. Statistical analyses and techniques such as correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted to compose a predictive equation to calculate the 28th-day compressive strength. In addition to these methods, a repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also implemented to analyse the statistically significant differences among three differently timed strength readings.

Morphological and palynological assessment of taxonomically problematic genus Paspalum based on light and scanning electron microscopy

Present research work was carried out to clarify the variations among species of genus Paspalum morphologically and palynologically as this genus is taxonomically difficult due to having multiple similar morphologically overlapping characters which make it difficult to identify. Henceforth present research work was carried out to delimit taxa within the same genus by morphological and palynological tools through light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both these tools are considered as the most useful taxonomic characters for taxonomically problematic genera. The results showed a lot of variations among morphological characters. In Paspalum dilatatum, the upper glume was ovate whereas in the other two species, the upper glume was elliptic. The upper glume apex found in P. dilatatum and Paspalum scrobiculatum was obtuse whereas in Paspalum distichum, upper glume apex was acute. Glume nerves showed variation in all three species. Paspalum distichum was 3 nerved, P. scrobiculatum was 5-7 nerved, and P. dilatatum was 5-9 nerved. All three species showed variation in lemma nerves. Paspalum scrobiculatum had 3 nerved lemma whereas in P. distichum 3-5 nerved and P. dilatatum 5-9 nerved lemma were present. In polar and equatorial view, pollen grains ranged from 25 (20-30) to 37.5 (30-45) μm. Paspalum distichum appeared to be the smallest in size whereas P. dilatatum was the largest. Exine thickness ranged from 0.75 (0.5-1) to 1.35 (1.2-1.5) μm. The higher value of pollen fertility was found in P. scrobiculatum as 87.69% and the lowest value was in P. distichum as 78.08%. Morphological keys were also given for correct identification.

Microbial Fortification Improved Photosynthetic Efficiency and Secondary Metabolism in Lycopersicon esculentum Plants Under Cd Stress

Environmental stress including heavy metal pollution is increasing at high speed and is polluting the cultivable land. Consequently, it results in affecting human population through entering into food chain. The current study aims that Cd stress (0.4 mM) led to toxicity and deleterious effects on 45-day-old Lycopersicon esculentum plants. The use of rhizobacterial strains underlines the main hypothesis of the present research that have been exploited in order to alleviate the Cd induced stress in plants and promoting their growth sidewise. The morphological parameters, plant pigments, and gaseous exchange parameters were estimated and found to be reduced in plants due to Cd toxicity. Along with this, the levels of phenolic compounds and osmoprotectants were stimulated in plants raised in Cd spiked soils. In addition, free amino acid content was reduced in plants under Cd treatment. It was revealed that these bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa (M1) and Burkholderia gladioli (M2) when inoculated to tomato plants improved the morphological characteristics and enhanced photosynthetic attributes. Moreover, the level of phenolic compounds and osmoprotectants were further enhanced by both the inoculating agents independently. However, in situ localization studies of phenol accumulation in root sections was found to be enhanced in Cd treated plants as revealed through higher intensity of yellowish-brown colour. The supplementation of bacterial strains further accumulated the phenols in Cd stressed root sections as evidenced through increased colour intensity. Therefore, the present study suggested that bacterial strains mitigates Cd stress from tomato plants through improving morphological, physiological and metabolite profiles. Consequently, the present research advocates the best utilization of rhizobacteria as stress alleviators for sustainable agriculture.

Morphological Changes in the Retina Under Conditions of Experimental In Vivo Regional Ischemia/Reperfusion

Two models of retinal ischemia/reperfusion were developed in an experiment on rats and structural changes in eye tissues in the early and late postischemic periods were studied. Ischemia/reperfusion was modeled by elevation of intraocular pressure to 110 mm Hg for 30 min with air injection into the anterior chamber of the eye with a special device or subconjunctival administration of 0.2 ml 4×10^-6 M endothelin-1. Morphological studies of the retina of enucleated eyes were performed in 3, 7, and 30 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In 3 days, signs of retinal ischemia were seen (retinal edema and ganglion cell damage). In the late post-ischemic period (30 days), atrophy of the outer nuclear and outer plexiform layer of the retina was observed in animals with retinal ischemia/reperfusion caused by intraocular pressure elevation and complete destruction of neuronal cells was found after administration of endothelin-1.

Morphological re-description of Electrotaenia malapteruri (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) and Dujardinnascaris malapteruri (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae) infecting the Electric catfish Malapterurus electricus and heavy metal accumulation in host and parasites in relation to water and sediment analysis in Lake Manzala, North Delta, Egypt

Parasites are one of the most serious limiting factors in aquaculture. The Electric catfish Malapterurus electricus was subjected to study the prevalence and mean intensity of parasitic infections throughout the whole year of 2015. Heavy metals accumulation in host fish and parasites were determined in relation to water quality and sediments of two different sites of Lake Manzala (Manzala and Bahr El-Baqar), Egypt. A total of 100 specimens of Electric catfish were collected and examined for the presence of helminth parasites. Two parasite species were recovered and morphologically identified. These were cestoda Electrotaenia malapteruri and nematode Dujardinnascaris malapteruri. Heavy metal analysis in water and sediments showed that measured heavy metals in Bahr El-Baqar were found in risky levels higher than permissible limits and Manzala site. Sediments were found to contain a higher level of metals than water samples. Heavy metals accumulation in recovered parasites and their host were also determined and showed significantly higher concentrations in parasites compared to their host tissues. According to bioconcentration factors, E. malapteruri showed that highest accumulation rate for all recorded elements up to 302. Essential elements like Cu and Fe were found in significantly higher concentrations in D. malapteruri, whereas E. malapteruri accumulated elements Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn and Ca to a significantly higher degree. Accordingly, the ratios (C[D.malapteruri]/C[E. malapteruri]) for most essential elements were higher than 0.5. Therefore, fish cestodes can be regarded as useful bio-indicators more than nematodes when evaluating the environmental pollution of aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals.

[Clinical and morphological parallels in the validation of surgical treatment of nephrotuberculosi]

AIM

To Study clinical and morphological variants of kidney tuberculosis (KTB), for grounding a tactics of surgical treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

There were 107 examined patients (patients with cavitary lesions of kidneys: cavernous and multi-cavernous), operated in different phases of KTB. There were 56 men (52,3%) and women - 51(47,7%). The mean age of patients was 57,6 years (23-84 years). All the patients had a complex examination, including X-ray and ultrasound investigations, computer tomography ( was performed selectively), bacteriological examinations of urine and morphological examinations of removed kidneys or their parts.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Surgical interventions were as follows: open surgery nephrectomy 86/107 (80,4%), open organ-sparing surgery (resections of kidneys) 21/107 ( 19,6%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis were revealed by cultural method in 68,6% of cases in patients with cavernous KTB and in 76,3% of cases in patients with multi-cavernous KTB. In appliance with pathomorphological results of presented specimens, there were revealed 3 groups, each one with its own properties of cavern wall. I group (74 specimens) - stage of active progressing KTB, II group (20 specimens) - stage of intermediate activity, III group (13 specimens) - stage of healed caverns. Performed morphological investigations allowed us grounded a rational tactics of surgical treatment. It was defined that the longer specific anti-TB therapy was carried out the less frequency of TB progression we would have. However when it presented isolated cavitary lesion (isolated cavern), the performance of adequate and long courses of chemotherapy is not worth to do. Only surgical interventions (resection of infected tissue) with the anti-TB therapy allowed to reach the satisfactory results in treatment of KTB.