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Sato H, Kawano Y, Tanaka S, Tsunematsu J, Matsunaga M, Miyao Y, Nakamuta K. [Establishment of Rapid Simultaneous Analysis Method for Plant Toxins by LC-TOF-MS]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2024; 65:7-14. [PMID: 38432899 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.65.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Assuming food poisoning caused by toxic plants, an LC-TOF-MS-based method for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of 16 plant toxins was established. After adding water-methanol (1 : 9) and n-hexane, the samples were homogenized and extracted, and then subjected to centrifugal separation. Without any purification procedures, LC-TOF-MS measurements were performed, and qualitative and quantitative analyses using monoisotopic ion [M+H]+ (m/z) were conducted. The addition-recovery test using curry showed that qualitative analysis was possible under a setting with a retention time of ±0.2 minutes or less and mass accuracy of 5 ppm or lower and that quantitative analysis was possible with a recovery rate of 68-142% and a repeatability of 1.4-10.1%. Furthermore, measurements of the amount of plant toxins in the boiled plants and broths of cooked toxic plants demonstrated the transfer of plant toxins to broths. These suggest that in the event of food poisoning, broths may be used as an analysis sample, even when plants are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sato
- Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment
| | | | - Shiho Tanaka
- Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment
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Loh ZH, Hungerford NL, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, Fletcher MT. Identification of Acid Hydrolysis Metabolites of the Pimelea Toxin Simplexin for Targeted UPLC-MS/MS Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:551. [PMID: 37755977 PMCID: PMC10535249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pimelea poisoning of cattle is a unique Australian toxic condition caused by the daphnane orthoester simplexin present in native Pimelea pasture plants. Rumen microorganisms have been proposed to metabolise simplexin by enzymatic reactions, likely at the orthoester and epoxide moieties of simplexin, but a metabolic pathway has not been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate this metabolic pathway through the analysis of putative simplexin metabolites. Purified simplexin was hydrolysed with aqueous hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to produce target metabolites for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of fermentation fluid samples, bacterial isolate samples, and other biological samples. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified predicted hydrolysed products from both acid hydrolysis procedures with MS breakdown of these putative products sharing high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) fragmentation ions with simplexin. However, targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of the biological samples failed to detect the H2SO4 degradation products, suggesting that the rumen microorganisms were unable to produce similar simplexin degradation products at detectable levels, or that metabolites, once formed, were further metabolised. Overall, in vitro acid hydrolysis was able to hydrolyse simplexin at the orthoester and epoxide functionalities, but targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of biological samples did not detect any of the identified simplexin hydrolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hung Loh
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Natasha L. Hungerford
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Athol V. Klieve
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
| | - Mary T. Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; (Z.H.L.); (N.L.H.); (D.O.); (A.V.K.)
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Engel AM, El-Khatib AH, Klevenhusen F, Weiss M, Aboling S, Sachse B, Schäfer B, Weigel S, Pieper R, Fischer-Tenhagen C. Detection of Hypoglycin A and MCPrG Metabolites in the Milk and Urine of Pasture Dairy Cows after Intake of Sycamore Seedlings. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37419492 PMCID: PMC10360155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA), methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), hypoglycin B (HGB), and γ-glutamyl-α-(methylenecyclopropyl) glycine (γ-glutamyl-MCPrG) are secondary plant metabolites occurring in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) as well as several other Sapindaceae (e.g., Blighia sapida). By interfering with energy metabolism, they may cause severe intoxication in humans and other species. However, to date, there is not enough data available concerning the intake, metabolism, or excretion of sycamore maple toxins in dairy cows. In May 2022, five cows were observed over four days, when they had first access to a pasture with two sycamore maples. Grazing of their seedlings that grew numerously in between the pasture plants was monitored by direct observation. Milk samples were drawn both from individual cows and from the bulk tank. Spontaneous urine samples were collected from all cows on day 3 after access to the pasture. Seedlings (100 g) were sampled on the pasture and analyzed, together with milk and urine samples, for sycamore toxins and their metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Cows ingested sycamore seedlings while grazing. Values of HGA in milk were below the limit of quantification. However, metabolites of HGA and MCPrG were detected in individual milk samples already at the end of the first day of grazing. Urine samples of all five cows showed higher concentrations of conjugated HGA and MCPrG metabolites than in milk. Observations suggest that dairy cows may have a low susceptibility toward sycamore maple toxins. However, whether this could be attributed to foregut fermenting species in general requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Engel
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fenja Klevenhusen
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Aboling
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sachse
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- Center for Protection of Laboratory Animals, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Marchot P, Benoit É, Fajloun Z, Diochot S. Report from the 28th Meeting on Toxinology, "Toxins: What's up, Doc?", Organized by the French Society of Toxinology on 28-29 November 2022. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36828440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The French Society of Toxinology (SFET) organized its 28th annual meeting on 28-29 November 2022 (RT28). The central theme of this meeting was "Toxins: What's up, Doc?", emphasizing the latest findings on animal, bacterial, algal, plant and fungal toxins through sessions dedicated to deep learning, toxin tracking and toxinomic advances, shared by ca. 80 participants. The abstracts of the 10 invited and 11 selected lectures and 15 posters, along with the names of the Best Oral Communication and Best Poster awardees, are presented in this report.
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Manthorpe EM, Rawlin GT, Stevenson MA, Woolford L, Caraguel CGB. Investigation of Weather Triggers Preceding Outbreaks of Acute Bovine Liver Disease in Australia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:414. [PMID: 35737075 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a hepatic disease affecting cattle sporadically in southern Australia, characterised histologically by striking periportal hepatocellular necrosis. The cause of ABLD is unknown; however, the seasonality and acute presentation of outbreaks suggest mycotoxin involvement. We described the geographical and seasonal occurrence of ABLD reports from 2010 to 2020 in Victoria, Australia, and explored potential weather triggers preceding 26 outbreaks occurring across 23 properties using a case-crossover design. Outbreaks occurred most frequently in autumn/early winter and in herds located along the southern coastal plain of Victoria, and occasionally within the low-lying regions of the Great Dividing Range. Lactating adult dairy cattle represented the most reported cases. We observed a significant association between an increase in average daily dewpoint in the 15 days preceding an ABLD outbreak, suggesting that dew formation may be a key determinant for this disease. Our findings support the etiology of a potent hepatotoxic agent that requires moisture for proliferation and/or toxin production.
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Maiello S, Iglesias R, Polito L, Citores L, Bortolotti M, Ferreras JM, Bolognesi A. Sequence, Structure, and Binding Site Analysis of Kirkiin in Comparison with Ricin and Other Type 2 RIPs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120862. [PMID: 34941700 PMCID: PMC8705660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirkiin is a new type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) purified from the caudex of Adenia kirkii with a cytotoxicity compared to that of stenodactylin. The high toxicity of RIPs from Adenia genus plants makes them interesting tools for biotechnology and therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer therapy. The complete amino acid sequence and 3D structure prediction of kirkiin are here reported. Gene sequence analysis revealed that kirkiin is encoded by a 1572 bp open reading frame, corresponding to 524 amino acid residues, without introns. The amino acid sequence analysis showed a high degree of identity with other Adenia RIPs. The 3D structure of kirkiin preserves the overall folding of type 2 RIPs. The key amino acids of the active site, described for ricin and other RIPs, are also conserved in the kirkiin A chain. Sugar affinity studies and docking experiments revealed that both the 1α and 2γ sites of the kirkiin B chain exhibit binding activity toward lactose and D-galactose, being lower than ricin. The replacement of His246 in the kirkiin 2γ site instead of Tyr248 in ricin causes a different structure arrangement that could explain the lower sugar affinity of kirkiin with respect to ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.I.); (L.P.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.I.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
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Cao Z, Wang JL, McNutt PM, Utkin YN, Shahbazzadeh D, Wulff H, Kovacic H, Sabatier JM. Editorial: Venoms, Animal and Microbial Toxins. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706573. [PMID: 34122121 PMCID: PMC8188234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yuri N Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hervé Kovacic
- UMR7051 Institut de NeuroPhysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- UMR7051 Institut de NeuroPhysiopathologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Manthorpe EM, Jerrett IV, Rawlin GT, Woolford L. Plant and Fungal Hepatotoxicities of Cattle in Australia, with a Focus on Minimally Understood Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E707. [PMID: 33171661 PMCID: PMC7695254 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant- and fungus-derived hepatotoxins are a major cause of disease and production losses in ruminants in Australia and around the world. Many are well studied and described in the literature; however, this is not the case for a number of hepatotoxicities with economic and animal welfare impacts, such as acute bovine liver disease (ABLD), brassica-associated liver disease (BALD) and Trema tomentosa, Argentipallium blandowskianum and Lythrum hyssopifolia toxicity. Additionally, significant overlap in the clinical presentation and pathology of these conditions can present a diagnostic challenge for veterinarians. This review summarizes the current and most recently published knowledge of common plant- and fungus-associated hepatotoxins affecting cattle in Australia, with a focus on the mechanisms of toxicity and distinguishing diagnostic features. Consolidation of the current understanding of hepatotoxic mechanisms in cattle provides insight into the potential mechanisms of lesser-known toxins, including cellular and subcellular targets and potential metabolic pathways. In the absence of specific etiological investigations, the study of epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of hepatotoxicity provides valuable insights into potential toxic mechanisms and is integral for the successful diagnosis and management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve M. Manthorpe
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia;
| | - Ian V. Jerrett
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agribio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; (I.V.J.); (G.T.R.)
| | - Grant T. Rawlin
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agribio, the Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia; (I.V.J.); (G.T.R.)
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia;
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Iglesias R, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Pedrazzi M, Citores L, Ferreras JM, Bolognesi A. Primary Sequence and 3D Structure Prediction of the Plant Toxin Stenodactylin. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090538. [PMID: 32825611 PMCID: PMC7551084 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenodactylin is one of the most potent type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs); its high toxicity has been demonstrated in several models both in vitro and in vivo. Due to its peculiarities, stenodactylin could have several medical and biotechnological applications in neuroscience and cancer treatment. In this work, we report the complete amino acid sequence of stenodactylin and 3D structure prediction. The comparison between the primary sequence of stenodactylin and other RIPs allowed us to identify homologies/differences and the amino acids involved in RIP toxic activity. Stenodactylin RNA was isolated from plant caudex, reverse transcribed through PCR and the cDNA was amplificated and cloned into a plasmid vector and further analyzed by sequencing. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that stenodactylin A and B chains contain 251 and 258 amino acids, respectively. The key amino acids of the active site described for ricin and most other RIPs are also conserved in the stenodactylin A chain. Stenodactylin amino acid sequence shows a high identity degree with volkensin (81.7% for A chain, 90.3% for B chain), whilst when compared with other type 2 RIPs the identity degree ranges from 27.7 to 33.0% for the A chain and from 42.1 to 47.7% for the B chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E−47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (A.B.)
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Ono T, Kinoshita K, Iwasaki T, Mori Y, Nejima R, Nakamura Y, Amano S, Aihara M, Miyata K. Clinical Courses Of Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction Due To Gomphocarpus physocarpus Milky Latex-Induced Injury: A Case Series. Clin Ophthalmol 2019; 13:2293-2299. [PMID: 31819354 PMCID: PMC6878928 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s230009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the clinical courses of patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction due to Gomphocarpus physocarpus milky latex-induced injury. Patients and methods In this retrospective case series, we included consecutive patients who visited Miyata Eye Hospital or Kagoshima Miyata Eye Clinic between October 2010 and August 2017 and had corneal edema caused by G. physocarpus milky latex-induced injury. Patient information and data on central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Results Five eyes of four patients were included. The mean age was 79.0 ± 7.1 years. All patients complaining of symptoms visited the hospital 1 or 2 days after the injury. All patients had corneal edema; two of the five eyes showed hyperemia, whereas none showed corneal epithelial defect or blepharitis. The mean CCT was 699.8 ± 95.9 μm at the first visit and decreased to 563.2 ± 74.0 μm 1 week after the injury with treatment with topical steroids and antibiotics. The mean ECD and BCVA were 2695.8 ± 191.3 cells/mm2 and 0.22 ± 0.19 at the first visit and 2826.0 ± 132.9 cells/mm2 and 0.10 ± 0.09 one week after the injury, respectively. Conclusion G. physocarpus caused transient dysfunction of the corneal endothelium and thereby, corneal edema. Accurate diagnosis with history taking is important to ascertain the types of plants the patient has touched and to exclude other possible diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ono
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yosai Mori
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Assuming the intentional adulteration of beverages with plant toxins, an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 18 plant toxins (lycorine, galantamine, ricinine, scopolamine, gelsemine, atropine, colchicine, α-solanine, jervine, α-chaconine, veratramine, mesaconitine, digoxin, protoveratrine A, aconitine, hypaconitine, oleandrin, and digitoxin) was developed. As analytical samples, beer, distilled spirits, blend tea, ready-to-drink (RTD) coffee, and fermented milk drink were selected. The extraction and purification of the analytes were performed using modified QuEChERS method. Method validation in terms of intra-day precision, accuracy, and extraction recovery obtained satisfactory results. The calibration curves for the analytes were linear from 5 to 200 ng/mL (r>0.990), which enabled the determination of toxins in even trace amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Oishi
- Department of Analytical Technology Development Food Safety Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd
| | - Yasushi Nagatomi
- Department of Analytical Technology Development Food Safety Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Analytical Technology Development Food Safety Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd
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12
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Liu H, Shao S, Schellenberg M. A Simple and Fast Procedure to Determine 3-Nitropropanoic Acid and 3-Nitropropanol in Freeze Dried Canadian Milkvetch (Astragalus canadensis). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070204. [PMID: 28661437 PMCID: PMC5535151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canadian milkvetch (Astragalus canadensis) is a North American plant species in the legume family and some of this plant is fatally poisonous to livestock. The poisoning is attributed to the natural occurrence of notrotoxins, i.e., 3-nitropropanoic acid and 3-nitropropanol, present as aglycones and conjugated forms in the plant. Those compounds cause nitrite oxidization of hemoglobin and inhibition of cellular metabolism. To determine the toxicity of the plant, it is very important to develop an analytical method for the contents of the compounds in the plant. In this study, we have successfully developed an extraction procedure followed by HPLC-UV analysis to simultaneously analyze notrotoxins. The aglycones could be released from its conjugated forms in the freeze dried plant and extracted by water at room temperature. An HPLC-UV method using a Phenomenex Kinetex 2.6 μ F5 100 Å 100 × 4.6 mm column with pH 3.5 phosphonate buffer as mobile phase have been developed and validated for the detection of the two compounds at 210 nm. This developed procedure for the analysis of 3-nitropropanoic acid and 3-nitropropanol has proven simple and efficient and it has been successfully applied for batch sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Mike Schellenberg
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada.
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Kornberger P, Skerra A. Sortase-catalyzed in vitro functionalization of a HER2-specific recombinant Fab for tumor targeting of the plant cytotoxin gelonin. MAbs 2013; 6:354-66. [PMID: 24492291 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the preparation of a new type of immunotoxin via in vitro ligation of the αHer2 antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the clinically-validated antibody trastuzumab to the plant toxin gelonin, employing catalysis by the bacterial enzyme sortase A (SrtA). The αHer2 Fab was fused with the extended SrtA recognition motif LPET↓GLEH 6 at the C-terminus of its heavy chain, thereby preventing interference with antigen binding, while the toxin was equipped with a Gly 2 sequence at its N-terminus, distant to the catalytically active site in the C-terminal region. Site-specific in vitro transpeptidation led to a novel antibody-toxin conjugate wherein gelonin had effectively replaced the Fc region of a conventional (monomerized) immunoglobulin. After optimization of reaction conditions and incubation time, the resulting Fab-Gelonin ligation product was purified to homogeneity in a two-step procedure by means of Strep-Tactin affinity chromatography--utilizing the Strep-tag II appended to gelonin--and size exclusion chromatography. Binding activity of the immunotoxin for the Her2 ectodomain was indistinguishable from the unligated Fab as measured by real-time surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Specific cytotoxic potency of Fab-Gelonin was demonstrated against two Her2-positive cell lines, resulting in EC 50 values of ~1 nM or lower, indicating a 1000-fold enhanced cell-killing activity compared with gelonin itself. Thus, our strategy provides a convenient route to the modular construction of functional immunotoxins from Fabs of established tumor-specific antibodies with gelonin or related proteotoxins, also avoiding the elevated biosafety levels that would be mandatory for the direct biotechnological preparation of corresponding fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kornberger
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie; Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie; Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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