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Watermelon rind ethanol extract exhibits hepato-renal protection against lead induced-impaired antioxidant defenses in male Wistar rats. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:252-259. [PMID: 34841269 PMCID: PMC8607130 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead acetate associated tissue injury has been linked to altered antioxidant defenses, hyperuricemia and inflammation. We hypothesized that watermelon rind extract, would ameliorate lead acetate-induced hepato-renal injury. Thirty Male Wistar rats received distilled water, lead acetate (Pb; 5 mg/kg) with or without watermelon rind extract (WM; 400 mg/kg; WM + Pb; 15 days of WM pretreatment); Pb + WM (15 days of WM post treatment) and simultaneous treatment (WM-Pb) for 30 days. Lead toxicity led to elevated serum malondialdehyde, creatinine, urea, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, liver injury enzymes, as well as decreased body weight. Decreased serum levels of reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, total protein and glutathione peroxidase activity was also observed. However, these alterations were ameliorated by watermelon rind extract in lead acetate-treated rats. Watermelon rind ethanol extract protects against lead acetate-induced hepato-renal injury through improved antioxidant defenses at least in part, via uric acid/nitric oxide-dependent pathway signifying the health benefits of this agricultural waste and a potential for waste recycling while limiting environmental pollution.
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Key Words
- ALP, Alkaline Phosphatase
- ALT, Alanine Transferase
- AST, Aspartate Transaminase
- GPx, Glutathione Peroxidase
- GSH, Reduced Glutathione
- LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase
- Lead acetate
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- Nitric oxide
- Oxidative stress
- Pb, Lead Acetate
- Uric acid
- WM, Watermelon rind extract
- Watermelon
- rpm, revolutions per minute
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Analysis of 2-methylcitric acid, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine in dried blood spots by LC-MS/MS for application in the newborn screening laboratory: A dual derivatization approach. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 20:1-10. [PMID: 34820666 PMCID: PMC8601015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of propionate, cobalamin and methionine metabolism are targets for Newborn Screening (NBS) in most programs world-wide, and are primarily screened by analyzing for propionyl carnitine (C3) and methionine in dried blood spot (DBS) cards using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Single-tier NBS approaches using C3 and methionine alone lack specificity, which can lead to an increased false-positive rate if conservative cut-offs are applied to minimize the risk of missing cases. Implementation of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) second-tier testing for 2-methylcitric acid (MCA), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and homocysteine (HCY) from the same DBS card can improve disease screening performance by reducing the false-positive rate and eliminating the need for repeat specimen collection. However, DBS analysis of MCA, MMA, and HCY by LC-MS/MS is challenging due to limited specimen size and analyte characteristics leading to a combination of low MS/MS sensitivity and poor reverse-phase chromatographic retention. Sufficient MS response and analytical performance can be achieved for MCA by amidation using DAABD-AE and by butylation for MMA and HCY. Herein we describe the validation of a second-tier dual derivatization LC-MS/MS approach to detect elevated MCA, MMA, and HCY in DBS cards for NBS. Clinical utility was demonstrated by retrospective analysis of specimens, an interlaboratory method comparison, and assessment of external proficiency samples. Imprecision was <10.8% CV, with analyte recoveries between 90.2 and 109.4%. Workflows and analytical performance characteristics of this second-tier LC-MS/MS approach are amenable to implementation in the NBS laboratory.
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Key Words
- 2-Methylcitric acid
- C2, acetylcarnitine
- C3, propionylcarnitine
- CBS, cystathionine β-synthase
- Cbl, cobalamin
- DAABD-AE, 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(2-aminoethylamino)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
- DBS, dried blood spot
- DMAP, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EDC, N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FA, formic acid
- GC, gas chromatography
- GPCho’s, glycerophosphocholines
- HCY, homocysteine
- HCl, hydrochloric acid
- Homocysteine
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LLOD, lower limit of detection
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantitation
- MCA, 2-methylcitric acid
- MMA, methylmalonic acid
- MPs, mobile phases
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- Met, methionine
- Methylmalonic acid
- NBS, newborn screening
- Newborn screening
- PPV, positive predictive value
- Phe, phenylalanine
- QC, quality control
- S/N, signal-to-noise
- Second-tier
- rpm, revolutions per minute
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Scalar nanostructure of the Candida albicans cell wall; a molecular, cellular and ultrastructural analysis and interpretation. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100047. [PMID: 33294751 PMCID: PMC7691183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of fungal cell walls as the principle determinant of fungal morphology and the defining element determining fungal interactions with other cells, few scalar models have been developed that reconcile chemical and microscopic attributes of its structure. The cell wall of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is comprised of an amorphous inner skeletal layer of β(1,3)- and β(1,6)-glucan and chitin and an outer fibrillar layer thought to be dominated by highly mannosylated cell wall proteins. The architecture of these two layers can be resolved at the electron microscopy level, but the visualised structure of the wall has not yet been defined precisely in chemical terms. We have therefore examined the precise structure, location and molecular sizes of the cell wall components using transmission electron microscopy and tomography and tested predictions of the cell wall models using mutants and agents that perturb the normal cell wall structure. We demonstrate that the fibrils are comprised of a frond of N-linked outer chain mannans linked to a basal layer of GPI-proteins concentrated in the mid-wall region and that the non-elastic chitin microfibrils are cantilevered with sufficient lengths of non-fibrillar chitin and/or β-glucan to enable the chitin-glucan cage to flex, e.g. during morphogenesis and osmotic swelling. We present the first three-dimensional nano-scalar model of the C. albicans cell wall which can be used to test hypotheses relating to the structure-function relationships that underpin the pathobiology of this fungal pathogen.
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Key Words
- 2D, two dimensions
- 2°, secondary
- 3D, three dimensions
- 3°, tertiary
- 6xHis, hexahistidine tag
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CWPs, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall proteins
- ChBD, chitin binding domain
- Chitin
- EndoH, endoglycosidase H
- Fc-dectin-1, soluble chimeric form of dectin-1
- Fungal cell wall ultrastructure
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HPF/FS, high pressure freezing/freeze substitution
- HuCκ, human kappa light chain
- N-mannan
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- OD600, optical density at 600 nm
- PAMPs, pathogen associated molecular patterns
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- rpm, revolutions per minute
- scAb, single chain antibody
- β-glucan
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Safety and Feasibility of Various Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling Protocols in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis Who Are Nonambulatory. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2020; 2:100045. [PMID: 33543074 PMCID: PMC7853402 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2020.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the safety, feasibility, and response to functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling protocols requiring differing levels of effort in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) who are nonambulatory. Design Pilot study with pre-post intervention testing. Setting Outpatient clinic setting of a long-term acute care hospital. Participants Individuals (N=10) with MS (6 men; mean age 58.6±9.86y) who use a wheelchair for community mobility. Participants’ Expanded Disability Status Scale score ranged from 6.5 to 8.5 (median 7.5). Intervention Participants performed 3 or 4 FES cycling protocols requiring different levels of volitional effort during 6-8 testing sessions. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was safety, measured by adverse events and increase in MS symptoms, all assessed throughout, immediately post- and 1 day postsession. FES cycling performance for each protocol was also recorded. Exploratory outcome measures collected before and after all testing sessions included functional assessment of MS, MS Impact Scale, Exercise Self Efficacy Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale. Results All participants (4 women, 6 men) completed all testing sessions. There were no serious adverse events or differences in vitals or symptoms between protocols. Two participants had an isolated episode of mild hypotension. Changes in pain, spasticity, and fatigue were minimal. Five participants were able to cycle for 30 minutes and completed interval training protocols requiring increasing difficulty. The remainder cycled for <3 minutes and completed a rest interval protocol. There was modest improvement on the exploratory outcome measures. Conclusions People with MS who use a wheelchair for community mobility can safely perform FES cycling requiring more effort than previously reported research. Therefore, the individuals may experience greater benefits than previously reported. Further study is required to better understand the potential benefits for optimizing function and improving health in people with MS. People with multiple sclerosis who are nonambulatory can safely perform functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling using parameters requiring more effort. FES cycling may offer an opportunity for increased exercise stimulus or neuromuscular training if individuals are adequately challenged using an appropriate cycling protocol.
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Key Words
- ADLs, activities of daily living
- EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale
- ESES, Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale
- Exercise
- FAMS, functional assessment of multiple sclerosis
- FES, functional electrical stimulation
- Health
- I-Resist, resistance interval
- I-Rest, rest interval
- I-Stim, stimulation interval
- MA, motor assist
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- MSIS-29, 29-Item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale
- Multiple sclerosis
- PHQ-9, 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire
- QOL, quality of life
- Rehabilitation
- S, standard protocol
- VAS-P, visual analog scale of pain
- VAS-S, visual analog scale of spasticity
- rpm, revolutions per minute
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Viable cryopreserved umbilical tissue (vCUT) reduces post-operative adhesions in a rabbit abdominal adhesion model. Bioact Mater 2018; 4:97-106. [PMID: 30723842 PMCID: PMC6351431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative adhesions, a common complication of surgery, cause pain, impair organ functionality, and often require additional surgical interventions. Control of inflammation, protection of injured tissue, and rapid tissue repair are critical for adhesion prevention. Adhesion barriers are biomaterials used to prevent adhesions by physical separation of opposing injured tissues. Current adhesion barriers have poor anti-inflammatory and tissue regenerative properties. Umbilical cord tissue (UT), a part of the placenta, is inherently soft, conforming, biocompatible, and biodegradable, with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties, making it an attractive alternative to currently available adhesion barriers. While use of fresh tissue is preferable, availability and short storage time limit its clinical use. A viable cryopreserved UT (vCUT) "point of care" allograft has recently become available. vCUT retains the extracellular matrix, growth factors, and native viable cells with the added advantage of a long shelf life at -80 °C. In this study, vCUT's anti-adhesion property was evaluated in a rabbit abdominal adhesion model. The cecum was abraded on two opposing sides, and vCUT was sutured to the abdominal wall on the treatment side; whereas the contralateral side of the abdomen served as an internal untreated control. Gross and histological evaluation was performed at 7, 28, and 67 days post-surgery. No adhesions were detectable on the vCUT treated side at all time points. Histological scores for adhesion, inflammation, and fibrosis were lower on the vCUT treated side as compared to the control side. In conclusion, the data supports the use of vCUT as an adhesion barrier in surgical procedures.
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Key Words
- ANGPT1, angiopoietin-1
- ANGPT2, angiopoietin-2
- ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials
- Adhesiolysis
- Ang, angiogenin
- C, Celsius
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- Cryopreserved
- DAB, 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPBS, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EtHd-1, ethidium homodimer-1
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDA, United States Food & Drug Administration
- Fibrosis
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IGFBP-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1
- IL-10, interleukin 10
- IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
- IV, intravenous
- IgG, immunoglobulin
- Inflammation
- MT, Masson’s trichrome
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDGF-AA, platelet-derived growth factor AA
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor BB
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PLGF, placental growth factor
- Placental
- Post-surgical
- SD, standard deviation
- SDF-1α, stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha
- TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1
- UT, umbilical cord tissue
- VEGF-D, vascular endothelial growth factor-D
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cAM, calcein acetoxymethyl
- cm, centimeter
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- mg/kg, milligram/kilogram
- mm, millimeter
- rpm, revolutions per minute
- vCUT, viable cryopreserved umbilical tissue
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Nephrotoxicity and highly active antiretroviral therapy: Mitigating action of Momordica charantia. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1153-1160. [PMID: 30627515 PMCID: PMC6319328 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia (M. charantia) is known for its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the renoprotective effects of M. charantia in rats following treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen triplavar. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 178.1-220.5 g (n = 36) were divided into six groups (A-F) with each group comprising of six (n = 6) rats. The drugs and extract were administered via oral gavage. The therapeutic dose of triplavar was adjusted using the human therapeutic dose equivalent for the rat model. Animals were euthanized on the tenth week with kidneys removed for examination and blood obtained via cardiac puncture. Levels of oxidative stress enzymes (superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT, and reduced glutathione-GSH) were significantly lowered in all groups not receiving M. charantia. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased resulting in free radical formation via auto-oxidation. Renal parameters showed no albuminuria, normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr) and electrolytes in groups treated with M. charantia. HAART treated (Group B) showed severe albuminuria, a significantly (p < 0.05) raised BUN and SCr and gross electrolyte disturbances. Blood glucose levels were significantly raised in groups not receiving the adjuvant M. charantia (p < 0.05). Histopathology in HAART treated animals showed glomerular capillary abnormalities and cellular infiltrations while M. charantia treated animals showed an essentially normal glomerular appearance with capillary loops and normal cytoarchitecture. In conclusion M. charantia extract administration improved blood glucose levels, restored renal histology, reinstate renal function, reduce body weight loss and restores hyperglycemia.
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Key Words
- 6-HD, 6-hydroxydopamine
- AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- ALB, albumin
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AREC, animal research ethics committee
- BGL, blood glucose levels
- BRU, Biomedical Resource Unit
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- BW, body weight
- CAT, catalase
- DETAPAC, diethylenetriamine – penta acetic acid
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTNB, 5, 5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- H and E, haematoxylin and eosin
- HAART
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- Histopathology
- KW, kidney weight
- KWBR, kidney weight body ratio
- Kidney
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- M. charantia, Momordica charantia
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MT, Masson’s Trichome
- Momordica charantia
- NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Nephrotoxicity
- PAS, Periodic Acid Schiff
- PBS, phosphate buffer solution
- PLWHA, people living with HIV and AIDS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCr, serum creatinine
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sprague-Dawley rats
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- UKZN, University of KwaZulu Natal
- rpm, revolutions per minute
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Evaluation of a novel thermo-alkaline Staphylococcus aureus lipase for application in detergent formulations. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:409-417. [PMID: 29686504 PMCID: PMC5910647 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular lipase of a newly isolated S. aureus strain ALA1 (SAL4) was purified from the optimized culture medium. The SAL4 specific activity determined at 60 °C and pH 12 by using olive oil emulsion or TC4, reached 7215 U/mg and 2484 U/mg, respectively. The 38 NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme starting with two extra amino acid residues (LK) was similar to known staphylococcal lipase sequences. This novel lipase maintained almost 100% and 75% of its full activity in a pH range of 4.0-12 after a 24 h incubation or after 0.5 h treatment at 70 °C, respectively. Interestingly, SAL4 displayed appreciable stability toward oxidizing agents, anionic and non-ionic surfactants in addition to its compatibility with several commercial detergents. Overall, these interesting characteristics make this new lipase promising for its application in detergent industry.
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Key Words
- Characterization
- Detergent-stable
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- NaDC, sodium deoxycholic acid
- NaTDC, sodium taurodeoxy cholic acid
- OD, optical density
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Purification
- S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus
- SAL, Staphylococcus aureus lipase
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEL, Staphylococcus epidermidis lipase
- SHyL, Staphylococcus hyicus lipase
- SL1, Staphylococcus sp. lipase
- SSL, Staphylococcus simulans lipase
- SXL, Staphylococcus xylosus lipase
- Staphylococcus aureus lipase
- TC18, triolein
- TC3, tripropionin
- TC4, tributryin
- TC8, trioctanoin
- TFA, tri fluoroacetic acid
- Thermo-alkaline
- rDNA, ribosomal deoxy ribo nucleic acid
- rpm, revolutions per minute
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Monoclonal antibodies specific to human Δ42PD1: A novel immunoregulator potentially involved in HIV-1 and tumor pathogenesis. MAbs 2016; 7:620-9. [PMID: 25692916 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1016695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the identification of Δ42PD1, a novel alternatively spliced isoform of human PD1 that induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enhances HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity in mice when engineered in a fusion DNA vaccine. The detailed functional study of Δ42PD1, however, has been hampered due to the lack of a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). In this study, we generated 2 high-affinity mAbs, clones CH34 (IgG2b) and CH101 (IgG1), from Δ42PD1-immunized mice. They recognize distinct domains of Δ42PD1 as determined by a yeast surface-displaying assay and ELISA. Moreover, they recognize native Δ42PD1 specifically, but not PD1, on cell surfaces by both flow cytometry and immunohistochemical assays. Δ42PD1 appeared to be expressed constitutively on healthy human CD14(+) monocytes, but its level of expression was down-regulated significantly during chronic HIV-1 infection. Since the level of Δ42PD1 expression on CD14(+) monocytes was negatively correlated with the CD4 count of untreated patients in a cross-sectional study, Δ42PD1 may play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Lastly, when examining Δ42PD1 expression in human esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma tissues, we found high-level expression of Δ42PD1 on a subset of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Our study, therefore, resulted in 2 Δ42PD1-specific mAbs that can be used to further investigate Δ42PD1, a novel immune regulatory protein implicated in HIV-1 and tumor pathogenesis as well as other immune diseases.
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Key Words
- ART, antiretroviral therapy
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ESCC
- ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FSC, forward scatter
- HIV-1
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- OD450nm, optical density at 450nm
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD1
- PD1, programmed cell death 1
- RT, room temperature
- SSC, side scatter
- h, hour(s)
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- min, minute(s)
- monoclonal antibody
- rpm, revolutions per minute
- sPD1, soluble PD1
- sec, second(s)
- sΔ42PD1, soluble Δ42PD1
- tumor
- Δ42PD1
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Reduced NADPH oxidase type 2 activity mediates sleep fragmentation-induced effects on TC1 tumors in mice. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e976057. [PMID: 25949873 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.976057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying how sleep fragmentation (SF) influences cancer growth and progression remain largely elusive. Here, we present evidence that SF reduced ROS production by downregulating gp91phox expression and activity in TC1 cell tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), while genetic ablation of phagocytic Nox2 activity increased tumor cell proliferation, motility, invasion, and extravasation in vitro. Importantly, the in vivo studies using immunocompetent syngeneic murine tumor models suggested that Nox2 deficiency mimics SF-induced TAMs infiltration and subsequent tumor growth and invasion. Taken together, these studies reveal that perturbed sleep could adversely affect innate immunity within the tumor by altering Nox2 expression and activity, and indicate that selective potentiation of Nox2 activity may present a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- MFI, median fluorescence intensities
- NADPH oxidase
- Nox2, NADPH Oxidase Type 2
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SE, standard error
- SF, sleep fragmentation
- TAMs, tumor associated macrophages
- TLR-4, toll like receptor 4
- WT, wild type
- cancer
- reactive oxygen species
- rpm, revolutions per minute
- sleep apnea
- tumor associated macrophage
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Degradation of C-terminal tag sequences on domain antibodies purified from E. coli supernatant. MAbs 2014; 6:1551-9. [PMID: 25426869 PMCID: PMC4622476 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins often takes advantage of peptide tags expressed in fusion to allow easy detection and purification of the expressed proteins. However, as the fusion peptides most often are flexible appendages at the N- or C-terminal, proteolytic cleavage may result in removal of the tag sequence. Here, we evaluated the functionality and stability of 14 different combinations of commonly used tags for purification and detection of recombinant antibody fragments. The tag sequences were inserted in fusion with the c-terminal end of a domain antibody based on the HEL4 scaffold in a phagemid vector. This particular antibody fragment was able to refold on the membrane after blotting, allowing us to detect c-terminal tag breakdown by use of protein A in combination with detection of the tags in the specific constructs. The degradation of the c-terminal tags suggested specific sites to be particularly prone to proteolytic cleavage, leaving some of the tag combinations partially or completely degraded. This specific work illustrates the importance of tag design with regard to recombinant antibody expression in E. coli, but also aids the more general understanding of protein expression.
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Key Words
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- E. coli, escherichia coli
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IPTG, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RCF, relative centrifugal force
- TEV protease, tobacco etch virus
- Tsp protease, tail-specific protease
- antibodies
- dAb, domain antibody
- peptide tags
- phage display
- protein expression
- proteolytic degradation
- rpm, revolutions per minute
- scFv, single chain fragment variable
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