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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates despite the continuously advancing treatment strategies. Glucose is essential for cancer cell metabolism owing to the Warburg effect. During the process of glucose metabolism, various glycolytic metabolites, such as serine and glycine metabolites, are produced and other metabolic pathways, such as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), are associated with the process. Glucose is transported into the cell by glucose transporters, such as GLUT. Breast cancer shows high expressions of glucose metabolism-related enzymes and GLUT, which are also related to breast cancer prognosis. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is a high-grade breast cancer, is especially dependent on glucose metabolism. Breast cancer also harbors various stromal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells as tumor microenvironment, and there exists a metabolic interaction between these stromal cells and breast cancer cells as explained by the reverse Warburg effect. Breast cancer is heterogeneous, and, consequently, its metabolic status is also diverse, which is especially affected by the molecular subtype, progression stage, and metastatic site. In this review, we will focus on glucose metabolism and glucose transporters in breast cancer, and we will additionally discuss their potential applications as cancer imaging tracers and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Wilson JL, Nägele T, Linke M, Demel F, Fritsch SD, Mayr HK, Cai Z, Katholnig K, Sun X, Fragner L, Miller A, Haschemi A, Popa A, Bergthaler A, Hengstschläger M, Weichhart T, Weckwerth W. Inverse Data-Driven Modeling and Multiomics Analysis Reveals Phgdh as a Metabolic Checkpoint of Macrophage Polarization and Proliferation. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1542-1552.e7. [PMID: 32023468 PMCID: PMC7003064 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an important regulator of effector functions, proliferation, and cellular metabolism in macrophages. The biochemical processes that are controlled by mTORC1 are still being defined. Here, we demonstrate that integrative multiomics in conjunction with a data-driven inverse modeling approach, termed COVRECON, identifies a biochemical node that influences overall metabolic profiles and reactions of mTORC1-dependent macrophage metabolism. Using a combined approach of metabolomics, proteomics, mRNA expression analysis, and enzymatic activity measurements, we demonstrate that Tsc2, a negative regulator of mTORC1 signaling, critically influences the cellular activity of macrophages by regulating the enzyme phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Phgdh) in an mTORC1-dependent manner. More generally, while lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages repress Phgdh activity, IL-4-stimulated macrophages increase the activity of the enzyme required for the expression of key anti-inflammatory molecules and macrophage proliferation. Thus, we identify Phgdh as a metabolic checkpoint of M2 macrophages. Metabolomics and inverse modeling reveal a Tsc2/mTORC1-dependent checkpoint in macrophages M2 macrophages have high Phgdh activity Phgdh activity promotes M2 polarization Phgdh activity supports macrophage proliferation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Louise Wilson
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department Biology I, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Monika Linke
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Florian Demel
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Stephanie D Fritsch
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Hannah Katharina Mayr
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Zhengnan Cai
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Karl Katholnig
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lena Fragner
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anne Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Arvand Haschemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Alexandra Popa
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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