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Silverman A, Miglis MG, Gallentine W. Images: Benign myoclonus of sleep associated with K-complexes on electroencephalography. J Clin Sleep Med 2024; 20:183-184. [PMID: 37772703 PMCID: PMC10758558 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In this brief case report on paroxysmal sleep-related movements, we describe an adolescent patient's presentation of brief jerking movements during sleep and the accompanying differential diagnosis. In examining the patient's overnight electroencephalogram we use hallmark sleep architecture to provide reassurance to the patient and her family. CITATION Silverman A, Miglis MG, Gallentine W. Images: Benign myoclonus of sleep associated with K-complexes on electroencephalography. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(1):183-184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Silverman
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mitchell G. Miglis
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Sleep Medicine Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - William Gallentine
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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2
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Ting CY, Thomas B. Behavioural sleep problems in children. Singapore Med J 2023; 0:367496. [PMID: 36695280 DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2021-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural sleep problems are very common in children and are concerns for many parents. This review discusses normal sleep physiology and sleep development and focuses on common behavioural sleep problems in childhood, including behavioural insomnia of childhood, parasomnias and sleep-related movement disorders, highlighting their clinical features and management. Behavioural insomnia of childhood is characterised by learned difficulties in falling asleep and/or staying asleep. Management includes establishing bedtime routines and behavioural techniques. Parasomnias include confusional arousals, sleepwalking, sleep terrors and nightmares, and these usually resolve with time. Management includes parental reassurance and behavioural interventions such as scheduled awakening. With regards to sleep enuresis, management includes behavioural modifications, enuresis alarm and desmopressin. Sleep-related movement disorders include sleep-related bruxism and sleep-related rhythmic movements, of which body rocking is the most common. Early identification and management of behavioural sleep problems may prevent their negative impact on children as well as their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yi Ting
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Biju Thomas
- Respiratory Medicine Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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Liu WK, Dye TJ, Horn P, Patterson C, Garner D, Simakajornboon N. Large body movements on video polysomnography are associated with daytime dysfunction in children with restless sleep disorder. Sleep 2022; 45:6503730. [PMID: 35022768 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Restless sleep disorder (RSD) is a newly defined sleep-related movement disorder characterized by large muscle movements (LMM) in sleep. We examined the sleep study, clinical characteristics, and daytime functioning in children with RSD and compared them to children with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) or restless legs syndrome (RLS). Video polysomnography from 47 children with restless sleep was retrospectively reviewed for LMM and age- and sex-matched to 34 children with PLMD and 12 children with RLS. Data examined included PSG characteristics, ferritin, Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Fourteen children met the clinical criteria for RSD with an LMM index of 5 or more per hour of sleep. Mean ESS was elevated in patients with RSD compared to either the PLMD or RLS groups though the result did not reach statistical significance (RSD = 10.20 ± 6.81, PLMD = 6.19 ± 4.14, RLS = 6.25 ± 4.90). The PedsQL score was significantly decreased in the RLS group compared to RSD and was reduced overall in all three groups (PedsQL Total RSD = 70.76 ± 18.05, PLMD = 57.05 ± 20.33, RLS = 53.24 ± 16.97). Serum ferritin values were similar in all three groups (RSD = 26.89 ± 10.29, PLMD = 33.91 ± 20.31, RLS = 23.69 ± 12.94 ng/mL, p = ns). Children with RSD demonstrate increased daytime sleepiness compared to PLMD or RLS and all three disease groups showed decreased quality of life. Further studies are needed to examine long-term consequences of RSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei K Liu
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul Horn
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - David Garner
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Mainieri G, Montini A, Nicotera A, Di Rosa G, Provini F, Loddo G. The Genetics of Sleep Disorders in Children: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1259. [PMID: 34679324 PMCID: PMC8534132 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a universal, highly preserved process, essential for human and animal life, whose complete functions are yet to be unravelled. Familial recurrence is acknowledged for some sleep disorders, but definite data are lacking for many of them. Genetic studies on sleep disorders have progressed from twin and family studies to candidate gene approaches to culminate in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Several works disclosed that sleep-wake characteristics, in addition to electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep patterns, have a certain degree of heritability. Notwithstanding, it is rare for sleep disorders to be attributed to single gene defects because of the complexity of the brain network/pathways involved. Besides, the advancing insights in epigenetic gene-environment interactions add further complexity to understanding the genetic control of sleep and its disorders. This narrative review explores the current genetic knowledge in sleep disorders in children, following the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition (ICSD-3) categorisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Mainieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Angelica Montini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Nicotera
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, “Gaetano Barresi” University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.N.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age, “Gaetano Barresi” University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.N.); (G.D.R.)
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (A.M.)
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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Halkurike-Jayadevappa VK, Goel A, Paliwal VK, Rai P, Aggarwal R. Liver disease severity is poorly related to the presence of restless leg syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Neurol India 2020; 67:732-737. [PMID: 31347545 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.263171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Context Restless leg syndrome (RLS) has been reported to be common in patients with cirrhosis. The relation of RLS with severity of liver disease is, however, unclear. Aim We studied the association between occurrence of RLS and severity of cirrhosis. Setting and Design Single centre, prospective, observational study. Materials and Methods Adult patients with cirrhosis and relatively stable clinical condition and no associated neurological condition were prospectively studied. Severity of liver disease was graded as Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class A, B or C; using Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score; and as a binary variable (compensated or decompensated disease). Each subject underwent an initial screening for RLS, followed by a re-evaluation by an independent neurologist to confirm the diagnosis, using the International RLS Diagnostic Criteria. In patients with RLS, its severity was assessed using a validated Hindi translation of the International RLS severity (IRLS) scoring system. Statistical Analysis Used Data for categorical variables were expressed as proportions and compared using chi-squared test, and those for numerical variables were expressed as median and range, and compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results Among the 356 patients with cirrhosis studied (median [range] age: 48 [18-83] years; 241 [67.7%] male; CTP A/163, B/172, C/21; MELD 11 [6-41]; decompensated 51.7%), 36 (10.1%) had RLS. RLS severity was mild (1), moderate (15), severe (19) or very severe (1). Compared to those without RLS, patient with RLS had a lower MELD score (9 [6-25] versus 11 [6-41], P = 0.04), and a comparable distribution of CTP classes and frequency of decompensated liver disease. The prevalence and severity of RLS were not different between those with compensated and those with decompensated cirrhosis. Conclusion In the Indian population, RLS is common in patients with cirrhosis. Its occurrence did not show any increase with the severity of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Goel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vimal Kumar Paliwal
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveer Rai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Khachatryan SG, Ghahramanyan L, Tavadyan Z, Yeghiazaryan N, Attarian HP. Sleep-related movement disorders in a population of patients with epilepsy: prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16:409-414. [PMID: 31992428 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep disorders are frequent co-occurrences in patients with epilepsy (PWE), but sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia are better studied than others. Our aim was to study sleep-related movement disorders in epilepsy. METHODS We interviewed 175 PWE (age range 18-71 years, mean 35.4 years, 47.4% female) and 130 controls (age range 18-72 years, mean 33.6 years, 47.7% females). Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep bruxism (SB) were diagnosed by International RLS Study Group's diagnostic criteria and International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition criteria respectively. We also used Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). RESULTS Our findings suggest that RLS and SB are encountered more frequently in PWE than controls: 20.6% versus 6.1% for RLS, and 23.7% versus 5.4% for SB (P < .05). Insomnia was more prevalent in epilepsy (46.2% versus 24.6%, P < .05) while poor sleep hygiene occurred more frequently in controls (28.3% versus 53.8%), (P < .05). PWE had poorer sleep by PSQI 61.7% versus 41.5% (P < .05). Sleepiness (38.7% versus 39.2%) and snoring (42.8% versus 40.8%) were equally distributed in both groups, also ESS and BQ not showing significant differences (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that sleep disorders comprise important part of epilepsy comorbidity. We demonstrated that unselected PWE had higher prevalence of RLS. For the first time we show higher prevalence of sleep bruxism in epilepsy population. Also complaints of insomnia are seen more in PWE, while snoring and poor sleep hygiene not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson G Khachatryan
- Sleep and Movement Disorders Center, Somnus Neurology Clinic, Yerevan, Armenia.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lilit Ghahramanyan
- Sleep and Movement Disorders Center, Somnus Neurology Clinic, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaruhi Tavadyan
- Sleep and Movement Disorders Center, Somnus Neurology Clinic, Yerevan, Armenia.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nune Yeghiazaryan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Yerevan, Armenia.,Republic Epilepsy Center, Erebouni Medical Center, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hrayr P Attarian
- Center for Sleep Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Loddo G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Sambati L, Giannini G, Cecere A, Cortelli P, Provini F. The Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: From Research to Clinical Practice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28261151 PMCID: PMC5311042 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders (SDs) are one of the most frequent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), usually increasing in frequency over the course of the disease and disability progression. SDs include nocturnal and diurnal manifestations such as insomnia, REM sleep behavior disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness. The causes of SDs in PD are numerous, including the neurodegeneration process itself, which can disrupt the networks regulating the sleep–wake cycle and deplete a large number of cerebral amines possibly playing a role in the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Despite the significant prevalence of SDs in PD patients, few clinical trials on SDs treatment have been conducted. Our aim is to critically review the principal therapeutic options for the most common SDs in PD. The appropriate diagnosis and treatment of SDs in PD can lead to the consolidation of nocturnal sleep, the enhancement of daytime alertness, and the amelioration of the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Loddo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Giannini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Cecere
- Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Lanska DJ. Early Controversies over Athetosis: I. Clinical Features, Differentiation from other Movement Disorders, Associated Conditions, and Pathology. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2013; 3:tre-03-132-2918-1. [PMID: 23450262 PMCID: PMC3582863 DOI: 10.7916/d8tt4pph] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the description of athetosis in 1871 by American neurologist William Alexander Hammond (1828-1900) the disorder has been a source of controversy, as were many aspects of Hammond's career. METHODS Primary sources have been used to review controversies in the 50-year period since the initial description of athetosis, in particular those concerning clinical features, differentiation from other movement disorders, associated conditions, and pathology. Controversies concerning treatment will be addressed in a subsequent article. RESULTS Hammond struggled to establish athetosis as a distinct clinical-pathological entity, and had successfully predicted the striatal pathology in his initial case (albeit somewhat serendipitously). Athetosis was, nevertheless, considered by many neurologists to be a form of post-hemiplegic chorea or part of a continuum between chorea and dystonia. European neurologists, and particularly the French, initially ignored or discounted the concept. Additional controversies arose over whether the movements persisted during sleep, whether athetosis was, or could be, associated with imbecility or insanity, and how it should be treated. DISCUSSION Some controversies concerning athetosis served to identify areas where knowledge was insufficient to make accurate statements, despite prior self-assured or even dogmatic statements to the contrary. Other controversies illustrated established prejudices, even if these biases were often only apparent with the greater detachment of hindsight.
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Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, Rowley JA, Zak RS, Casey KR, Lamm CI, Tracy SL, Rosenberg RS. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults--an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep 2012; 35:1039-62. [PMID: 22851801 PMCID: PMC3397811 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature review and meta-analyses (where appropriate) were performed to update the previous AASM practice parameters on the treatments, both dopaminergic and other, of RLS and PLMD. A considerable amount of literature has been published since these previous reviews were performed, necessitating an update of the corresponding practice parameters. Therapies with a STANDARD level of recommendation include pramipexole and ropinirole. Therapies with a GUIDELINE level of recommendation include levodopa with dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, opioids, gabapentin enacarbil, and cabergoline (which has additional caveats for use). Therapies with an OPTION level of recommendation include carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, clonidine, and for patients with low ferritin levels, iron supplementation. The committee recommends a STANDARD AGAINST the use of pergolide because of the risks of heart valve damage. Therapies for RLS secondary to ESRD, neuropathy, and superficial venous insufficiency are discussed. Lastly, therapies for PLMD are reviewed. However, it should be mentioned that because PLMD therapy typically mimics RLS therapy, the primary focus of this review is therapy for idiopathic RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nisha Aurora
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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