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Dorado-Montenegro S, Habibi MF, Gerrits WJJ, de Vries S. Effect of adding soluble viscous fibers to diets containing coarse and finely ground insoluble fibers on digesta transit behavior and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103487. [PMID: 38367469 PMCID: PMC10879791 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to study the interactive effects of the addition of soluble arabinoxylans (AX) and the particle size (PS) of soybean hulls (SBH) on digesta mean retention time (MRT) and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of 288 one-day old Ross 308 female chicks were assigned to 32 pens (9 birds/pen) and fed a commercial starter diet for 10 d. At 10 d of age, pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (8 pens/diet) containing 120 g/Kg coarse or fine SBH, with or without addition of 50 g/Kg of soluble wheat AX, substituting maize starch. Titanium dioxide (4 g/Kg) and cobalt-EDTA (1 g/Kg) were added as inert markers. Excreta were quantitatively collected from d 22 to 25. Gastrointestinal tract and digesta were collected on d 28, 29, or 30. Arabinoxylans reduced the weight of the gizzard relative to body weight (RW) by 0.07% units (P = 0.005), and increased ceca RW (0.28 vs. 0.34%, P < 0.001) and length (10.45 vs. 11.21 cm/Kg BW, P < 0.001). Arabinoxylans increased digesta MRT in the crop (solids/liquids: +12 min, P < 0.05), small intestine (solids/liquids: +17 min, P < 0.01), and hindgut (liquids: +77.5 min, P < 0.05); and reduced apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of DM (-5.4 and -3.9%, P < 0.001, respectively) and starch (-1.35 and -0.7%, P < 0.001, respectively). Particle size of SBH only affected the ATTR of non-starch polysaccharides, presenting higher retention values with fine SBH (-4.3%-units, P = 0.034). The addition of AX reduced AID of N by 4.3%-units, only in presence of fine SBH (interaction, P < 0.05). In conclusion, arabinoxylans greatly influenced digestion in the chicken GIT, while PS of SBH had marginal effects. Arabinoxylans reduced AID of N only with fine SBH, suggesting coarse SBH counteracted AX effects on N digestion, speculatively by modifying digesta viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Dorado-Montenegro
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 The Netherlands; Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, 2060 San José.
| | - Mochammad F Habibi
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 The Netherlands
| | - Walter J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 The Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 The Netherlands
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Šekuljica N, Jakovetić Tanasković S, Mijalković J, Simović M, Pavlović N, Đorđević N, Culetu A, Gazikalović I, Luković N, Bakrač J, Knežević-Jugović Z. Xylanase Production by Solid-State Fermentation for the Extraction of Xylooligosaccharides from Soybean Hulls§. Food Technol Biotechnol 2023; 61:439-450. [PMID: 38205051 PMCID: PMC10775786 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.61.04.23.8073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Research background The development of a novel process for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) based on the 4R concept is made possible by the integration of numerous techniques, especially enzymatic modification together with the physical pretreatment of renewable materials. This study aims to integrate the use of agricultural wastes for the production of xylanase by a new strain of Penicillium sp. and value-added products, XOS. Experimental approach For the production of xylanase, a solid-state fermentation was performed using wheat bran as substrate. To obtain the most active crude extract of xylanase, the time frame of cultivation was first adjusted. Then, the downstream process for xylanase purification was developed by combining different membrane separation units with size exclusion chromatography. Further characterisation included determination of the optimal pH and temperature, determination of the molecular mass of the purified xylanase and analysis of kinetic parameters. Subsequently, the hydrolytic ability of the partially purified xylanase in the hydrolysis of alkali-extracted hemicellulose from soybean hulls was investigated. Results and conclusions Our results show that Penicillium rubens produced extracellular xylanase at a yield of 21 U/g during solid-state fermentation. Using two ultrafiltration membranes of 10 and 3 kDa in combination with size exclusion chromatography, a yield of 49 % and 13-fold purification of xylanase was achieved. The purified xylanase (35 kDa) cleaved linear bonds β-(1→4) in beechwood xylan at a maximum rate of 0.64 μmol/(min·mg) and a Michaelis constant of 44 mg/mL. At pH=6 and 45 °C, the purified xylanase showed its maximum activity. The xylanase produced showed a high ability to hydrolyse the hemicellulose fraction isolated from soybean hulls, as confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. In the hydrothermally pretreated hemicellulose hydrolysate, the content of XOS with different degrees of polymerisation was detected, while in the non-pretreated hemicellulose hydrolysate, the content of xylotriose and glucose was confirmed. Novelty and scientific contribution Future research focusing on the creation of new enzymatic pathways for use in processes to convert renewable materials into value-added products can draw on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Šekuljica
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Mijalković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Simović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Pavlović
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Đorđević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alina Culetu
- National Institute of Research & Development for Food Bioresources-IBA, Ancuţa Băneasa 5, 021102 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ivana Gazikalović
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Luković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bakrač
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Knežević-Jugović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Gao T, Chen X, Liu Z, Diao X. Effects of soybean hulls and corn stalk on the performance, colostrum composition and faecal microflora of pregnant sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:485-494. [PMID: 35514035 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different supplementation levels of soybean hulls and corn stalk in high-fibre gestation diet on the performance, colostrum composition and faecal microbiota of sows. Forty first-farrowing Danish Landrace sows were randomly assigned to five dietary treatment groups. The control (CON, 3.15% crude fibre) group was fed a normal diet, and the treatment groups were soybean hulls low-fibre (SHL, 6.00% crude fibre) group, soybean hulls high-fibre (SHH, 8.00% crude fibre) group, corn stalk low-fibre (CSL, 6.00% crude fibre) group and corn stalk high-fibre (CSH, 8.00% crude fibre) group. The weaning weight of the litter and the average daily feed intake of the lactating sows in the SHL, SHH and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). The immunoglobulin A and G levels of the colostrum in the SHL, SHH, CSL and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05), and the immunoglobulin M levels in the SHL, SHH and CSH groups were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level in the CON group was higher than that in the CSL, CSH and SHH groups (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillaceae at the family level in the SHH and CSL groups were higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level in the SHH and CSL groups were higher than that in the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, SHH group had the best effect, and the optimal crude fibre level in the gestation diet of sows is 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinping Diao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Dorado-Montenegro S, Lammers-Jannink K, Gerrits W, de Vries S. Insoluble fibers affect digesta transit behavior in the upper gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs, regardless of particle size. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad299. [PMID: 37665959 PMCID: PMC10651184 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics of dietary fibers may modulate digesta transit behavior. The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of level and particle size (PS) of insoluble fibers on digesta mean retention time (MRT) in the proximal gastrointestinal tract (mouth-ileocecal junction). Six ileal-cannulated pigs (26.8 ± 2.08 kg) were assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin-square design. Finely ground (1 mm screen) or coarse (intact) oat husks (OH) and soybean hulls (SBH) were added (50:50, w/w) to a maize-whey protein-wheat-based diet at 50 (low) or 250 g/kg (high) inclusion levels to obtain a low-fine fiber (LF), high-fine fiber (HF), and high-coarse fiber (HC) diet. Markers to follow liquids (Co-EDTA), fine solids (Y3O2), or fibrous particles (Yb-mordanted OH and Cr-mordanted SBH) were given as a single pulse dose and marker concentrations were subsequently measured hourly in digesta for 13 h after administration. Mean retention time values were obtained from the concentration of markers in digesta observed over time by fitting a generalized Michaelis-Menten equation and calculating the time of peak. Fiber addition and fiber particle size neither affected the MRT of liquid nor solid digesta phases (P = 0.903). Segregation between solid and liquid digesta phases was observed for all diets (P < 0.0001), although the extent of segregation was greater for LF compared with HF and HC (P = 0.0220). The MRT of SBH particles, but not of OH-particles was longer for coarse vs fine PS (96 min, P < 0.05). In conclusion, digesta MRT was influenced by the dietary concentration but not by PS of insoluble fibers. The addition of insoluble fibers reduces digesta phase segregation from mouth to distal ileum in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dorado-Montenegro
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
- Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Kim Lammers-Jannink
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6700 AH, The Netherlands
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Rodriguez DA, Lee SA, de Godoy MRC, Stein HH. Extrusion of soybean hulls does not increase digestibility of amino acids or concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy when fed to growing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 4:txaa169. [PMID: 33392465 PMCID: PMC7759737 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of extrusion on energy and nutrient digestibility in soybean hulls. One source of soybean hulls was ground and divided into two batches. One batch was used without further processing, whereas the other batch was extruded. In Exp. 1, four diets were formulated to determine crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility in soybean hulls. A soybean meal-based diet in which soybean meal provided all the CP and AA was formulated. Two diets were formulated to contain 30% nonextruded or extruded soybean hulls and 18% soybean meal. An N-free diet that was used to determine the endogenous losses of CP and AA was also used. Eight growing barrows (initial body weight = 37.0 ± 3.9 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 7 d with the initial 5 d being the adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on day 6 and 7. Results indicated that extrusion of soybean hulls did not change the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and most AA with the exception that the SID of Ile and Leu tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in extruded than nonextruded soybean hulls. In Exp. 2, three diets were formulated to determine energy digestibility in soybean hulls. One corn-soybean meal based basal diet, and two diets that contained corn, soybean meal, and 32% extruded or nonextruded soybean hulls were formulated. Twenty-four growing barrows (initial body weight = 59.9 ± 3.4 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected separately for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) were reduced (P < 0.05) in diets containing nonextruded or extruded soybean hulls compared with the basal diet. However, the ATTD of GE and values for DE and ME in soybean hulls were not improved by extrusion. Likewise, extrusion did not change the concentration of total dietary fiber in soybean hulls. In conclusion, there were no effects of extrusion of soybean hulls on SID of AA, energy digestibility, or ME concentration in soybean hulls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su A Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Tummino ML, Tolardo V, Malandrino M, Sadraei R, Magnacca G, Laurenti E. A Way to Close the Loop: Physicochemical and Adsorbing Properties of Soybean Hulls Recovered After Soybean Peroxidase Extraction. Front Chem 2020; 8:763. [PMID: 33005610 PMCID: PMC7479214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean hulls are one of the by-products of soybean crushing and find application mainly in the animal feed sector. Nevertheless, soybean hulls have been already exploited as source of peroxidase (soybean peroxidase, SBP), an enzyme adopted in a wide range of applications such as bioremediation and wastewater treatment, biocatalysis, diagnostic tests, therapeutics and biosensors. In this work, the soybean hulls after the SBP extraction, destined to become a putrescible waste, were recovered and employed as adsorbents for water remediation due to their cellulose-based composition. They were studied from a physicochemical point of view using different characterization techniques and applied for the adsorption of five inorganic ions [Fe(III), Al(III), Cr(III), Ni(II), and Mn(II)] in different aqueous matrixes. The behavior of the exhausted soybean hulls was compared to pristine hulls, demonstrating better performances as pollutant adsorbents despite significant changes in their features, especially in terms of surface morphology, charge and composition. Overall, this work evidences that these kinds of double-recovered scraps are an effective and sustainable alternative for metal contaminants removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Razieh Sadraei
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuliana Magnacca
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) and INSTM Reference Centre, Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Laurenti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Thom de Souza CC, Rosário Filho NA, de Camargo JF, Godoi RHM. Levels of Airborne Soybean Allergen (Gly m 1) in a Brazilian Soybean Production City: A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E5381. [PMID: 32722620 PMCID: PMC7432583 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma epidemics have been shown to be related to where soybeans are loaded and handled, but data are scarce in the literature. This pilot study evaluated the levels of Gly m 1 in dust samples collected in Maringá, Brazil, a city with high soy production and processing. A dust impactor was used to collect seven isolated samples during 2015 and 2016. Samples were analyzed by an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detection method. Gly m 1 was found in all samples, ranging from 0.82-24.38 ng/m3 (median 2.41), regardless of the month or year evaluated. The levels of Gly m 1 were considered low, but the concentrations required to cause sensitization and symptoms are uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Francis de Camargo
- Departament of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-240, Brazil; (J.F.d.C.); (R.H.M.G.)
| | - Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi
- Departament of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-240, Brazil; (J.F.d.C.); (R.H.M.G.)
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Lancaster NA, Muegge CR, Carvalho JRR, Lopes RC, Narumiya RS, Pinese F, Baird AN, Schoonmaker JP. Effect of calcium oxide and soybean hull addition to feedlot diets containing dried distillers grains and corn stover on steer performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa105. [PMID: 32734147 PMCID: PMC7381837 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean hulls (SBH) and/or calcium oxide (CaO) on rumen pH, digestibility, and performance of steers fed diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In experiment 1, Angus × Simmental steers (n = 112, body weight [BW] = 364 ± 7.8 kg) were allotted to 1 of 4 diets arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial and placed in 16 pens (7 steers/pen, 4 pens/treatment, and 28 steers/treatment). Factors were SBH (0% or 30% of diet dry matter [DM]) and CaO (0% or 1%) inclusion. Basal diets contained 20% corn stover, 30% DDGS, and 4% supplement. Diets with SBH contained 14.1% or 15.0% corn and diets without SBH contained 43.9% or 44.8% corn. In experiment two, four steers (BW = 510 ± 9.8 kg) were allotted to a 4 × 4 Latin square (21 d periods) to determine the effects of CaO and SBH on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), nutrient digestibility, and digestion kinetics. Statistical analyses were conducted using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In experiment 1, BW did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.46). Overall carcass-adjusted gain did not differ due to SBH or CaO inclusion (P ≥ 0.13); however, there was an interaction (P = 0.01) where CaO improved gain in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Steers fed SBH consumed more DM than steers not fed SBH (P = 0.02) and an interaction tended to occur (P = 0.06) where CaO increased dry matter intake in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Calcium oxide increased hot carcass weight and yield grade (interaction; P ≤ 0.04) and tended to increase fat thickness (interaction; P = 0.08) in steers fed no SBH, but not in steers fed SBH. Dressing percentage, longissimus muscle area, % kidney, pelvic, heart fat, and marbling score did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.14). Total VFA concentrations were greater with SBH inclusion and with CaO addition (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was greater with CaO addition (P ≤ 0.04) and NDF and ADF digestibility were greater with SBH inclusion (P < 0.001). Inclusion of SBH did not affect (P ≥ 0.26) rate of digestion (k d) or passage (k p). Addition of CaO tended to increase mean retention time (P = 0.09). An interaction between SBH inclusion and CaO addition occurred for k d (P = 0.01), where CaO increased k d in steers fed SBH, but decreased k d when steers were fed no SBH. Total N excretion tended to be lower with SBH inclusion and CaO addition (P = 0.07). In conclusion, CaO enhances performance of cattle fed corn, DDGS, and corn stover diets, but not when corn is partially replaced by a fiber-based energy feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris R Muegge
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jose R R Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Narumiya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Pinese
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Aubrey Nickie Baird
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jon P Schoonmaker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Goehring DL, Wu F, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Paulk CB, Dritz SS. The effects of dietary soybean hulls particle size and diet form on nursery and finishing pig performance. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:22-33. [PMID: 32704963 PMCID: PMC6994086 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate increasing unground and finely ground soybean hulls fed in meal or pelleted form on nursery and finishing pig performance. In experiment 1, 1,100 nursery pigs (initially 6.8 ± 0.1 kg and 28 d of age) were used in a 42-d study with 11 replicates per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of soybean hulls (10% vs. 20%), grind type (unground, 617 µ vs. ground, 398 µ), and diet type (pelleted vs. meal form). No three-way or soybean hull level × grind type interactions were observed. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was increased (P < 0.05) by pelleting, decreased (P < 0.05) by grinding, but unaffected by soybean hull levels. Grind type × diet form interactions were observed (P < 0.05) for gain:feed ratio (G:F) and a tendency for average daily feed intake (ADFI; P < 0.10). This was because grinding soybean hulls decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI and increased (P < 0.05) G:F when fed in meal form; however, grinding did not affect ADFI and decreased (P < 0.05) G:F when diets were pelleted. Increasing soybean hulls increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and decreased (P < 0.05) G:F when diets were fed in meal form, but these effects were not observed when diets were pelleted (diet form × soybean hull level interaction, P < 0.06). In experiment 2, 1,215 pigs (initially 21.1 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 118-d study with nine replications per treatment. Treatments were a corn–soybean meal–based control diet and four diets arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of soybean hulls (7.5% vs. 15%) and grind type (unground, 787 µ vs. ground, 370 µ). All diets were fed in meal form. No soybean hull level × grind type interactions were observed for any growth or carcass responses. Increasing dietary soybean hulls from 0% to 15%, regardless of particle size, did not affect ADG or ADFI, but decreased (linear, P < 0.02) G:F. Carcass yield, hot carcass weight, and backfat depth decreased (linear, P < 0.03) whereas percentage lean increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing soybean hulls. Pigs fed ground soybean hulls had increased backfat depth (P < 0.01) and decreased (P < 0.01) percentage lean and fat-free lean index. In summary, increasing soybean hulls up to 20% decreased G:F in nursery and finishing pigs, whereas pelleting nursery diets improved ADG and eliminated the negative effect of increasing soybean hulls on G:F. Grinding soybean hulls reduced growth performance in nursery and finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L Goehring
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Goehring DL, Wu F, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, Paulk CB, Dritz SS. The effects of soybean hulls level, distillers dried grains with solubles, and net energy formulation on nursery pig performance. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1335-1348. [PMID: 32704896 PMCID: PMC7200413 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of increasing dietary soybean hulls without or with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and net energy (NE) formulation on nursery pig performance. In experiment 1, a total of 210 nursery pigs (initially 6.6 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 34-d study. Pigs were fed one of five diets that contained increasing soybean hulls (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Diets were not balanced for NE. Increasing soybean hulls decreased (linear, P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio(G:F), and tended to decrease average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 210 nursery pigs (initially 13.6 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 20-d study to determine the effect of equal NE formulation in diets with soybean hulls. Pigs were fed one of five diets containing 0% (control), 10%, or 20% soybean hulls either balanced to contain equal NE to the control diet or not balanced for energy. Diets containing 10% and 20% soybean hulls with balanced NE contained 3.60% and 7.15% added soybean oil, respectively. Increasing soybean hulls decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG regardless of formulation method. Pigs fed increasing soybean hulls without added fat had decreased (linear, P < 0.01) G:F. Increasing soybean hulls in diets with balanced NE decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADFI, but did not affect G:F. In experiment 3, 600 pigs (initially 6.8 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pigs were fed 1 of 10 diets containing 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, or 12% soybean hulls without or with DDGS (15% from d 0 to 14, 30% from d 15 to 42). Feeding DDGS reduced (P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI, and tended to increase (P < 0.06) G:F. Increasing soybean hulls decreased G:F quadratically (P < 0.03) in diets without DDGS, but decreased G:F linearly (P < 0.01) in diets with DDGS (soybean hulls × DDGS interaction, P < 0.05). In experiment 4, 304 barrows (initially 11.7 ± 0.2 kg) were used in a 21-d study. Pigs were fed one of eight diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% soybean hulls with or without 20% DDGS. No soybean hull × DDGS interactions were observed. Increasing soybean hulls tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.08) G:F. In conclusion, feeding low levels of soybean hulls did not affect nursery pig performance but more than 5% soybean hulls, with or without DDGS, decreased G:F. Formulating diets containing soybean hulls on an equal NE basis eliminated the negative effects on G:F, but the NE (1,003 kcal/kg) of soybean hulls used in this study was underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L Goehring
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Jang JC, Zeng Z, Shurson GC, Urriola PE. Effects of Gas Production Recording System and Pig Fecal Inoculum Volume on Kinetics and Variation of In Vitro Fermentation using Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles and Soybean Hulls. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100773. [PMID: 31600978 PMCID: PMC6826484 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various in vitro methodologies have been developed and used to estimate the digestibility of feed ingredients, such as corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and soybean hulls (SBH) which contain high concentrations of dietary fiber. This study evaluated two in vitro gas production recording systems (manual vs. automated) and two initial fecal inoculum volumes (30 vs. 75 mL) on the parameters of in vitro fermentation of cDDGS and SBH. The results showed that the use of 75-mL inoculum volume with 0.5 g substrate tended to reduce the variation of measurements compared to the 30-mL inoculum volume with 0.2 g substrate regardless of the gas production recording system. These findings suggest that using larger inoculum volume with more substrate increases the precision of measurements. Furthermore, the automated system decreases labor for conducting the assay. Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculum volume (IV), substrate quantity, and the use of a manual or automated gas production (GP) recording system for in vitro determinations of fermentation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and soybean hulls (SBH). A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used and included the factors of (1) ingredients (cDDGS or SBH), (2) inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV30 = 0.2 g substrate + 30 mL inoculum or IV75 = 0.5 g substrate + 75 mL inoculum), and (3) GP recording system (MRS = manual recording system or ARS = automated recording system). Feed ingredient samples were pre-treated with pepsin and pancreatin, and the hydrolyzed residues were subsequently incubated with fresh pig feces in a buffered mineral solution. The GP recording was monitored for 72 h, and the kinetics were estimated by fitting data using an exponential model. Compared with SBH, cDDGS yielded less (p < 0.01) maximal gas production (Gf), required more time (p < 0.02) to achieve half gas accumulation (T/2), and had less (p < 0.01) fractional rate of degradation (µ) and in vitro fermentability of dry matter (IVDMF). Using the ARS resulted in less IVDMF (p < 0.01) compared with MRS (79.0% vs. 81.2%, respectively). Interactions were observed between GP recording system and inoculum volume and substrate quantity for Gf (p < 0.04), µ (p < 0.01), and T/2 (p < 0.04) which implies that increasing inoculum volume and substrate quantity resulted in decreased Gf (332 mL/g from IV30 vs. 256 mL/g from IV75), µ (0.05 from IV30 vs. 0.04 from IV75), and T/2 (34 h for IV30 vs. 25 h for IV75) when recorded with ARS but not MRS. However, the recorded cumulative GP at 72 h was not influenced by the inoculum volume nor recording system. The precision of Gf (as measured by the coefficient of variation of Gf) tended to increase for IV30 compared with IV75 (p < 0.10), indicating that using larger inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV75) reduced within batch variation in GP kinetics. Consequently, both systems showed comparable results in GP kinetics, but considering convenience and achievement of consistency, 75 mL of inoculum volume with 0.5 g substrate is recommended for ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Jang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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12
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Huang Z, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. Use of in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production to predict apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber for growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5474-5484. [PMID: 29293750 PMCID: PMC6292337 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) and gas production methods have been developed and used to measure in vivo nutrient digestibility of feed ingredients, but further validation is needed for ingredients containing high concentrations of insoluble fiber such as corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS). A 3-step in vitro procedure and resulting gas production were used to predict in vivo apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF) among 3 sources each of wheat straw (WS), soybean hulls (SBH), and DDGS. A total of 34 barrows and 2 gilts (84 ± 7 kg BW) were used in a changeover design to determine the ATTD of 9 dietary treatments. The WS, SBH, or DDGS sources were the only ingredients containing fiber in each diet, and all diets were formulated to contain the same TDF concentration (22.3%). The in vivo experiment was conducted in 2 consecutive 13-d periods, each including a 10-d adaptation and a 3-d collection period to provide 8 replications/dietary treatment, and 0.5% TiO was added to each diet as an indigestible marker. Pigs had ad libitum access to water and were fed an amount of feed equivalent to 2.5% of initial BW in each period. The in vitro experiment was used to determine IVDMD and gas production of the 9 ingredients (5 to 8 replicates/ingredient) fed during the in vivo experiment. Gas production kinetics were fitted using a nonlinear model and analyzed using a mixed model, and predictions were evaluated using correlations and regression models. There were differences ( < 0.01) in ATTD of TDF among WS (26.7%), SBH (78.9%), and DDGS (43.0%) and among sources of DDGS (36.0 to 49.8%). Differences ( < 0.05) in IVDMD from simulated gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis were observed among WS (13.3%), SBH (18.9%), and DDGS (53.7%) and among sources of WS (12.8 to 13.8%), SBH (17.0 to 20.5%), and DDGS (52.0 to 56.9%). Differences ( < 0.05) in IVDMD from simulated large intestine fermentation (IVDMDf) were also observed among WS (23.3%), SBH (84.6%), and DDGS (69.6%) and among sources of WS (18.7 vs. 26.8%). In vitro DM disappearance from simulated total tract digestion of SBH (88.9%) and DDGS (86.1%) were greater ( < 0.01) than that of WS (33.5%). Differences ( < 0.01) in asymptotic gas production (A; mL/g DM substrate) were observed among WS (121), SBH (412), and DDGS (317), and ATTD of TDF was highly correlated with IVDMDf and A. In conclusion, low variability in ATTD of TDF and IVDMD among sources of WS and SBH evaluated in the current study may not justify the use of in vitro measurements, but in vitro fermentation accurately predicts ATTD of TDF among sources of corn DDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Huang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - P. E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - G. C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
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13
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Huang Z, Urriola PE, Salfer IJ, Stern MD, Shurson GC. Differences in in vitro hydrolysis and fermentation among and within high-fiber ingredients using a modified three-step procedure in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5497-5506. [PMID: 30715351 PMCID: PMC6292305 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) and gas production can be used to rapidly estimate apparent total tract digestibility of DM and GE in feed ingredients used in swine diets. However, the accuracy of the system in estimating ME among sources feed ingredients with high content of dietary fiber is not clear. Objectives of this study were 1) to measure IVDMD of feed ingredients with high insoluble fiber content and determine and compare in vitro gas production kinetics from fiber fermentation among wheat straw (WS; 16 sources; 69.0-83.4% NDF), soybean hulls (SBH; 16 sources; 60.9-67.7% NDF), and corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 16 sources; 28.8-44.0% NDF); and 2) to estimate ME contributions resulting from gas production of DDGS. Each 2-g sample was hydrolyzed for 2 h with pepsin and for a subsequent 4 h with pancreatin. Hydrolyzed residues were filtered, washed, dried, weighed, pooled within the same sample, and used for subsequent fermentation using swine fecal inocula. Volume of gas produced was recorded at 11 time points during 72 h of incubation. Parameters of gas production kinetics were calculated using a nonlinear monophasic model, and differences among ingredients were compared using a mixed model. The IVDMD from simulated gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis (IVDMDh) in DDGS (55.7%) was greater (P < 0.05) than that in SBH (19.7%), which was greater (P < 0.05) than that in WS (14.5%). In vitro DM digestibility from simulated large intestine fermentation (IVDMDf) of SBH (68.5%) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of DDGS (52.7%), which was greater than that of WS (41.8%). In vitro DM digestibility from simulated total tract digestion (IVDMDt) was greatest (P < 0.01) in DDGS (79.2%) followed by SBH (74.8%), and both were greater than that in WS (50.2%). The asymptotic gas production (mL/g substrate) was greater (P < 0.05) for SBH (293) than for DDGS (208) and WS (53). There were differences (P < 0.01) in IVDMDh among sources of WS, SBH, and DDGS, whereas IVDMDf and IVDMDt were different (P < 0.01) among sources of SBH but not among sources of DDGS or WS. There were no differences in asymptotic gas production among sources of WS, SBH, or DDGS. In conclusion, the modified 3-step procedure allowed for characterizing the variability of DM digestibility and asymptotic gas production resulting from residue fermentation among WS, SBH, and DDGS and among sources of each ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Huang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - P. E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - I. J. Salfer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - M. D. Stern
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
| | - G. C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
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Lai LP, Lee MT, Chen CS, Yu B, Lee TT. Effects of co-fermented Pleurotus eryngii stalk residues and soybean hulls by Aureobasidium pullulans on performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2959-69. [PMID: 26467005 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean hulls are a by-product of soybean processing for oil and meal production; Pleurotus eryngii stalk residues (PESR) are by-products of the edible portion of the fruiting body enriched in bioactive metabolites. This study evaluated the effects of co-fermented PESR and soybean hulls with Aureobasidium pullulans on performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. The in vitro experimental results showed that xylananse and mannanase activity of solid-state fermented soybean hulls (100% SBH) and soybean hulls partially replaced with PESR (75:25, SHP) reached peak at day 12; solid-state fermentation (SSF) enhanced the total phenolic content and trolox equivalency in both products as well. Additionally, FSHP had higher xylotriose and mannobiose levels than fermented FSBH did. A total of 400 broilers (Ross 308) were assigned randomly into four groups receiving the basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% fermented SBH (0.5% FSBH), 0.5% fermented SBHP (0.5% FSHP) and 1.0% fermented SBHP (1.0% FSHP) until 35 d of age, respectively. Results demonstrated that 0.5% FSHP addition increased body weight gain as compared with corresponding normal diet fed control in birds during entire experimental period. Compared with the control group, 0.5% FSHP group significantly increased the ratio of lactic acid bacteria to Clostridium perfringens in ceca as well as ileum villus height and jejunum villus height/crypt depth ratio of 35 d old birds. In conclusion, 0.5% FSHP supplementation in the diet could obtain not only improved body weight gain, but optimal intestinal morphology by exerting its bioactive metabolite properties when fed to broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Lai
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - M T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - C S Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - B Yu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - T T Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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