1
|
Padula AT, Elwell J, Madonick M, Wilhelm M, Boyd D. Implementation of a Spaced Learning Program for Educating CRNAs on a Scalpel-Bougie Cricothyrotomy Procedure for Emergency Front of Neck Access. AANA J 2024; 92:145-152. [PMID: 38564211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) who are responsible for airway management, may lack adequate continuing education for emergency front of neck access (EFONA), an advanced skill necessary in situations when a patient cannot be intubated and cannot be oxygenated (CICO). The purpose of this study was to improve CRNA knowledge and confidence when performing a scalpel-bougie cricothyrotomy for EFONA in a CICO event through the implementation of a spaced learning intervention. Thirteen CRNAs at a 160-bed community hospital participated in a 3-week educational intervention. Week 1: online preintervention survey followed by an educational video. Week 2: video review and skills component practiced on a cricothyrotomy trainer. Week 3: skills component practiced on a cricothyrotomy trainer followed by postintervention survey. This was a single-arm study and Wilcoxon sign ranked tests and a paired t-test were utilized to monitor for change in CRNA knowledge, confidence, and skill in performing EFONA. Implementation of a 3-week spaced learning program for educating CRNAs to perform a scalpel-bougie cricothyrotomy significantly increased CRNA knowledge, confidence, and skill when performing EFONA. Utilizing a spaced learning program may therefore improve provider skills, resulting in optimized patient care during a CICO event, leading to improved patient safety and outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette T Padula
- is an Assistant Professor of Nurse Anesthesia at Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York; and a CRNA Managing Partner at Modern Anesthesia Care Solutions, PLLC, Oxford, Connecticut.
| | - Joy Elwell
- is Clinical Professor and Director of the DNP Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
| | - Maria Madonick
- is a CRNA Managing Partner at Modern Anesthesia Care Solutions, PLLC, Oxford, Connecticut.
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- is a CRNA for the Connecticut Air National Guard, Bradley AFB and Chief Obstetric CRNA for the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.
| | - Don Boyd
- is an Assistant Professor and Associate Director of the Nurse Anesthesia Program at Columbia University School of Nursing and a CRNA at New York Columbia Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Hospital, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thompson CP, Hughes MA. The Effectiveness of Spaced Learning, Interleaving, and Retrieval Practice in Radiology Education: A Systematic Review. J Am Coll Radiol 2023; 20:1092-1101. [PMID: 37683816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiology is a highly complex field that requires mastery over an ever-expanding body of knowledge. Spaced learning, interleaving, and retrieval practice are evidence-based learning strategies that enhance long-term retention of information. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of these interventions in the setting of radiology education. METHODS The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, ERIC, and forward and backward citations for studies published between database inception and February 19, 2023. Eligibility criteria for included studies were randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that investigated the impact of spaced, interleaved, or retrieval practice on knowledge retention of medical trainees after education related to medical imaging as assessed by postinterventional examination scores. RESULTS Of 1,316 records reviewed, 8 studies met eligibility criteria. Two studies investigated spaced learning, two studies interleaving, and six studies retrieval practice, including two trials that evaluated interventions incorporating both spaced learning and retrieval practice. Five of eight studies reported statistically significant differences between interventional and control groups on either immediate or delayed postinterventional examinations. CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive evidence in support of spaced, interleaved, and retrieval practice within the broader literature, few studies have examined the effectiveness of these strategies in radiology education. Additional trials are required to evaluate the usefulness of incorporating these techniques into educational programs related to medical imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole P Thompson
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Marion A Hughes
- Associate Director of the Diagnostic Radiology Residency Program, Associate Medical Director - Faculty Development, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joosten M, Bökkerink GMJ, Stals JJM, Leijte E, De Blaauw I, Botden SMBI. The Effect of an Interval Training on Skill Retention of High-Complex Low-Volume Minimal Invasive Pediatric Surgery Skills: A Pilot Study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2021; 31:820-828. [PMID: 33944585 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2020.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Current training programs for complex pediatric minimal invasive surgery (MIS) are usually bulk training, consisting of 1- or 2-day courses. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of bulk training versus interval training on the preservation of high-complex, low-volume MIS skills. Materials and Methods: Medical students, without prior surgical experience, were randomly assigned to either a bulk or interval training program for complex MIS (congenital diaphragmatic hernia [CDH] and esophageal atresia [EA] repair). Both groups trained for 5 hours; the bulk group twice within 3 days and the interval groups five times in 3 weeks. Skills retention was assessed at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months posttraining, using a composite score (0%-100%) based on the objective parameters tracked by SurgTrac. Results: Seventeen students completed the training sessions (bulk n = 9, interval n = 8) and were assessed accordingly. Retention of the skills for EA repair was significantly better for the interval training group than for the bulk group at 6 weeks (P = .004). However, at 6 months, both groups scored significantly worse than after the training sessions for EA repair (bulk 60 versus 67, P = .176; interval 63 versus 74, P = .028) and CDH repair (bulk 32 versus 67, P = .018; interval 47 versus 62, P = .176). Conclusion: This pilot study suggests superior retention of complex pediatric MIS skills after interval training, during a longer period of time, than bulk training. However, after 6 months, both groups scored significantly worse than after their training, indicating the need for continuous training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Joosten
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus M J Bökkerink
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien J M Stals
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Leijte
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo De Blaauw
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne M B I Botden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Awata H, Takakura M, Kimura Y, Iwata I, Masuda T, Hirano Y. The neural circuit linking mushroom body parallel circuits induces memory consolidation in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16080-16085. [PMID: 31337675 PMCID: PMC6690006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901292116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation is augmented by repeated learning following rest intervals, which is known as the spacing effect. Although the spacing effect has been associated with cumulative cellular responses in the neurons engaged in memory, here, we report the neural circuit-based mechanism for generating the spacing effect in the memory-related mushroom body (MB) parallel circuits in Drosophila To investigate the neurons activated during the training, we monitored expression of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK [phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK)]. In an olfactory spaced training paradigm, pERK expression in one of the parallel circuits, consisting of γm neurons, was progressively inhibited via dopamine. This inhibition resulted in reduced pERK expression in a postsynaptic GABAergic neuron that, in turn, led to an increase in pERK expression in a dopaminergic neuron specifically in the later session during spaced training, suggesting that disinhibition of the dopaminergic neuron occurs during spaced training. The dopaminergic neuron was significant for gene expression in the different MB parallel circuits consisting of α/βs neurons for memory consolidation. Our results suggest that the spacing effect-generating neurons and the neurons engaged in memory reside in the distinct MB parallel circuits and that the spacing effect can be a consequence of evolved neural circuit architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Awata
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Takakura
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Kimura
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Iwata
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Masuda
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukinori Hirano
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In the last decade advances in human neuroscience have identified the critical importance of time in creating long-term memories. Circadian neuroscience has established biological time functions via cellular clocks regulated by photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Individuals have different circadian clocks depending on their chronotypes that vary with genetic, age, and sex. In contrast, social time is determined by time zones, daylight savings time, and education and employment hours. Social time and circadian time differences can lead to circadian desynchronization, sleep deprivation, health problems, and poor cognitive performance. Synchronizing social time to circadian biology leads to better health and learning, as demonstrated in adolescent education. In-day making memories of complex bodies of structured information in education is organized in social time and uses many different learning techniques. Research in the neuroscience of long-term memory (LTM) has demonstrated in-day time spaced learning patterns of three repetitions of information separated by two rest periods are effective in making memories in mammals and humans. This time pattern is based on the intracellular processes required in synaptic plasticity. Circadian desynchronization, sleep deprivation, and memory consolidation in sleep are less well-understood, though there has been considerable progress in neuroscience research in the last decade. The interplay of circadian, in-day and sleep neuroscience research are creating an understanding of making memories in the first 24-h that has already led to interventions that can improve health and learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kelley
- Sleep, Circadian and Memory Neuroscience, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - M. D. R. Evans
- Sociology and Applied Statistics Program, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
- Sociology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Jonathan Kelley
- Sociology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang S, Deshpande A, Yeo SC, Lo JC, Chee MW, Gooley JJ. Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study. Sleep 2016; 39:1681-90. [PMID: 27253768 PMCID: PMC4989257 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The ability to recall facts is improved when learning takes place at spaced intervals, or when sleep follows shortly after learning. However, many students cram for exams and trade sleep for other activities. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of study spacing and time in bed (TIB) for sleep on vocabulary learning in adolescents. METHODS In the Need for Sleep Study, which used a parallel-group design, 56 adolescents aged 15-19 years were randomly assigned to a week of either 5 h or 9 h of TIB for sleep each night as part of a 14-day protocol conducted at a boarding school. During the sleep manipulation period, participants studied 40 Graduate Record Examination (GRE)-type English words using digital flashcards. Word pairs were presented over 4 consecutive days (spaced items), or all at once during single study sessions (massed items), with total study time kept constant across conditions. Recall performance was examined 0 h, 24 h, and 120 h after all items were studied. RESULTS For all retention intervals examined, recall of massed items was impaired by a greater amount in adolescents exposed to sleep restriction. In contrast, cued recall performance on spaced items was similar between sleep groups. CONCLUSIONS Spaced learning conferred strong protection against the effects of sleep restriction on recall performance, whereas students who had insufficient sleep were more likely to forget items studied over short time intervals. These findings in adolescents demonstrate the importance of combining good study habits and good sleep habits to optimize learning outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Huang
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Aadya Deshpande
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sing-Chen Yeo
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - June C. Lo
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michael W.L. Chee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Joshua J. Gooley
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cao G, Harris KM. Augmenting saturated LTP by broadly spaced episodes of theta-burst stimulation in hippocampal area CA1 of adult rats and mice. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1916-24. [PMID: 25057146 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00297.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is a model system for studying cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Recent interest in mechanisms underlying the advantage of spaced over massed learning has prompted investigation into the effects of distributed episodes of LTP induction. The amount of LTP induced in hippocampal area CA1 by one train (1T) of theta-burst stimulation (TBS) in young Sprague-Dawley rats was further enhanced by additional bouts of 1T given at 1-h intervals. However, in young Long-Evans (LE) rats, 1T did not initially saturate LTP. Instead, a stronger LTP induction paradigm using eight trains of TBS (8T) induced saturated LTP in hippocampal slices from both young and adult LE rats as well as adult mice. The saturated LTP induced by 8T could be augmented by another episode of 8T following an interval of at least 90 min. The success rate across animals and slices in augmenting LTP by an additional episode of 8T increased significantly with longer intervals between the first and last episodes, ranging from 0% at 30- and 60-min intervals to 13-66% at 90- to 180-min intervals to 90-100% at 240-min intervals. Augmentation above initially saturated LTP was blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV). These findings suggest that the strength of induction and interval between episodes of TBS, as well as the strain and age of the animal, are important components in the augmentation of LTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Cao
- The Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kristen M Harris
- The Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kelley P, Whatson T. Making long-term memories in minutes: a spaced learning pattern from memory research in education. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:589. [PMID: 24093012 PMCID: PMC3782739 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory systems select from environmental stimuli those to encode permanently. Repeated stimuli separated by timed spaces without stimuli can initiate Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory (LTM) encoding. These processes occur in time scales of minutes, and have been demonstrated in many species. This study reports on using a specific timed pattern of three repeated stimuli separated by 10 min spaces drawn from both behavioral and laboratory studies of LTP and LTM encoding. A technique was developed based on this pattern to test whether encoding complex information into LTM in students was possible using the pattern within a very short time scale. In an educational context, stimuli were periods of highly compressed instruction, and spaces were created through 10 min distractor activities. Spaced Learning in this form was used as the only means of instruction for a national curriculum Biology course, and led to very rapid LTM encoding as measured by the high-stakes test for the course. Remarkably, learning at a greatly increased speed and in a pattern that included deliberate distraction produced significantly higher scores than random answers (p < 0.00001) and scores were not significantly different for experimental groups (one hour spaced learning) and control groups (four months teaching). Thus learning per hour of instruction, as measured by the test, was significantly higher for the spaced learning groups (p < 0.00001). In a third condition, spaced learning was used to replace the end of course review for one of two examinations. Results showed significantly higher outcomes for the course using spaced learning (p < 0.0005). The implications of these findings and further areas for research are briefly considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kelley
- Science + Technology in LearningWhitley Bay, UK
| | - Terry Whatson
- Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open UniversityMilton Keynes, UK
| |
Collapse
|