1
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJA, Goo CEA, Rasmussen JP. Rho-associated kinase regulates Langerhans cell morphology and responsiveness to tissue damage. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114208. [PMID: 38728139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin damage requires efficient immune cell responses to restore organ function. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains keratinocytes and peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are poorly understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance following axonal degeneration and use their dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are populated with actin and sensitive to a broad-spectrum actin inhibitor. We show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to epidermal wounds. Our work describes the dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | - Camille E A Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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2
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Bao Y, Wang G, Li H. Approaches for studying human macrophages. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:237-247. [PMID: 38580575 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are vital tissue components involved in organogenesis, maintaining homeostasis, and responses to disease. Mouse models have significantly improved our understanding of macrophages. Further investigations into the characteristics and development of human macrophages are crucial, considering the substantial anatomical and physiological distinctions between mice and humans. Despite challenges in human macrophage research, recent studies are shedding light on the ontogeny and function of human macrophages. In this opinion, we propose combinations of cutting-edge approaches to examine the diversity, development, niche, and function of human tissue-resident macrophages. These methodologies can facilitate our exploration of human macrophages more efficiently, ideally providing new therapeutic avenues for macrophage-relevant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Bao
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guanlin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Centre for Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Hayashi Y. Signaling pathways regulating the immune function of cochlear supporting cells and their involvement in cochlear pathophysiology. Glia 2024; 72:665-676. [PMID: 37933494 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear, including the cochlea, used to be regarded as an immune-privileged site because of its immunologically isolated environment caused by the blood-labyrinthine barrier. Cochlear resident macrophages, which originate from the yolk sac or fetal liver during the embryonic stage and are maintained after birth, are distributed throughout various regions of the cochlear duct. Intriguingly, these cells are absent in the organ of Corti, where hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs) are located, except for a limited number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells. Instead, SCs exert glial functions varying from a quiescent to an emergency state. Notably, SCs acquire the nature of macrophages and begin to secrete inflammatory cytokines during viral infection in the organ of Corti, which is ostensibly unprotected owing to the lack of general resident macrophages. This review provides an overview of both positive and negative functions of SCs enabled to acquire macrophage phenotypes upon viral infection focusing on the signaling pathways that regulate these functions. The former function protects HCs from viral infection by inducting type I interferons, and the latter function induces HC death by necroptosis, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. Thus, SCs play contradictory roles as immune cells with acquired macrophage phenotypes; thereby, they are favorable and unfavorable to HCs, which play a pivotal role in hearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Zhong H, Ji J, Zhuang J, Xiong Z, Xie P, Liu X, Zheng J, Tian W, Hong X, Tang J. Tissue-resident macrophages exacerbate lung injury after remote sterile damage. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:332-348. [PMID: 38228746 PMCID: PMC10979030 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Remote organ injury, which is a common secondary complication of sterile tissue damage, is a major cause of poor prognosis and is difficult to manage. Here, we report the critical role of tissue-resident macrophages in lung injury after trauma or stroke through the inflammatory response. We found that depleting tissue-resident macrophages rather than disrupting the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages attenuated lung injury after trauma or stroke. Our findings revealed that the release of circulating alarmins from sites of distant sterile tissue damage triggered an inflammatory response in lung-resident macrophages by binding to receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) on the membrane, which activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Mechanistically, ligand-activated RAGE triggered EGFR activation through an interaction, leading to Rab5-mediated RAGE internalization and EGFR phosphorylation, which subsequently recruited and activated P38; this, in turn, promoted RAGE translation and trafficking to the plasma membrane to increase the cellular response to RAGE ligands, consequently exacerbating inflammation. Our study also showed that the loss of RAGE or EGFR expression by adoptive transfer of macrophages, blocking the function of RAGE with a neutralizing antibody, or pharmacological inhibition of EGFR activation in macrophages could protect against trauma- or stroke-induced remote lung injury. Therefore, our study revealed that targeting the RAGE-EGFR signaling pathway in tissue-resident macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach for treating secondary complications of sterile damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhui Zhong
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Ji
- The Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Zhuang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziying Xiong
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengyun Xie
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jundi Zheng
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Wangli Tian
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hong
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Senior Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJ, Goo CE, Rasmussen JP. Rho-associated kinase regulates Langerhans cell morphology and responsiveness to tissue damage. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.28.550974. [PMID: 37546841 PMCID: PMC10402157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin is often the first physical barrier to encounter invading pathogens and physical damage. Damage to the skin must be resolved quickly and efficiently to maintain organ homeostasis. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to dynamically surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains epithelial keratinocytes and somatosensory peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are not well understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance activity following axonal degeneration and use their dynamic dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are richly populated with actin and sensitive to a broad spectrum actin inhibitor. We further show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to tissue-scale wounds. Altogether, our work describes the unique dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses to damage of varying magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Camille E.A. Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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6
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Liao Z, Ye L, Li T, Jin X, Lin X, Fei Q, Zhang H, Shi S, Yu X, Jin K, Wu W. Tissue-resident CXCR4 + macrophage as a poor prognosis signature promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:2396-2409. [PMID: 36757203 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage is an essential part of the tumor immune microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In our study, we explored the CXCR4+ macrophages subset on its prognosis value, immune profile and distinct function in pancreatic cancer progression. Specimens from 102 postoperative pancreatic patients were analyzed by flow cytometry or immune-fluorescence, and the prognostic value of CXCR4+ macrophages infiltration was further determined by Cox regression. In silico analysis on TCGA, ICGC database and single-cell sequencing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma further validated our findings. We found that high CXCR4+ macrophages infiltration was associated with poor overall survival (P < .01) and disease-free survival (P < .05) as an independent factor. CXCR4+ macrophages exhibited an M2 protumor phenotype with high expression of CD206. The function of CXCR4+ macrophages was further analyzed in the murine orthotopic PDAC model with its tumor promotion effect and inhibition of CD8+ T cells. Mechanistic and RNA-seq analysis showed that CXCR4+ macrophages participated in extracellular matrix remodeling procedures and especially secreted SPARC through CXCR4/PI3K/Akt pathway promoting tumor proliferation and migration. Our study reveals that CXCR4+ macrophages infiltration is an indicator of poor prognosis of PDAC and targeting these cells was potentially crucial in immunotherapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglin Fei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saimeng Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Tsai TL, Zhou TA, Hsieh YT, Wang JC, Cheng HK, Huang CH, Tsai PY, Fan HH, Feng HK, Huang YC, Lin CC, Lin CH, Lin CY, Dzhagalov IL, Hsu CL. Multiomics reveal the central role of pentose phosphate pathway in resident thymic macrophages to cope with efferocytosis-associated stress. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111065. [PMID: 35830797 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are heterogeneous cell populations found throughout the body. Depending on their location, they perform diverse functions maintaining tissue homeostasis and providing immune surveillance. To survive and function within, TRMs adapt metabolically to the distinct microenvironments. However, little is known about the metabolic signatures of TRMs. The thymus provides a nurturing milieu for developing thymocytes yet efficiently removes those that fail the selection, relying on the resident thymic macrophages (TMφs). This study harnesses multiomics analyses to characterize TMφs and unveils their metabolic features. We find that the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is preferentially activated in TMφs, responding to the reduction-oxidation demands associated with the efferocytosis of dying thymocytes. The blockade of PPP in Mφs leads to decreased efferocytosis, which can be rescued by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Our study reveals the key role of the PPP in TMφs and underscores the importance of metabolic adaptation in supporting Mφ efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tyng-An Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Kuei Cheng
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hua Huang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Han Fan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Kai Feng
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ivan L Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Ma S, Zhang J, Liu H, Li S, Wang Q. The Role of Tissue-Resident Macrophages in the Development and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:896591. [PMID: 35721513 PMCID: PMC9199005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.896591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a refractory disease with many immune abnormalities and pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract. Because macrophages can distinguish innocuous antigens from potential pathogens to maintain mucosa barrier functions, they are essential cells in the intestinal immune system. With numerous numbers in the intestinal tract, tissue-resident macrophages have a significant effect on the constant regeneration of intestinal epithelial cells and maintaining the immune homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa. They also have a significant influence on IBD through regulating pro-(M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype polarization according to different environmental cues. The disequilibrium of the phenotypes and functions of macrophages, disturbed by intracellular or extracellular stimuli, influences the progression of disease. Further investigation of macrophages’ role in the progression of IBD will facilitate deciphering the pathogenesis of disease and exploring novel targets to develop novel medications. In this review, we shed light on the origin and maintenance of intestinal macrophages, as well as the role of macrophages in the occurrence and development of IBD. In addition, we summarize the interaction between gut microbiota and intestinal macrophages, and the role of the macrophage-derived exosome. Furthermore, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms participating in the polarization and functions of gut macrophages, the potential targeted strategies, and current clinical trials for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Heshi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
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9
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Gorki AD, Symmank D, Zahalka S, Lakovits K, Hladik A, Langer B, Maurer B, Sexl V, Kain R, Knapp S. Murine Ex Vivo Cultured Alveolar Macrophages Provide a Novel Tool to Study Tissue-Resident Macrophage Behavior and Function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:64-75. [PMID: 34586974 PMCID: PMC8803354 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0190oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are of vital importance as they preserve tissue homeostasis in all mammalian organs. Nevertheless, appropriate cell culture models are still limited. Here, we propose a novel culture model to study and expand murine primary alveolar macrophages (AMs), the tissue-resident macrophages of the lung, in vitro over several months. By providing a combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, TGFβ, and the PPARγ activator rosiglitazone, we maintain and expand mouse ex vivo cultured AMs (mexAMs) over several months. MexAMs maintain typical morphologic features and stably express primary AM surface markers throughout in vitro culture. They respond to microbial ligands and exhibit an AM-like transcriptional profile, including the expression of AM-specific transcription factors. Furthermore, when transferred into AM-deficient mice, mexAMs efficiently engraft in the lung and fulfill key macrophage functions, leading to a significantly reduced surfactant load in those mice. Altogether, mexAMs provide a novel, simple, and versatile tool to study AM behavior in homeostasis and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, and
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Dörte Symmank
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, and
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Sophie Zahalka
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, and
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Karin Lakovits
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, and
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, and
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Brigitte Langer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Maurer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, and
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; and
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10
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Millard SM, Heng O, Opperman KS, Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Kaur S, Sandrock CJ, Wu AC, Magor GW, Batoon L, Perkins AC, Noll JE, Zannettino ACW, Sester DP, Levesque JP, Hume DA, Raggatt LJ, Summers KM, Pettit AR. Fragmentation of tissue-resident macrophages during isolation confounds analysis of single-cell preparations from mouse hematopoietic tissues. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110058. [PMID: 34818538 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hematopoietic tissues contain abundant tissue-resident macrophages that support immunity, hematopoiesis, and bone homeostasis. A systematic strategy to characterize macrophage subsets in mouse bone marrow (BM), spleen, and lymph node unexpectedly reveals that macrophage surface marker staining emanates from membrane-bound subcellular remnants associated with unrelated cells. Intact macrophages are not present within these cell preparations. The macrophage remnant binding profile reflects interactions between macrophages and other cell types in vivo. Depletion of CD169+ macrophages in vivo eliminates F4/80+ remnant attachment. Remnant-restricted macrophage-specific membrane markers, cytoplasmic fluorescent reporters, and mRNA are all detected in non-macrophage cells including isolated stem and progenitor cells. Analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, including publicly available datasets, indicates that macrophage fragmentation is a general phenomenon that confounds bulk and single-cell analysis of disaggregated hematopoietic tissues. Hematopoietic tissue macrophage fragmentation undermines the accuracy of macrophage ex vivo molecular profiling and creates opportunity for misattribution of macrophage-expressed genes to non-macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Millard
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ostyn Heng
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Khatora S Opperman
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; The University of Queensland, UQ Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cheyenne J Sandrock
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Andy C Wu
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; TRI Flow Cytometry Suite, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Graham W Magor
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lena Batoon
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew C Perkins
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, PO Box 11060, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - David P Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Liza J Raggatt
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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11
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Rajab N, Angel PW, Deng Y, Gu J, Jameson V, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Milling S, Pacheco CM, Rutar M, Laslett AL, Lê Cao KA, Choi J, Wells CA. An integrated analysis of human myeloid cells identifies gaps in in vitro models of in vivo biology. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1629-43. [PMID: 33989517 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stemformatics myeloid atlas is an integrated transcriptome atlas of human macrophages and dendritic cells that systematically compares freshly isolated tissue-resident, cultured, and pluripotent stem cell–derived myeloid cells. Three classes of tissue-resident macrophage were identified: Kupffer cells and microglia; monocyte-associated; and tumor-associated macrophages. Culture had a major impact on all primary cell phenotypes. Pluripotent stem cell–derived macrophages were characterized by atypical expression of collagen and a highly efferocytotic phenotype. Myeloid subsets, and phenotypes associated with derivation, were reproducible across experimental series including data projected from single-cell studies, demonstrating that the atlas provides a robust reference for myeloid phenotypes. Implementation in Stemformatics.org allows users to visualize patterns of sample grouping or gene expression for user-selected conditions and supports temporary upload of your own microarray or RNA sequencing samples, including single-cell data, to benchmark against the atlas. A reference transcriptome atlas for human macrophage biology Culture alters primary myeloid phenotypes Pluripotent stem cell–derived macrophages retain a common stromal signature FLT3L-derived cord blood DCs lack expression of key pattern recognition receptors
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12
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Mu X, Fan H, Wang P, Li Y, Domenico K, Li Q, Wang X, Essandoh K, Chen J, Peng T, Fan GC. Sectm1a Facilitates Protection against Inflammation-Induced Organ Damage through Promoting TRM Self-Renewal. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1294-311. [PMID: 33279722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are sentinel cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ function. In this study, we discovered that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration dramatically reduced TRM populations and suppressed their self-renewal capacities in multiple organs. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we define Sectm1a as a novel regulator of TRM self-renewal. Specifically, at the earlier stage of endotoxemia, Sectm1a deficiency exaggerated acute inflammation-induced reduction of TRM numbers in multiple organs by suppressing their proliferation, which was associated with more infiltrations of inflammatory monocytes/neutrophils and more serious organ damage. By contrast, administration of recombinant Sectm1a enhanced TRM populations and improved animal survival upon endotoxin challenge. Mechanistically, we identified that Sectm1a-induced upregulation in the self-renewal capacity of TRM is dependent on GITR-activated T helper cell expansion and cytokine production. Meanwhile, we found that TRMs may play an important role in protecting local vascular integrity during endotoxemia. Our study demonstrates that Sectm1a contributes to stabling TRM populations through maintaining their self-renewal capacities, which benefits the host immune response to acute inflammation. Therefore, Sectm1a may serve as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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13
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Obst J, Simon E, Martin-Estebane M, Pipi E, Barkwill LM, Gonzalez-Rivera I, Buchanan F, Prescott AR, Faust D, Fox S, Brownlees J, Taylor D, Perry VH, Nuthall H, Atkinson PJ, Karran E, Routledge C, Gomez-Nicola D. Inhibition of IL-34 Unveils Tissue-Selectivity and Is Sufficient to Reduce Microglial Proliferation in a Model of Chronic Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579000. [PMID: 33162994 PMCID: PMC7580706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and activation of microglia, the resident macrophages in the brain, is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is critically involved in regulating microglial proliferation, and CSF1R blocking strategies have been recently used to modulate microglia in neurodegenerative diseases. However, CSF1R is broadly expressed by many cell types and the impact of its inhibition on the innate immune system is still unclear. CSF1R can be activated by two independent ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin 34 (IL-34). Recently, it has been reported that microglia development and maintenance depend on IL-34 signaling. In this study, we evaluate the inhibition of IL-34 as a novel strategy to reduce microglial proliferation in the ME7 model of prion disease. Selective inhibition of IL-34 showed no effects on peripheral macrophage populations in healthy mice, avoiding the side effects observed after CSF1R inhibition on the systemic compartment. However, we observed a reduction in microglial proliferation after IL-34 inhibition in prion-diseased mice, indicating that microglia could be more specifically targeted by reducing IL-34. Overall, our results highlight the challenges of targeting the CSF1R/IL34 axis in the systemic and central compartments, important for framing any therapeutic effort to tackle microglia/macrophage numbers during brain disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/toxicity
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genes, fms
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration
- Prion Diseases/drug therapy
- Prion Diseases/metabolism
- Prion Diseases/pathology
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Obst
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Simon
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Martin-Estebane
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Pipi
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Liana M. Barkwill
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ivette Gonzalez-Rivera
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fergus Buchanan
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dorte Faust
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Fox
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Brownlees
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Taylor
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - V. Hugh Perry
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Nuthall
- Eli Lilly Research Centre, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Atkinson
- Eisai Limited, European Knowledge Centre, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Karran
- Abbvie, Foundational Neuroscience Centre, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, there is an intricate communication happening between tumor and stromal cells. This information exchange, in the form of cytokines, growth factors, extracellular vesicles, danger molecules, cell debris, and other factors, is capable of modulating the function of immune cells. The triggering of specific responses, including phenotypic alterations, can ultimately result in either immune surveillance or tumor cell survival. Macrophages are a well-studied cell lineage illustrating the different cellular phenotypes possible, depending on the tumor microenvironmental context. While our understanding of macrophage responses is well documented in vitro, surprisingly, little work has been done to confirm these observations in the cancer microenvironment. In fact, there are examples of opposing reactions of macrophages to cytokines in cell culture and in vivo tumor settings. Additionally, it seems that different macrophage lineages, for example tissue-resident and monocyte-derived macrophages, respond differently to cytokines and other cancer-derived signals. In this review article, we will describe and discuss the diverging reports on how cancer cells influence monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophage traits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Ham
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luize G Lima
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Erica Lek
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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15
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Liu Z, Gu Y, Chakarov S, Bleriot C, Kwok I, Chen X, Shin A, Huang W, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Schlitzer A, Chen J, Ng LG, Wang H, Liu Z, Su B, Ginhoux F. Fate Mapping via Ms4a3-Expression History Traces Monocyte-Derived Cells. Cell 2020; 178:1509-1525.e19. [PMID: 31491389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most tissue-resident macrophage (RTM) populations are seeded by waves of embryonic hematopoiesis and are self-maintained independently of a bone marrow contribution during adulthood. A proportion of RTMs, however, is constantly replaced by blood monocytes, and their functions compared to embryonic RTMs remain unclear. The kinetics and extent of the contribution of circulating monocytes to RTM replacement during homeostasis, inflammation, and disease are highly debated. Here, we identified Ms4a3 as a specific gene expressed by granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) and subsequently generated Ms4a3TdT reporter, Ms4a3Cre, and Ms4a3CreERT2 fate-mapping models. These models traced efficiently monocytes and granulocytes, but no lymphocytes or tissue dendritic cells. Using these models, we precisely quantified the contribution of monocytes to the RTM pool during homeostasis and inflammation. The unambiguous identification of monocyte-derived cells will permit future studies of their function under any condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yaqi Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Camille Bleriot
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Xin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Amanda Shin
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Regine J Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Myeloid Cell Biology, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Honglin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Abstract
Microglia represent 5-10% of cells in the central nervous system and contribute to the development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of neural tissues. As the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, microglia execute core innate immune functions such as detection of pathogens/damage, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis. However, additional properties that are specific to microglia and their neural environment are beginning to be appreciated. This article describes approaches for purification of microglia by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using microglia-specific surface markers and for enrichment of microglia by magnetic sorting and immunopanning. Detailed information about culturing primary microglia at various developmental stages is also provided. Throughout, we focus on special considerations for handling microglia and compare the relative strengths or disadvantages of different protocols. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Ushio A, Arakaki R, Otsuka K, Yamada A, Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Aota K, Azuma M, Ishimaru N. CCL22-Producing Resident Macrophages Enhance T Cell Response in Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2594. [PMID: 30467506 PMCID: PMC6236111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are critical regulators of immune response and serve as a link between innate and acquired immunity. The precise mechanism of involvement of tissue-resident MΦs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is not clear. Here, using a murine model for Sjögren's syndrome (SS), we investigated the role of tissue-resident MΦs in the onset and development of autoimmunity. Two unique populations of CD11bhigh and CD11blow resident MΦs were observed in the target tissue of the SS model. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of chemokines revealed effective production of CCL22 by the CD11bhigh MΦs. CCL22 upregulated the migratory activity of CD4+ T cells by increasing CCR4, a receptor of CCL22, on T cells in the SS model. In addition, CCL22 enhanced IFN-γ production of T cells of the SS model, thereby suggesting that CCL22 may impair the local immune tolerance in the target organ of the SS model. Moreover, administration of anti-CCL22 antibody suppressed autoimmune lesions in the SS model. Finally, histopathological analysis revealed numerous CCL22-producing MΦs in the minor salivary gland tissue specimens of the SS patients. CCL22-producing tissue-resident MΦs may control autoimmune lesions by enhancing T cell response in the SS model. These results suggest that specific chemokines and their receptors may serve as novel therapeutic or diagnostic targets for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ushio
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Otsuka
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Aota
- Department of Oral Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Oral Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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18
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Oh MH, Collins SL, Sun IH, Tam AJ, Patel CH, Arwood ML, Chan-Li Y, Powell JD, Horton MR. mTORC2 Signaling Selectively Regulates the Generation and Function of Tissue-Resident Peritoneal Macrophages. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2439-2454. [PMID: 28877476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages play critical roles in sentinel and homeostatic functions as well as in promoting inflammation and immunity. It has become clear that the generation of these cells is highly dependent upon tissue-specific cues derived from the microenvironment that, in turn, regulate unique differentiation programs. Recently, a role for GATA6 has emerged in the differentiation programming of resident peritoneal macrophages. We identify a critical role for mTOR in integrating cues from the tissue microenvironment in regulating differentiation and metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, inhibition of mTORC2 leads to enhanced GATA6 expression in a FOXO1 dependent fashion. Functionally, inhibition of mTORC2 promotes peritoneal resident macrophage generation in the resolution phase during zymosan-induced peritonitis. Also, mTORC2-deficient peritoneal resident macrophages displayed increased functionality and metabolic reprogramming. Notably, mTORC2 activation distinguishes tissue-resident macrophage proliferation and differentiation from that of M2 macrophages. Overall, our data implicate a selective role for mTORC2 in the differentiation of tissue-resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Oh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Samuel L Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Im-Hong Sun
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Matthew L Arwood
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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19
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Lee SH, Sacks DL. Tissue-resident macrophages as replicative niches for intracellular pathogens. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:621-6. [PMID: 33525847 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20170110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are considered a critical component of innate immunity against intracellular pathogens. Although macrophages have historically been viewed as monocyte-derived and terminally differentiated cells, recent progress has revealed that many tissue-resident macrophages are embryonically seeded, self-renewed, and perform homeostatic functions associated with M2-like activation programs. There is evidence that tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) maintain their M2-like phenotype even in an infection-driven pro-inflammatory environment. In this regard, several intracellular pathogens are shown to exploit M2-like TRMs as replicative niches to evade pathogen-specific immunity. This knowledge provides a new perspective to understand the chronicity of infections and develop therapeutic strategies which can selectively target TRMs.
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20
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Zhu Y, Herndon JM, Sojka DK, Kim KW, Knolhoff BL, Zuo C, Cullinan DR, Luo J, Bearden AR, Lavine KJ, Yokoyama WM, Hawkins WG, Fields RC, Randolph GJ, DeNardo DG. Tissue-Resident Macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Originate from Embryonic Hematopoiesis and Promote Tumor Progression. Immunity 2017; 47:323-338.e6. [PMID: 28813661 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are essential components of the cancer microenvironment and play critical roles in the regulation of tumor progression. Optimal therapeutic intervention requires in-depth understanding of the sources that sustain macrophages in malignant tissues. In this study, we investigated the ontogeny of TAMs in murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) models. We identified both inflammatory monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages as sources of TAMs. Unexpectedly, significant portions of pancreas-resident macrophages originated from embryonic development and expanded through in situ proliferation during tumor progression. Whereas monocyte-derived TAMs played more potent roles in antigen presentation, embryonically derived TAMs exhibited a pro-fibrotic transcriptional profile, indicative of their role in producing and remodeling molecules in the extracellular matrix. Collectively, these findings uncover the heterogeneity of TAM origin and functions and could provide therapeutic insight for PDAC treatment.
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