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Abstract
The base excess of blood (BE) plays an important role in the description of the acid-base status of a patient and is gaining in clinical interest. Apart from the Quick test, the age, the injury severity score and the Glasgow coma scale, the BE is becoming more and more important to identify, e. g. the risk of mortality for patients with multiple injuries. According to Zander the BE is calculated using the pH, pCO(2), haemoglobin concentration and the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (sO(2)). The use of sO(2 )allows the blood gas analyser to determine only one value of BE, independent of the type of blood sample analyzed: arterial, mixed venous or venous. The BE and measurement of the lactate concentration (cLac) play an important role in diagnosing critically ill patients. In general, the change in BE corresponds to the change in cLac. If DeltaBE is smaller than DeltacLac the reason could be therapy with HCO(3)(-) but also with infusion solutions containing lactate. Physician are very familiar with the term BE, therefore, knowledge about an alkalizing or acidifying effect of an infusion solution would be very helpful in the treatment of patients, especially critically ill patients. Unfortunately, at present the description of an infusion solution with respect to BE has not yet been accepted by the manufacturers.
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Lung compliance, plasma electrolyte levels and acid-base balance are affected by scorpion envenomation in anesthetized rats under mechanical ventilation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 138:97-104. [PMID: 15313452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of Tityus serrulatus scorpion toxin on lung compliance and resistance, ionic equilibrium and acid-base balance over time in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated rats, we measured air flow, tracheal and esophageal pressure. Lung volume was obtained by electronic integration of airflow signal. Arterial blood samples were collected through a catheter at baseline (before) and 5, 15, 30 and 60 min after scorpion toxin injection for arterial blood gases, bicarbonate, and alkali reserve levels as well as for, sodium, potassium, magnesium, glucose, lactate, hematocrit, and osmolality analysis. Injection of the gamma fraction of the T. serrulatus scorpion venom in rats under mechanical ventilatory support leads to a continuous decrease in lung compliance secondary to pulmonary edema, but no change in airway resistance. The changes in arterial blood gases characterizing metabolic acidosis were accompanied by an increase in arterial lactate and glucose values, suggesting a scorpion toxin-induced lactic acidosis, in association with poor tissue perfusion (hypotension and low cardiac output). Moreover, scorpion toxin injection resulted in hyperosmolality, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia and an increase in hematocrit. The experiments have shown a clinically relevant animal model to study severe scorpion envenoming and may help to better understand the scorpion envenoming syndrome.
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Muscle metabolism during heavy-intensity exercise after acute acetazolamide administration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 88:722-9. [PMID: 10658043 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition is associated with a lower plasma lactate concentration ([La(-)](pl)), but the mechanism for this association is not known. The effect of CA inhibition on muscle high-energy phosphates [ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr)], lactate ([La(-)](m)), and glycogen was examined in seven men [28 +/- 3 (SE) yr] during cycling exercise under control (Con) and acute CA inhibition with acetazolamide (Acz; 10 mg/kg body wt iv). Subjects performed 6-min step transitions in work rate from 0 W to a work rate corresponding to approximately 50% of the difference between the O(2) uptake at the ventilatory threshold and peak O(2) uptake. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest, at 30 min postinfusion, at end exercise (EE), and at 5 and 30 min postexercise. Arterialized venous blood was sampled from a dorsal hand vein and analyzed for [La(-)](pl). ATP was unchanged from rest values; no difference between Con and Acz was observed. The fall in PCr from rest [72 +/- 3 and 73 +/- 3.6 (SE) mmol/kg dry wt for Con and Acz, respectively] to EE (51 +/- 4 and 46 +/- 5 mmol/kg dry wt for Con and Acz, respectively) was similar in Con and Acz. At EE, glycogen (mmol glucosyl units/kg dry wt) decreased to similar values in Con and Acz (307 +/- 16 and 300 +/- 19, respectively). At EE, no difference was observed in [La(-)](m) between conditions (46 +/- 6 and 43 +/- 5 mmol/kg dry wt for Con and Acz, respectively). EE [La(-)](pl) was higher during Con than during Acz (11.4 +/- 1.0 vs. 8.2 +/- 0.6 mmol/l). The similar [La(-)](m) but lower [La(-)](pl) suggests that the uptake of La(-) by other tissues is enhanced after CA inhibition.
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NaHCO(3) and KHCO(3) ingestion rapidly increases renal electrolyte excretion in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 88:540-50. [PMID: 10658021 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes and quantifies acute responses of the kidneys in correcting plasma volume, acid-base, and ion disturbances resulting from NaHCO(3) and KHCO(3) ingestion. Renal excretion of ions and water was studied in five men after ingestion of 3.57 mmol/kg body mass of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) and, in a separate trial, potassium bicarbonate (KHCO(3)). Subjects had a Foley catheter inserted into the bladder and indwelling catheters placed into an antecubital vein and a brachial artery. Blood and urine were sampled in the 30-min period before, the 60-min period during, and the 210-min period after ingestion of the solutions. NaHCO(3) ingestion resulted in a rapid, transient diuresis and natriuresis. Cumulative urine output was 44 +/- 11% of ingested volume, resulting in a 555 +/- 119 ml increase in total body water at the end of the experiment. The cumulative increase (above basal levels) in renal Na(+) excretion accounted for 24 +/- 2% of ingested Na(+). In the KHCO(3) trial, arterial plasma K(+) concentration rapidly increased from 4.25 +/- 0.10 to a peak of 7.17 +/- 0.13 meq/l 140 min after the beginning of ingestion. This increase resulted in a pronounced, transient diuresis, with cumulative urine output at 270 min similar to the volume ingested, natriuresis, and a pronounced kaliuresis that was maintained until the end of the experiment. Cumulative (above basal) renal K(+) excretion at 270 min accounted for 26 +/- 5% of ingested K(+). The kidneys were important in mediating rapid corrections of substantial portions of the fluid and electrolyte disturbances resulting from ingestion of KHCO(3) and NaHCO(3) solutions.
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibition delays plasma lactate appearance with no effect on ventilatory threshold. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 88:713-21. [PMID: 10658042 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition with acetazolamide (Acz, 10 mg/kg body wt iv) on exercise performance and the ventilatory (VET) and lactate (LaT) thresholds was studied in seven men during ramp exercise (25 W/min) to exhaustion. Breath-by-breath measurements of gas exchange were obtained. Arterialized venous blood was sampled from a dorsal hand vein and analyzed for plasma pH, PCO(2), and lactate concentration ([La(-)](pl)). VET [expressed as O(2) uptake (VO(2)), ml/min] was determined using the V-slope method. LaT (expressed as VO(2), ml/min) was determined from the work rate (WR) at which [La(-)](pl) increased 1.0 mM above rest levels. Peak WR was higher in control (Con) than in Acz sutdies [339 +/- 14 vs. 315 +/- 14 (SE) W]. Submaximal exercise VO(2) was similar in Acz and Con; the lower VO(2) at exhaustion in Acz than in Con (3.824 +/- 0. 150 vs. 4.283 +/- 0.148 l/min) was appropriate for the lower WR. CO(2) output (VCO(2)) was lower in Acz than in Con at exercise intensities >/=125 W and at exhaustion (4.375 +/- 0.158 vs. 5.235 +/- 0.148 l/min). [La(-)](pl) was lower in Acz than in Con during submaximal exercise >/=150 W and at exhaustion (7.5 +/- 1.1 vs. 11.5 +/- 1.1 mmol/l). VET was similar in Acz and Con (2.483 +/- 0.086 and 2.362 +/- 0.110 l/min, respectively), whereas the LaT occurred at a higher VO(2) in Acz than in Con (2.738 +/- 0.223 vs. 2.190 +/- 0.235 l/min). CA inhibition with Acz is associated with impaired elimination of CO(2) during the non-steady-state condition of ramp exercise. The similarity in VET in Con and Acz suggests that La(-) production is similar between conditions but La(-) appearance in plasma is reduced and/or La(-) uptake by other tissues is enhanced after the Acz treatment.
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Abstract
Analytic expressions for plasma total titratable base, base excess (DeltaCB), strong-ion difference, change in strong-ion difference (DeltaSID), change in Van Slyke standard bicarbonate (DeltaVSSB), anion gap, and change in anion gap are derived as a function of pH, total buffer ion concentration, and conditional molar equilibrium constants. The behavior of these various parameters under respiratory and metabolic acid-base disturbances for constant and variable buffer ion concentrations is considered. For constant noncarbonate buffer concentrations, DeltaSID = DeltaCB = DeltaVSSB, whereas these equalities no longer hold under changes in noncarbonate buffer concentration. The equivalence is restored if the reference state is changed to include the new buffer concentrations.
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Alkalemia reduces recovery from global cerebral ischemia by NMDA receptor-mediated mechanism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 272:H2557-62. [PMID: 9227531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.6.h2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro data suggest that low tissue pH reduces, whereas extracellular alkalosis potentiates, cerebral anoxic injury via excitotoxic mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that in vivo metabolic alkalemia potentiates defects in energy metabolism after global incomplete cerebral ischemia (12 min) and reperfusion (180 min) by an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated mechanism. Brain ATP, phosphocreatine, and intracellular pH (pHi) were measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in anesthetized dogs treated with 1) preischemic intravenous carbicarb buffer (NaHCO3+Na2CO3, Carb, n = 7); 2) carbicarb infusion plus NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (MK-801 + Carb, n = 7); 3) an osmotically equivalent volume of 5% NaCl (NaCl, n = 8); or 4) equivalent volume of 0.9% NaCl (Sal, n = 3). Sagittal sinus pH was raised to 7.82 +/- 0.04 before and 7.65 +/- 0.03 during ischemia in Carb vs. 7.72 +/- 0.01 and 7.60 +/- 0.01 in MK-801+Carb, 7.25 +/- 0.02 and 7.15 +/- 0.03 in NaCl, and 7.31 +/- 0.00 and 7.26 +/- 0.01 in Sal, respectively. Ischemic cerebral blood flow (CBF, radiolabeled microspheres), pHi, and ATP reduction were similar among groups. By 180 min of reperfusion, recovery of ATP was greater in MK-801+Carb (104 +/- 6% of baseline), NaCl (93 +/- 6%), and Sal (94 +/- 6%) than in Carb (47 +/- 6%). Intraischemic pHi was similar among groups, and pHi recovery did not vary among groups despite differences in sagittal sinus pH. In Carb, CBF was restored but with delayed hypoperfusion. We conclude that extracellular alkalosis is deleterious to postischemic CBF and energy metabolism, acting by NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms.
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Oxygen and acid-base parameters of arterial and mixed venous blood, relevant versus redundant. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1995; 107:21-7. [PMID: 8599280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A complete pH and blood gas analysis of arterial and mixed venous blood may comprise more than forty different quantities. We have selected sixteen, including patient temperature. The arterial oxygen tension group includes the oxygen tension, fraction of oxygen in inspired air, and fraction of mixed venous blood in the arterial (total physiological veno-arterial shunting). The haemoglobin oxygen capacity group includes effective haemoglobin concentration and fractions of carboxy- and methaemoglobin. The haemoglobin oxygen affinity group includes half-saturation tension and estimated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration of erythrocytes. In a neonatal care unit fraction of fetal haemoglobin needs to be included. The arterial oxygen extra-activity is measured as the oxygen extraction tension, which indicates the degree of compensation among the oxygen tension, capacity, and affinity. The mixed venous group includes mixed venous oxygen tension, and, when measured, cardiac output, and oxygen consumption rate. The acid-base status includes blood pH, arterial carbon dioxide tension, and extracellular base excess. Other quantities such as haemoglobin oxygen saturation, respiratory index, total oxygen concentration (oxygen content), oxygen extraction fraction, oxygen delivery, and several others, provide no essential additional clinical information and are therefore redundant.
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A maximal central venous oxygen saturation (SvO2max) for the surgical patient. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1995; 107:29-32. [PMID: 8599293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Before induction of anaesthesia, 23 patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery had blood samples drawn from a central venous catheter for oxygen saturation (SvO2) after graded infusion of isotonic saline. The infusion of saline was continued until further administration resulted in a stable SvO2 (SvO2max). The SvO2 increased from 69 (53-83) to 72 (66-83) % (median and range; P < 0.0001), when the patients received 10 (0-26) mL.kg-1, average 500 mL, of saline. At the same time central venous haematocrit decreased from 38 (32-47) to 36 (23-47) % which suggests that the intravascular volume was expanded by 420 (180-3070) mL or by 72 (18-174) % of the administered volume. The results demonstrate that volume expansion by saline can establish a maximal venous oxygen saturation in the surgical patient.
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Chronic metabolic acidosis decreases albumin synthesis and induces negative nitrogen balance in humans. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:39-45. [PMID: 7814640 PMCID: PMC295365 DOI: 10.1172/jci117668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic metabolic acidosis has been previously shown to stimulate protein degradation. To evaluate the effects of chronic metabolic acidosis on nitrogen balance and protein synthesis we measured albumin synthesis rates and urinary nitrogen excretion in eight male subjects on a constant metabolic diet before and during two different degrees of chronic metabolic acidosis (NH4Cl 2.1 mmol/kg body weight, low dose group, and 4.2 mmol/kg body weight, high dose group, orally for 7 d). Albumin synthesis rates were measured by intravenous injection of [2H5ring]phenylalanine (43 mg/kg body weight, 7.5 atom percent and 15 atom percent, respectively) after an overnight fast. In the low dose group, fractional synthesis rates of albumin decreased from 9.9 +/- 1.0% per day in the control period to 8.4 +/- 0.7 (n.s.) in the acidosis period, and from 8.3 +/- 1.3% per day to 6.3 +/- 1.1 (P < 0.001) in the high dose group. Urinary nitrogen excretion increased significantly in the acidosis period (sigma delta 634 mmol in the low dose group, 2,554 mmol in the high dose group). Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine were significantly lower during acidosis. In conclusion, chronic metabolic acidosis causes negative nitrogen balance and decreases albumin synthesis in humans. The effect on albumin synthesis may be mediated, at least in part, by a suppression of insulin-like growth factor-I, free thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine.
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Abstract
Acute tumor lysis syndrome (ATLS) is a well-known adverse event described after effective chemotherapy for extensive, highly proliferative, and chemosensitive tumors. While its occurrence with hematological malignancies is frequently described, there have been scattered case reports documenting ATLS in solid tumors. However, such events have not been reported in poor-risk germ cell tumors. We reviewed retrospectively 46 cases of such tumors treated in our department between 1988 and 1993 by aggressive cisplatin-based chemotherapy. All patients received systematically 6 l/24 h hydration according to the cisplatin- protocol administration. Blood chemistry data for potassium, phosphorus, calcium, alkaline reserve, uric acid, creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase were obtained before treatment and during the 7 days of the induction chemotherapy. No metabolic abnormalities suggestive of ATLS were observed. Nevertheless, 2 patients with bulky disease of the chest experienced early death from respiratory distress complicated by multiorgan failure. ATLS seems to be an unlikely event in poor-risk germ cell tumors and therefore special prophylactic therapy may be unnecessary.
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12
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Abstract
During cardiopulmonary bypass, isoflurane may have beneficial effects on systemic oxygen uptake and vascular resistance. For this reason, the effects of isoflurane during low-flow (1.6 L/min/m2), hypothermic (27 degrees to 29 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass on systemic hemodynamics and oxygen uptake were studied in 20 patients in a cross-over experiment. Mean arterial and central venous pressures were measured during two consecutive periods of 10 minutes' duration. Blood samples were aspirated at the end of each period from the arterial and venous lines and analyzed for oxygen content. The concentration of isoflurane in the arterial samples was also determined. Systemic oxygen uptake and vascular resistance were calculated. Isoflurane had no significant effect on systemic oxygen uptake. Significant inverse relationships between blood isoflurane concentration and both mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were found. It is concluded that isoflurane is a vasodilator under the abnormal conditions of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, but has no effect on systemic oxygen uptake.
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14
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[Inducing of metabolic alkalosis in cats]. PATOLOGICHESKAIA FIZIOLOGIIA I EKSPERIMENTAL'NAIA TERAPIIA 1979:52-3. [PMID: 450466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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[A photometric method for the diagnosis of pregnancy in blood stains by determination of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). A modification of Oya, Asano and Fuwa's technique (author's transl)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR RECHTSMEDIZIN. JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE 1977; 79:83-6. [PMID: 855506 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative method, described by Oya and coworkers was modified. In this way, venous blood from pregnant and nonpregnant women in blood stains can be reliably differentiated up to at least 19 months storage although as a qualitative test only. 1--3 cm2 of cloth stained with blood is needed and even less from placental blood stains.
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[Acid-alkaline equilibrium of capillary blood during some cochlear-vestibular disorders]. ZHURNAL USHNYKH, NOSOVYKH I GORLOVYKH BOLEZNEI = THE JOURNAL OF OTOLOGY, RHINOLOGY, AND LARYNGOLOGIE [SIC] 1977:41-9. [PMID: 300955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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[The alkalo and acidoresistance changes of erythrocytes in rats after 600 r x-irradiation of the whole body (author's transl)]. SBORNIK LEKARSKY 1975; 77:175-80. [PMID: 1145105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Letter: Base excess and organic acidaemia. Lancet 1975; 1:812. [PMID: 48045 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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20
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[Serum electrolyte and alkaline reserve in latent tetany]. POLSKI TYGODNIK LEKARSKI (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 1973; 28:1355-7. [PMID: 4745918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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[Effect of extensive experimental resection of the small intestine on serum levels of some electrolytes and the alkaline reserve]. PATOLOGIA POLSKA 1972; 23:379-81. [PMID: 5072528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Effect of alkalosis on performance and lactate formation in supramaximal exercise. INTERNATIONALE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE PHYSIOLOGIE, EINSCHLIESSLICH ARBEITSPHYSIOLOGIE 1971; 29:215-23. [PMID: 5565589 DOI: 10.1007/bf01100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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[Case of Cooley's disease with insignificant alterations of erythrocytes and low level of alcali-resistant Hb]. LA CLINICA PEDIATRICA 1971; 53:275-85. [PMID: 5157751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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[Mathematical studies on the behavior of pH, pCO2 and BE in non-respiratory acidosis]. DAS DEUTSCHE GESUNDHEITSWESEN 1970; 25:64-7. [PMID: 5436885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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[Excess lactate determination in routine anesthesia using halothane-nitrous oxide and barbiturate-nitrous oxide-relaxants]. Anaesthesist 1969; 18:403-9. [PMID: 4244748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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[Blood gas analysis and technic by bronchography in infants and children]. Zentralbl Chir 1969; 94:1525-34. [PMID: 5374146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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27
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[Astrup's capillary blood test and urinary pH as parameters of renal hydrogen-ion elimination. 2. Deviation of acid-base equilibrium and urinary pH following ammonium chloride loading test and their relationships to latent tubular acidosis]. DAS DEUTSCHE GESUNDHEITSWESEN 1969; 24:1074-8. [PMID: 5375913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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28
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[Astrup's capillary blood test and urinary pH as parameters of renal hydrogen ion elimination. 1. Examination results following oral ammonium chloride loading test in healthy children and children with kidney tubular damage]. DAS DEUTSCHE GESUNDHEITSWESEN 1969; 24:945-9. [PMID: 5375908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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29
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[Alkaline reserve: modified Baeta Viana technic]. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE MEDICINA 1969; 26:153-5. [PMID: 5799056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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[Haemolysis in arterial counterpulsation]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLE CHIRURGIE 1969; 150:291-301. [PMID: 5808623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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31
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[Experimental studies on the effect of the paracervical block on the newborn infant]. ARCHIV FUR GYNAKOLOGIE 1969; 207:214-7. [PMID: 5819934 DOI: 10.1007/bf00683059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Bronchial neoplasm with endocrine, metabolic, and neurological manifestations. Report of a case. Neurology 1967; 17:1169-73. [PMID: 4293855 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.17.12.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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33
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pH of foetal capillary blood as an indicator of the condition of the foetus. THE JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH 1967; 74:812-22. [PMID: 6066458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1967.tb15562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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34
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[The effect of labor on the acid-base equilibrium of the mother]. ARCHIV FUR GYNAKOLOGIE 1966; 203:205-16. [PMID: 6014687 DOI: 10.1007/bf02570590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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35
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[Behavior of oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide pressure, pH, standard bicarbonate and base excess in arterial blood in different forms of load]. INTERNATIONALE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE PHYSIOLOGIE, EINSCHLIESSLICH ARBEITSPHYSIOLOGIE 1966; 22:327-55. [PMID: 5989963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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36
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[On the metabolism of the heart in high performance athletes. II. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pressure, pH, standard bicarbonate and base excess in coronary venous blood during rest and after exertion]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KREISLAUFFORSCHUNG 1966; 55:248-62. [PMID: 5996806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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37
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38
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[Normal alkali-reserve values in childhood]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDERHEILKUNDE 1959; 82:677-83. [PMID: 13806814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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