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Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Although activated myofibroblasts are the main effector cells in the fibrotic heart, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also contribute to the fibrotic response by secreting key fibrogenic mediators. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, mast cell-derived proteases, endothelin-1, the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system, matricellular proteins, and growth factors (such as TGF-β and PDGF) are some of the best-studied mediators implicated in cardiac fibrosis. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggests that cardiac fibrotic alterations may be reversible. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis is crucial to design anti-fibrotic treatment strategies for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kong
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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2
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Myagkova MA, Petrochenko SN, Morozova VS, Moseikin IA, Shypitsin VV, Polyvyanaya OY. [Antibodies to endogenous bioregulators and their association with age and sex in chronic pain syndrome]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2013; 113:41-4. [PMID: 23739439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Authors studied changes in the levels of antibodies to endogenous bioregulators (Ab) to Β-endorphin, orphanin, serotonin, dopamine and angiotensin in 36 healthy people and 109 patients with dorsopathy with chronic pain syndrome. The association of these immunological indicators with age and sex was found. It has been concluded that the levels of Ab to endogenous bioregulators may be considered as a marker of algic system pathology that does not depend on age and is sex-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Myagkova
- Moscow Clinical Research Center of Narcology, Moscow, Russia
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Zhu F, Zhou Z, Liao Y. The renin-angiotensin system and therapeutic vaccines for hypertension. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 9:286-294. [PMID: 18311665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With increased understanding of the pharmacology of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), many researchers have explored immunological approaches to inhibit components of the RAS for the treatment of hypertension. Active and passive immunizations of the various components of the RAS have been performed, utilizing renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II and angiotensin II receptor type 1 vaccines. This review discusses the RAS as a target for the development of a hypertension vaccine, and evaluates the safety and efficacy of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, Institute of Cardiology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Imura Y. [Trend of research and development of antihypertensive agents]. Nihon Rinsho 2006; 64 Suppl 5:583-7. [PMID: 16895229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Imura
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd
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5
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Abstract
In the present issue of Clinical Science, Brown and co-workers report preliminary results of Ang I (angiotensin I) immunization in humans. They demonstrate the presence of antibodies in human plasma and report that the procedure is well tolerated, but the blood pressure does not fall. The first attempts to actively immunize against components of the renin-angiotensin system were performed by Goldblatt in the 1950s. In our experience, active immunization against renin was associated with a complete inhibition of endogeneous plasma renin activity and a decrease in blood pressure, followed by the progressive development of a juxtaglomerular autoimmune nephritis. In contrast neither blood pressure nor aldosterone secretion were significantly modified by Ang I immunization. Moreover, Ang I-immunized animals continued to respond to the pharmacological inhibition of renin-angiotensin system. These data provide evidence of the inability of antibodies to target Ang I within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Inserm Unit 460, CHU Xavier Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris cedex 18, France.
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Pérez de Lema G, Mampaso F, Schlöndorff D. About the mechanisms of renoprotective effect of angiotensin inhibitors on lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2004; 66:869; author reply 870. [PMID: 15253752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.814_7.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Abstract
We present immunocytochemical, biochemical and cellular evidences for the presence of a renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in coelomocytes of invertebrates (leech, Theromyzon tessulatum and mollusk Mytilus edulis). Leech coelomocytes are immunoreactive to polyclonal antisera raised against the T. tessulatum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and leech brain angiotensin II (AII) and a commercial anti-AT1 receptor. Biochemically, renin, ACE- and AT1-like receptor were identified in the leech immune cells. We further demonstrate that leech AII (10(-6) M) alone does not initiate nitric oxide (NO) release in invertebrate immunocytes but does only after pre-exposing the cells to IL-1 (15.9+/-2.6 nM; P<0.005 vs. 1.1 nM when AII is added alone). Similar results were obtained with human leukocytes (14.5+/-2.7 nM; P<0.005 IL-1+AII vs. 0.9 nM when AII is added alone). Then, an immunocytochemical study performed at the structural and ultrastructural levels confirmed the presence in same immune cells all the molecules of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in leeches as epitopes to IL-1-like protein and IL-1-like receptor. This is the first report in invertebrates and of a co-action between cytokines like substances and neuropeptides in an immune process and the involvement of the RAS in modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salzet
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, ESA CNRS 8017, SN3, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Cedex, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Imboden H, Felix D. An immunocytochemical comparison of the angiotensin and vasopressin hypothalamo-neurohypophysial systems in normotensive rats. Regul Pept 1991; 36:197-218. [PMID: 1805297 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(91)90057-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the possibility that angiotensin II/III and vasopressin coexist in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial pathway. For our experiments 8-week-old male rats not treated with colchicine were used. The anatomical orientation of the entire pathway for angiotensin and vasopressin was facilitated by examining a series of subsequent coronal, horizontal and sagittal sections. Arching fibre tracts are formed mainly by projections emanating from cell bodies in the paraventricular nucleus, the accessory magnocellular nuclei, the supraoptic nucleus and the retrochiasmatic part of the supraoptic nucleus. The majority extend as far as the median eminence and the neurohypophysis, where major terminal fields exist. However, there is a difference between the staining pattern within the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the hypophysis. The results clearly show the colocalization of angiotensin and vasopressin in neurones as well as in fibres of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imboden
- University of Berne, Division of Neurobiology, Switzerland
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Lawrence AC, Evin G, Kladis A, Campbell DJ. An alternative strategy for the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin peptides using amino-terminal-directed antisera: measurement of eight angiotensin peptides in human plasma. J Hypertens 1990; 8:715-24. [PMID: 2170511 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-199008000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a method of measuring angiotensin peptides and their carboxy-truncated metabolites in human plasma using N-terminal-directed antisera. Antisera raised against N-acetylated angiotensin (Ang) II and N-acetylated Ang III analogues were used to develop two radioimmunoassays. Extracted plasma samples were acetylated prior to separation of cross-reacting angiotensin peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fractions were assayed with both antisera to obtain measurements for eight angiotensin peptides. Angiotensin levels measured in normal males were (fmol/ml plasma, mean +/- s.e.m., n = 14): Ang-(1-7) 1.0 +/- 0.2, Ang II 13.9 +/- 2.0, Ang-(1-9) less than 0.4, Ang I 19.5 +/- 2.4, Ang-(2-7) less than 1.1, Ang III 2.9 +/- 1.0, Ang-(2-9) less than 2.1, Ang-(2-10) 2.4 +/- 0.8. Hypertensive patients receiving angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy (n = 8) had an increase in Ang I to 187.3 +/- 107.2 fmol/ml (P = 0.002), and a reduction in Ang II to 4.8 +/- 1.2 fmol/ml (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, these patients showed a ninefold increase in Ang-(1-7) to 9.7 +/- 4.3 fmol/ml (P less than 0.001), indicating a role for prolylendopeptidase in the metabolism of Ang I in vivo. These N-terminal assays have demonstrated that carboxy-truncated metabolites of Ang I and Ang II make little contribution to plasma angiotensin peptides, except during ACE inhibitor therapy. Furthermore, these antisera allow the measurement of Ang I and Ang II in the same radioimmunoassay of fractions from HPLC, providing a highly reliable estimate of the Ang II:Ang I ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Lawrence
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
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Michel JB, Sayah S, Guettier C, Reade R, Gardes J, Galen FX, Carelli C, Corvol P. [Immunologic approach of the blockage of the renin angiotensin system in vivo]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1988; 81 Spec No:281-90. [PMID: 2847674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To block the renin-angiotensin system by antibodies directed against renin or angiotensins is an old and recent goal. This goal can be attained by passive transfer of antibodies or by active immunization against the different molecules of the system. Only passive transfer of polyclonal antibodies directed against the native substrate (angiotensinogen) has been performed in rats. This acute blockade of angiotensinogen substrate availability decrease blood pressure about 30 mmHg in salt depleted rats. Passive transfer of anti-converting enzyme immunoglobulins has been already performed in rabbit and rat. It induced an immunoallergic reaction in the pulmonary capillary bed. Immunization against angiotensin II has been a powerful tool in the exploration of the role of the renin angiotensin system in hypertension. Passive and active immunization have been performed in different species: rabbit, rat. The majority of the results concerning the decrease in blood pressure was negative. However, some works reported positive results which could be related to the high affinity of antibodies for angiotensins. Passive and active immunizations against renin were also performed in different species: dog, pig, rat, rabbit, primates. The majority of the results concerning the decrease of blood pressure were positive, if species specificity of renin was taken into account. Recently passive transfer of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, directed against human renin have been performed in normotensive and hypertensive primates, demonstrating an acute fall in blood pressure comparable to that observed with converting enzyme inhibitors. Active immunization against human renin has also been performed in primates; and the chronic blockade of the renin-substrate reaction obtained in this way was associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure, aldosterone secretion and a disappearance of plasma renin activity. Unfortunately, such an active immunization was associated with an organ specific autoimmune disease within the kidney. In conclusion, passive and active immunization against the different proteins and peptides of the system offers specific models of blockade which can be compared with synthetic inhibitors of renin, converting enzyme and angiotensins. Therapeutic application of this immunological approach necessitates the verification of the total absence of autoimmune disease.
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Nussberger J, Brunner DB, Waeber B, Brunner HR. Specific measurement of angiotensin metabolites and in vitro generated angiotensin II in plasma. Hypertension 1986; 8:476-82. [PMID: 3011664 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.8.6.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Combining high-performance liquid chromatography with radioimmunoassay enabled the precise measurement of different angiotensins and their metabolites in plasma. Peptides were extracted from 2 ml of plasma by reversible adsorption to phenylsilyl-silica, separated by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography, and quantitated by radioimmunoassay using a sensitive but suitably cross-reacting angiotensin II antiserum. For the C-terminal angiotensin II metabolites (2-8)heptapeptide, (3-8)hexapeptide, and (4-8)pentapeptide, overall recoveries of 10 fmol peptide added to 1 ml of plasma were (mean +/- SD), 74 +/- 6, 68 +/- 8, and 67 +/- 11%, respectively. The detection limit for these peptides in plasma was 0.2 fmol/ml. Blanks were below the detection limits. In eight seated normal subjects treated for 4 days with enalapril, 20 mg p.o., q.d., angiotensin II metabolites tended to decrease during the 4 postdrug hours. However, their cumulated concentration in relation to octapeptide increased from 54 to 163% on Day 1 and from 62 to 103% on Day 4. After 4 hours of converting enzyme inhibition with enalapril there was still a close correlation between plasma renin activity and angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide level (r = 0.83, p less than 0.05) and between blood angiotensin I and angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide levels (r = 0.86, p less than 0.01). Adding angiotensin I in vitro raised the angiotensin-(1-8)octapeptide levels after incubation at 4 degrees C for 4 hours. Thus, immunoreactive "angiotensin II" does not disappear after converting enzyme inhibition largely because of the cumulated contribution of cross-reacting metabolites and partly because of in vitro generation of true angiotensin II.
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Hermann K, Kimura B, Phillips MI. Enrichment and characterization of angiotensin II using affinity and high pressure liquid chromatography. Part I. Affinity purification and characterization of Ang II antiserum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 136:685-700. [PMID: 3085674 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Clauser E, Baier-Kustermann W, Bouhink J, Corvol P, Menard J, Celio M. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to rat angiotensinogen. Hypertension 1984; 6:843-7. [PMID: 6394487 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.6.6.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three stable monoclonal antibodies to rat angiotensinogen were obtained by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from Balb/c mice injected with pure rat angiotensinogen. They were screened by their binding to pure iodinated angiotensinogen and to insolubilized angiotensinogen in a solid phase assay. The titers of the three antibodies varied from 1/3500 to 1/35000, their dissociation constants from 2.5 X 10(-8) M to 3.8 X 10(-10) M, and the sensitivity of the assay ranged from 200 to 10 pmol of pure angiotensinogen. These monoclonal antibodies did not recognize either angiotensin peptides or angiotensinogen from other species, except for mouse angiotensinogen, which cross-reacted with the different antibodies from 0 to 25%. Rat cerebrospinal fluid angiotensinogen, plasma des-angiotensin I-angiotensinogen, and plasma angiotensinogen were equally recognized by these monoclonal antibodies. Contrary to what was observed for a polyclonal antiserum, the monoclonal antibodies failed to inhibit the renin-angiotensinogen reaction in vitro.
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Ikeda I, Iinuma K, Takai M, Kurata K. Graphical determination of affinity constant for labeled and unlabeled ligand from angiotensin I radioimmunoassay. Kaku Igaku 1983; 20:385-90. [PMID: 6632365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Apparently monospecific antisera against the decapeptide angiotensin I (ANG-I) have been analyzed for their crossreactivity to the octapeptide angiotensin II (ANG-II). Whereas in the conventional displacement reaction of labeled ANG-I by ANG-II crossreactivities were in the order of 0.01%, the direct binding assay revealed crossreactivities of up to 20%. Both labeled ANG-I and ANG-II can be displaced completely from the antibody by an excess of either ANG-I or ANG-II. A similar relationship was seen with respect to the crossreactivity of ANG-II-antisera to ANG-I. - The data demonstrate that false positive immunocytochemical reactions may be obtained if the specificity of the reaction relies on the displacement reaction and the preabsorption of the antisera with the respective peptide. - These results may be pertinent for peptides other than the angiotensins.
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Prószyńska K. Comparison of angiotensin I and angiotensin II antibody trapping methods for determination of plasma renin concentration and activity. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 86:135-41. [PMID: 657536 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative determinations were made of the renin activity of human blood plasma by applying a radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, and also by parallel determinations of PRA I and PRA II. To protect the angiotensin generated in plasma, the antibody trapping method was used. The concentration of renin was also determined. It was found that, under the experimental conditions applied, when determining PRA II the renin was gradually inactivated in plasma; when determining PRA I it was protected by EDTA added to plasma. Thus PRA II is present to a lesser degree than PRA I. The experiemnts performed have confirmed the advantages of determining PRA I by the antibody trapping method.
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