1
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Serena M, Bastos RN, Elliott PR, Barr FA. Molecular basis of MKLP2-dependent Aurora B transport from chromatin to the anaphase central spindle. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201910059. [PMID: 32356865 PMCID: PMC7337490 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aurora B chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is a conserved regulator of mitosis. Its functions require localization first to the chromosome arms and then centromeres in mitosis and subsequently the central spindle in anaphase. Here, we analyze the requirements for core CPC subunits, survivin and INCENP, and the mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 (MKLP2) in targeting to these distinct localizations. Centromere recruitment of the CPC requires interaction of survivin with histone H3 phosphorylated at threonine 3, and we provide a complete structure of this assembly. Furthermore, we show that the INCENP RRKKRR-motif is required for both centromeric localization of the CPC in metaphase and MKLP2-dependent transport in anaphase. MKLP2 and DNA bind competitively to this motif, and INCENP T59 phosphorylation acts as a switch preventing MKLP2 binding in metaphase. In anaphase, CPC binding promotes the microtubule-dependent ATPase activity of MKLP2. These results explain how centromere targeting of the CPC in mitosis is coupled to its movement to the central spindle in anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francis A. Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Fernandes ÍA, Braga Resende D, Ramalho TC, Kuca K, da Cunha EFF. Theoretical Studies Aimed at Finding FLT3 Inhibitors and a Promising Compound and Molecular Pattern with Dual Aurora B/FLT3 Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071726. [PMID: 32283751 PMCID: PMC7181172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
FLT3 and dual Aurora B/FLT3 inhibitors have shown relevance in the search for promising new anticancer compounds, mainly for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study was designed to investigate the interactions between human FLT3 in the kinase domain with several indolin-2-one derivatives, structurally similar to Sunitinib. Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) software was utilized in docking analyses. The predicted model of the training group, considering nineteen amino acid residues, performed in Chemoface, achieved an R2 of 0.82, suggesting that the binding conformations of the ligands with FLT3 are reasonable, and the data can be used to predict the interaction energy of other FLT3 inhibitors with similar molecular patterns. The MolDock Score for energy for compound 1 showed more stable interaction energy (-233.25 kcal mol-1) than the other inhibitors studied, while Sunitinib presented as one of the least stable (-160.94 kcal mol-1). Compounds IAF70, IAF72, IAF75, IAF80, IAF84, and IAF88 can be highlighted as promising derivatives for synthesis and biological evaluation against FLT3. Furthermore, IAF79 can be considered to be a promising dual Aurora B/FLT3 inhibitor, and its molecular pattern can be exploited synthetically to search for new indolin-2-one derivatives that may become drugs used in the treatment of cancers, including AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ítalo Antônio Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras-MG 37200-000, Brazil; (I.A.F.); (T.C.R.)
| | - Déborah Braga Resende
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras-MG 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Teodorico Castro Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras-MG 37200-000, Brazil; (I.A.F.); (T.C.R.)
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Elaine Fontes Ferreira da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras-MG 37200-000, Brazil; (I.A.F.); (T.C.R.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
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3
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Kelly JR, Martini S, Brownlow N, Joshi D, Federico S, Jamshidi S, Kjaer S, Lockwood N, Rahman KM, Fraternali F, Parker PJ, Soliman TN. The Aurora B specificity switch is required to protect from non-disjunction at the metaphase/anaphase transition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1396. [PMID: 32170202 PMCID: PMC7070073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aurora B abscission checkpoint delays cytokinesis until resolution of DNA trapped in the cleavage furrow. This process involves PKCε phosphorylation of Aurora B S227. Assessing if this PKCε-Aurora B module provides a more widely exploited genome-protective control for the cell cycle, we show Aurora B phosphorylation at S227 by PKCε also occurs during mitosis. Expression of Aurora B S227A phenocopies inhibition of PKCε in by-passing the delay and resolution at anaphase entry that is associated with non-disjunction and catenation of sister chromatids. Implementation of this anaphase delay is reflected in PKCε activation following cell cycle dependent cleavage by caspase 7; knock-down of caspase 7 phenocopies PKCε loss, in a manner rescued by ectopically expressing/generating a free PKCε catalytic domain. Molecular dynamics indicates that Aurora B S227 phosphorylation induces conformational changes and this manifests in a profound switch in specificity towards S29 TopoIIα phosphorylation, a response necessary for catenation resolution during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Kelly
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Silvia Martini
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola Brownlow
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Dhira Joshi
- Peptide Chemistry Platform, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stefania Federico
- Peptide Chemistry Platform, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Shirin Jamshidi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Structural Biology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola Lockwood
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Tanya N Soliman
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BE, UK.
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4
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Pike T, Brownlow N, Kjaer S, Carlton J, Parker PJ. PKCɛ switches Aurora B specificity to exit the abscission checkpoint. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13853. [PMID: 28004745 PMCID: PMC5192180 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'NoCut', or Aurora B abscission checkpoint can be activated if DNA is retained in the cleavage furrow after completion of anaphase. Checkpoint failure leads to incomplete abscission and a binucleate outcome. These phenotypes are also observed after loss of PKCɛ in transformed cell models. Here we show that PKCɛ directly modulates the Aurora B-dependent abscission checkpoint by phosphorylating Aurora B at S227. This phosphorylation invokes a switch in Aurora B specificity, with increased phosphorylation of a subset of target substrates, including the CPC subunit Borealin. This switch is essential for abscission checkpoint exit. Preventing the phosphorylation of Borealin leads to abscission failure, as does expression of a non-phosphorylatable Aurora B S227A mutant. Further, depletion of the ESCRT-III component and Aurora B substrate CHMP4C enables abscission, bypassing the PKCɛ-Aurora B exit pathway. Thus, we demonstrate that PKCɛ signals through Aurora B to exit the abscission checkpoint and complete cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Pike
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicola Brownlow
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Svend Kjaer
- Protein Purification Facility, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jeremy Carlton
- Division of Cancer Studies King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Division of Cancer Studies King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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5
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Sasai K, Katayama H, Hawke DH, Sen S. Aurora-C Interactions with Survivin and INCENP Reveal Shared and Distinct Features Compared with Aurora-B Chromosome Passenger Protein Complex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157305. [PMID: 27332895 PMCID: PMC4917241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-C, a member of the Aurora kinase family that can complement Aurora-B function in mitosis is either moderately expressed or repressed in most adult somatic tissues but is active in early embryonic development and expressed at elevated levels in multiple human cancers. Aurora-C overexpression reportedly plays a role in tumorigenic transformation. We performed detailed characterization of Aurora-C interactions with members of the Chromosome Passenger Complex (CPC), Survivin and Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP) in reference to known Aurora-B interactions to understand the functional significance of Aurora-C overexpression in human cancer cells. The results revealed that silencing of Aurora-C or -B individually does not affect localization of the other kinase and the two kinases exist predominantly in independent complexes in vivo. Presence of Aurora-C and -B in molecular complexes of varying as well as overlapping sizes and co-existence in INCENP overexpressing cells indicated oligomerization of ternary complexes under different physiological conditions in vivo. Furthermore, Aurora-C and -B stabilized INCENP through interaction with and phosphorylation of the IN box domain while Aurora-C was activated following Survivin phosphorylation on Serine 20. Phosphorylation of Survivin residue Serine 20 by Aurora-C and -B appears important for proper chromosome segregation. Taken together, our study suggests that Aurora-C, expressed at low levels in somatic cells, functions as a catalytic component of the CPC together with Aurora-B through mitosis. Elevated expression of Aurora-C in cancer cells alters the structural and functional characteristics of the Aurora-B-CPC leading to chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sasai
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Katayama
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HK); (SS)
| | - David H. Hawke
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Subrata Sen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HK); (SS)
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6
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Shandilya J, Senapati P, Dhanasekaran K, Bangalore SS, Kumar M, Kishore AH, Bhat A, Kodaganur GS, Kundu TK. Phosphorylation of multifunctional nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM1) by aurora kinase B is critical for mitotic progression. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2198-205. [PMID: 24857377 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The functional association of NPM1 with Aurora kinases is well documented. Surprisingly, although NPM1 is a well characterized phosphoprotein, it is unknown whether it is a substrate of Aurora kinases. We have found that Aurora kinases A and B can phosphorylate NPM1 at a single serine residue, Ser125, in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated-S125-NPM1 (pS125-NPM1) localizes to the midbody region during late cytokinesis where it colocalizes with Aurora B. The overexpression of mutant (S125A) NPM1 resulted in the deregulation of centrosome duplication and mitotic defects possibly due to cytokinesis failure. These data suggest that Aurora kinase B-mediated phosphorylation of NPM1 plays a critical role during mitosis, which could have wider implications in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasha Shandilya
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Parijat Senapati
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthigeyan Dhanasekaran
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma S Bangalore
- Confocal Facility, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - A Hari Kishore
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshay Bhat
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India.
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7
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Sessa F, Villa F. Structure of Aurora B-INCENP in complex with barasertib reveals a potential transinhibitory mechanism. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:294-8. [PMID: 24598913 PMCID: PMC3944688 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aurora family is a well conserved and well characterized group of serine-threonine kinases involved in the normal progression of mitosis. The deregulation of Aurora kinases impairs spindle assembly, checkpoint function and cell division. To date, many small molecules that compete with ATP for binding to Aurora kinases have been developed and characterized. Here, the first structure of the Xenopus laevis Aurora B-INCENP complex bound to the clinically relevant small molecule barasertib was determined. The binding properties of this inhibitor to the Aurora B active site are analyzed and reported. An unexpected crystal-packing contact in the Aurora B-INCENP structure coordinated by an ATP analogue is also reported, in which the INCENP C-terminus occupies the substrate-binding region, resembling the protein kinase A inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sessa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Villa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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8
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Noujaim M, Bechstedt S, Wieczorek M, Brouhard GJ. Microtubules accelerate the kinase activity of Aurora-B by a reduction in dimensionality. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86786. [PMID: 24498282 PMCID: PMC3912212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-B is the kinase subunit of the Chromosome Passenger Complex (CPC), a key regulator of mitotic progression that corrects improper kinetochore attachments and establishes the spindle midzone. Recent work has demonstrated that the CPC is a microtubule-associated protein complex and that microtubules are able to activate the CPC by contributing to Aurora-B auto-phosphorylation in trans. Aurora-B activation is thought to occur when the local concentration of Aurora-B is high, as occurs when Aurora-B is enriched at centromeres. It is not clear, however, whether distributed binding to large structures such as microtubules would increase the local concentration of Aurora-B. Here we show that microtubules accelerate the kinase activity of Aurora-B by a "reduction in dimensionality." We find that microtubules increase the kinase activity of Aurora-B toward microtubule-associated substrates while reducing the phosphorylation levels of substrates not associated to microtubules. Using the single molecule assay for microtubule-associated proteins, we show that a minimal CPC construct binds to microtubules and diffuses in a one-dimensional (1D) random walk. The binding of Aurora-B to microtubules is salt-dependent and requires the C-terminal tails of tubulin, indicating that the interaction is electrostatic. We show that the rate of Aurora-B auto-activation is faster with increasing concentrations of microtubules. Finally, we demonstrate that microtubules lose their ability to stimulate Aurora-B when their C-terminal tails are removed by proteolysis. We propose a model in which microtubules act as scaffolds for the enzymatic activity of Aurora-B. The scaffolding activity of microtubules enables rapid Aurora-B activation and efficient phosphorylation of microtubule-associated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Noujaim
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Michal Wieczorek
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gary J. Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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9
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Bavetsias V, Faisal A, Crumpler S, Brown N, Kosmopoulou M, Joshi A, Atrash B, Pérez-Fuertes Y, Schmitt JA, Boxall KJ, Burke R, Sun C, Avery S, Bush K, Henley A, Raynaud FI, Workman P, Bayliss R, Linardopoulos S, Blagg J. Aurora isoform selectivity: design and synthesis of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives as highly selective inhibitors of Aurora-A kinase in cells. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9122-35. [PMID: 24195668 PMCID: PMC3848336 DOI: 10.1021/jm401115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aurora-A differs from Aurora-B/C at three positions in the ATP-binding pocket (L215, T217, and R220). Exploiting these differences, crystal structures of ligand-Aurora protein interactions formed the basis of a design principle for imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-derived Aurora-A-selective inhibitors. Guided by a computational modeling approach, appropriate C7-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatization led to the discovery of highly selective inhibitors, such as compound 28c, of Aurora-A over Aurora-B. In HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells, 28c and 40f inhibited the Aurora-A L215R and R220K mutants with IC50 values similar to those seen for the Aurora-A wild type. However, the Aurora-A T217E mutant was significantly less sensitive to inhibition by 28c and 40f compared to the Aurora-A wild type, suggesting that the T217 residue plays a critical role in governing the observed isoform selectivity for Aurora-A inhibition. These compounds are useful small-molecule chemical tools to further explore the function of Aurora-A in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Bavetsias
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Faisal
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Crumpler
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Brown
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Magda Kosmopoulou
- Division
of Structural Biology, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United
Kingdom
| | - Amar Joshi
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United
Kingdom
| | - Butrus Atrash
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Fuertes
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A. Schmitt
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Boxall
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Avery
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Bush
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Henley
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Division
of Structural Biology, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London SW3 6JB, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United
Kingdom
| | - Spiros Linardopoulos
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The
Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer
Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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