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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is mainly caused by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) through vasoactive mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and various inflammatory factors. Our previous study showed that soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) played a protective role in PCOS by inhibiting VEGF, so wanted to explore the role of sRAGE in OHSS. METHODS Two sets of experiments were performed in this study. In part one, sRAGE protein levels in follicular fluid (FF) samples from 60 patients with OHSS and 60 non-OHSS patients were measured by ELISA. In part two, ovarian granulosa cells were isolated from an additional 25 patients with OHSS and cultured. Then, ovarian granulosa cells were treated with different concentrations of sRAGE. Granulosa cells cultured without sRAGE stimulation were used as the control group. The levels of VEGF, amphiregulin (AREG), betacellulin (BTC), and epiregulin (EREG) mRNA were examined by quantitative RT-PCR. The protein levels of VEGF, AREG, BTC, and EREG were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Compared with non-OHSS patients, patients with OHSS exhibited lower sRAGE levels in both serum and FF (p < .05). Treatment with sRAGE decreased the production of VEGF, and the effects were dependent on the concentration of sRAGE (p < .05). Simultaneously, the expression of the EGF-like growth factors AREG, BTC and EREG was decreased, and their expression was dependent on the concentration of sRAGE (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS sRAGE downregulate VEGF expression in OHSS ovarian granulosa cells, in which EGF-like growth factor pathway may be involved, and sRAGE may play a potential protective role in OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Wang
- The Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Wang
- The Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Department of General Surgery of Central China Fuwai Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Fifth Peoples' Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Du
- The Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- The Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichun Guan
- The Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Shan Q, Liu W, Zhang F, Zhang F, Yi S. Betacellulin regulates peripheral nerve regeneration by affecting Schwann cell migration and axon elongation. Mol Med 2021; 27:27. [PMID: 33794764 PMCID: PMC8015203 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors execute essential biological functions and affect various physiological and pathological processes, including peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. Our previous sequencing data showed that the mRNA coding for betacellulin (Btc), an epidermal growth factor protein family member, was up-regulated in rat sciatic nerve segment after nerve injury, implying the potential involvement of Btc during peripheral nerve regeneration. METHODS Expression of Btc was examined in Schwann cells by immunostaining. The function of Btc in regulating Schwann cells was investigated by transfecting cultured cells with siRNA segment against Btc or treating cells with Btc recombinant protein. The influence of Schwann cell-secreted Btc on neurons was determined using a co-culture assay. The in vivo effects of Btc on Schwann cell migration and axon elongation after rat sciatic nerve injury were further evaluated. RESULTS Immunostaining images and ELISA outcomes indicated that Btc was present in and secreted by Schwann cells. Transwell migration and wound healing observations showed that transfection with siRNA against Btc impeded Schwann cell migration while application of exogenous Btc advanced Schwann cell migration. Besides the regulating effect on Schwann cell phenotype, Btc secreted by Schwann cells influenced neuron behavior and increased neurite length. In vivo evidence supported the promoting role of Btc in nerve regeneration after both rat sciatic nerve crush injury and transection injury. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the essential roles of Btc on Schwann cell migration and axon elongation and imply the potential application of Btc as a regenerative strategy for treating peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiyu Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Mora-Lagos B, Cartas-Espinel I, Riquelme I, Parker AC, Piccolo SR, Viscarra T, Reyes ME, Zanella L, Buchegger K, Ili C, Brebi P. Functional and transcriptomic characterization of cisplatin-resistant AGS and MKN-28 gastric cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228331. [PMID: 31990955 PMCID: PMC6986722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant cancer-related cause of death worldwide. The most used chemotherapeutic regimen in GC is based on platinum drugs such as cisplatin (CDDP). However, CDDP resistance reduces advanced GC survival. In vitro drug-resistant cell model would help in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying this drug-resistance phenomenon. The aim of this study was to characterize new models of CDDP-resistant GC cell lines (AGS R-CDDP and MKN-28 R-CDDP) obtained through a stepwise increasing drug doses method, in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance as well as identify new therapeutic targets for the treatment of GC. Cell viability assays, cell death assays and the expression of resistance molecular markers confirmed that AGS R-CDDP and MKN-28 R-CDDP are reliable CDDP-resistant models. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses identified a total of 189 DEGs, including 178 up-regulated genes and 11 down-regulated genes, associated mainly to molecular functions involved in CDDP-resistance. DEGs were enriched in 23 metabolic pathways, among which the most enriched was the inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway. Finally, the higher mRNA expression of SERPINA1, BTC and CCL5, three up-regulated DEGs associated to CDDP resistance found by RNA-seq analysis was confirmed. In summary, this study showed that AGS R-CDDP and MKN-28 R-CDDP are reliable models of CDDP resistance because resemble many of resistant phenotype in GC, being also useful to assess potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of gastric cancers resistant to CDDP. In addition, we identified several DEGs associated with molecular functions such as binding, catalytic activity, transcription regulator activity and transporter activity, as well as signaling pathways associated with inflammation process, which could be involved in the development of CDDP resistance in GC. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of inflammatory processes in GC resistant to CDDP and these models could be useful for these purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mora-Lagos
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Dirección de Investigación, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Irene Cartas-Espinel
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Alyssa C. Parker
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Piccolo
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tamara Viscarra
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - María Elena Reyes
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Louise Zanella
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Kurt Buchegger
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carmen Ili
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- * E-mail: (CI); (PB)
| | - Priscilla Brebi
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology (LIBi), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus- Center for Excellence in Translational Medicine (BIOREN-CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- * E-mail: (CI); (PB)
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Estienne A, Portela VM, Choi Y, Zamberlam G, Boerboom D, Roussel V, Meinsohn MC, Brännström M, Curry TE, Jo M, Price CA. The endogenous hydrogen sulfide generating system regulates ovulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 138:43-52. [PMID: 30930295 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The generation of free-radicals such as nitric oxide has been implicated in the regulation of ovarian function, including ovulation. Tissues that generate nitric oxide typically generate another free-radical gas, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), although little is known about the role of H2S in ovarian function. The hypothesis of this study was that H2S regulates ovulation. Treatment with luteinizing hormone (LH) increased the levels of mRNA and protein of the H2S generating enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) in granulosa cells of mice and humans in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacological inhibition of H2S generating enzymes reduced the number of follicles ovulating in mice in vivo and in vitro, and this inhibitory action was reversed by cotreatment with a H2S donor. Addition of a H2S donor to cultured mouse granulosa cells increased basal and LH-dependent abundance of mRNA encoding amphiregulin, betacellulin and tumor necrosis alpha induced protein 6, proteins important for cumulus expansion and follicle rupture. Inhibition of CTH activity reduced abundance of mRNA encoding matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and tissue-type plasminogen activator, and cotreatment with the H2S donor increased the levels of these mRNA above those stimulated by LH alone. We conclude that the H2S generating system plays an important role in the propagation of the preovulatory cascade and rupture of the follicle at ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Estienne
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Valério M Portela
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Gustavo Zamberlam
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Derek Boerboom
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Vickie Roussel
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada
| | - Mats Brännström
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden; Stockholm IVF, 112 81, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E Curry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Christopher A Price
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, J2S 7C6, QC, Canada.
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Xie A, Li R, Jiang T, Yan H, Zhang H, Yang Y, Yang L, Yechoor V, Chan L, Chen W. Anti-TCRβ mAb in Combination With Neurogenin3 Gene Therapy Reverses Established Overt Type 1 Diabetes in Female NOD Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3140-3151. [PMID: 28977608 PMCID: PMC5659705 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing β cells in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are destroyed by T lymphocytes. We investigated whether targeting the T-cell receptor (TCR) with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) abrogates T-cell response against residual and newly formed islets in overtly diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. NOD mice with blood glucose levels of 250 to 350 mg/dL or 350 to 450 mg/dL were considered as new-onset or established overt diabetes, respectively. These diabetic NOD mice were transiently treated with an anti-TCR β chain (TCRβ) mAb, H57-597, for 5 days. Two weeks later, some NOD mice with established overt diabetes further received hepatic gene therapy using the islet-lineage determining gene Neurogenin3 (Ngn3), in combination with the islet growth factor gene betacellulin (Btc). We found that anti-TCRβ mAb (50 µg/d) reversed >80% new-onset diabetes in NOD mice for >14 weeks by reducing the number of effector T cells in the pancreas. However, anti-TCRβ mAb therapy alone reversed only ∼20% established overt diabetes in these mice. Among those overtly diabetic NOD mice whose diabetes was resistant to anti-TCRβ mAb treatment, ∼60% no longer had diabetes when they also received Ngn3-Btc hepatic gene transfer 2 weeks after initial anti-TCRβ mAb treatment. This combination of Ngn3-Btc gene therapy and anti-TCRβ mAb treatment induced the sustained formation of periportal insulin-producing cells in the liver of overtly diabetic mice. Therefore, directly targeting TCRβ with a mAb potently reverses new-onset T1D in NOD mice and protects residual and newly formed gene therapy-induced hepatic neo-islets from T-cell‒mediated destruction in mice with established overt diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Betacellulin/genetics
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/physiology
- Islets of Langerhans/cytology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Xie
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rongying Li
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tao Jiang
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hui Yan
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hedong Zhang
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yisheng Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lina Yang
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Vijay Yechoor
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Center for Immunobiology and Transplantation Research, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes & Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
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6
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Buensuceso AV, Son AI, Zhou R, Paquet M, Withers BM, Deroo BJ. Ephrin-A5 Is Required for Optimal Fertility and a Complete Ovulatory Response to Gonadotropins in the Female Mouse. Endocrinology 2016; 157:942-55. [PMID: 26672804 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicle growth and ovulation involve the coordinated expression of many genes, driven by FSH and LH. Reports indicate that Eph receptors and ephrins are expressed in the ovary, suggesting roles in follicle growth and/or ovulation. We previously reported FSH-induced expression of ephrin-A5 (EFNA5) and 4 of its cognate Eph receptors in mouse granulosa cells. We now report that female mice lacking EFNA5 are subfertile, exhibit a compromised response to LH, and display abnormal ovarian histology after superovulation. Efna5(-/-) females litters were 40% smaller than controls, although no difference in litter frequency was detected. The ovarian response to superovulation was also compromised in Efna5(-/-) females, with 37% fewer oocytes ovulated than controls. These results corresponded with a reduction in ovarian mRNA levels of several LH-responsive genes, including Pgr, Ptgs2, Tnfaip6, Ereg, Btc, and Adamts4, suggesting that Efna5(-/-) ovaries exhibit a partially attenuated response to LH. Histopathological analysis indicated that superovulated Efna5(-/-) females exhibited numerous ovarian defects, including intraovarian release of cumulus oocyte complexes, increased incidence of oocytes trapped within luteinized follicles, granulosa cell and follicular fluid emboli, fibrin thrombi, and interstitial hemorrhage. In addition, adult Efna5(-/-) ovaries exhibited a 4-fold increase in multioocyte follicles compared with controls, although no difference was detected in 3-week-old mice, suggesting the possibility of follicle merging. Our observations indicate that loss of EFNA5 in female mice results in subfertility and imply that Eph-ephrin signaling may also play a previously unidentified role in the regulation of fertility in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V Buensuceso
- Department of Biochemistry (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7; Children's Health Research Institute (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Chemical Biology (A.I.S., R.Z.), Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie (M.P.), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Alexander I Son
- Department of Biochemistry (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7; Children's Health Research Institute (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Chemical Biology (A.I.S., R.Z.), Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie (M.P.), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Renping Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7; Children's Health Research Institute (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Chemical Biology (A.I.S., R.Z.), Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie (M.P.), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Marilène Paquet
- Department of Biochemistry (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7; Children's Health Research Institute (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Chemical Biology (A.I.S., R.Z.), Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie (M.P.), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Benjamin M Withers
- Department of Biochemistry (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7; Children's Health Research Institute (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Chemical Biology (A.I.S., R.Z.), Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie (M.P.), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Bonnie J Deroo
- Department of Biochemistry (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7; Children's Health Research Institute (A.V.B., B.M.W., B.J.D.), Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada N6C 2V5; Department of Chemical Biology (A.I.S., R.Z.), Susan Lehman-Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; and Département de Pathologie et de Microbiologie (M.P.), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
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