Nanoliposomes co-encapsulating Ce6 and SB3CT against the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma with the integration of photodynamic therapy and NKG2D-related immunotherapy on A375 cells

Purpose. To overcome the insufficiency of conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating metastatic melanoma, the combination of smart nanoparticles and PDT with immunotherapy was used to achieve a higher efficiency by accumulating more photosensitizers in tumor areas and triggering stronger immune responses against tumors after PDT.Methods. In this study, we designed a nanoliposome co-encapsulation of chlorin E6 (Ce6) and SB-3CT to realize significant antitumoral proliferation and metastasis efficacy after laser irradiation in A375 cells. The morphology, size distribution, and loading efficiency of Ce6-SB3CT@Liposome (Lip-SC) were characterized. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytotoxicity were evaluated in A375 cells, and the mechanisms of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing were assessed.Results. Lip-SC showed good stability and was well-dispersed with a diameter of approximately 140 nm in phosphate-buffered saline. The nanoliposomes could accumulate in tumor areas and induce apoptosis in cancer cells upon 660 nm light irradiation, which could trigger an immune response and induce the expression of NK group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands. The subsequently released SB-3CT could further activate NK cells effectively and strengthen the immune system by inhibiting the shedding of soluble NKG2D ligands.Discussion. Taken together, the synergistic effects of SB-3CT on nanoliposomes for Ce6-mediated PDT were analyzed in detail to provide a new platform for future anti-melanoma treatment.

An Albumin-Based Therapeutic Nanosystem for Photosensitizer/Protein Co-Delivery to Realize Synergistic Cancer Therapy

Oxygen-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT) is hindered by the limited availability of endogenous oxygen in solid tumors and low tumor accumulation of photosensitizers. Herein, we developed a biocompatible cancer-targeted therapeutic nanosystem based on cRGD conjugated bovine serum albumin (CBSA) co-loaded with a photosensitizer (chlorin e6, Ce6) and a therapeutic protein (cytochrome c, Cytc) for synergistic photodynamic and protein therapy. The nanosystem (Ce6/Cytc@CBSA) can target αVβ3 integrin overexpressed cancer cells to improve tumor accumulation due to incorporation of cRGD. In the intracellular environment, Ce6 is released to produce toxic singlet oxygen upon near-infrared irradiation. At the same time, the therapeutic protein, Cytc, can induce programmed cell death by activating the downstream caspase pathway. Most importantly, Cytc with the catalase-like activity accelerates O2 generation by decomposing excess H2O2 in cancer cells, thereby relieving the PDT-induced hypoxia to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reveal the significantly improved antitumor effects of the combined photodynamic/protein therapy, indicating that Ce6/Cytc@CBSA shows great potential in synergetic cancer treatments.

Chlorophyllin supplementation modulates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of streptozotocin-administered mice

Chlorophyllin is a water-soluble mixture of sodium-copper salts of chlorophyll with antioxidant and antimutagen properties. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of chlorophyllin on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-administered mice. In STZ-induced diabetes, two causative factors for pancreatic β-cell deaths are DNA alkylation and profound reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this study, chlorophyllin treatment was found to be able to modulate oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver of diabetic mice. Diabetic mice exhibited a significant reduction of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl levels upon treatment with the chlorophyllin. However, antioxidant enzymes, such as copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and catalase (CAT) showed enhanced activity as well as expression in chlorophyllin-administered diabetic mice. The hepatoprotective effect of chlorophyllin was confirmed from the decreased activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The histological and ultrastructural studies revealed the ability of chlorophyllin to restore morphological and cellular alterations as observed in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The effect of chlorophyllin on apoptosis showed the downregulation of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease (caspase) 3 and caspase 9, whereas upregulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay demonstrated a few apoptotic cells. In conclusion, it can be stated that chlorophyllin treatment can exert hepatoprotective effect via modulating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in STZ-administered diabetic mice. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(5):418-430, 2018.

Topical Treatment With Liposomal Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Complex in Subjects With Facial Redness and Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea: Case Studies

Physicians are often presented with patients complaining of facial redness and difficult to control rosacea. The water soluble sodium copper chlorophyllin complex has been shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities in vitro and anti-redness, pore reduction, and anti-acne activities in pilot clinical studies. In these case studies, the safety and efficacy of a topical gel containing a liposomal suspension of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was assessed in subjects with facial redness and erythematotelangiectatic rosacea.

Pilot Study of Topical Copper Chlorophyllin Complex in Subjects With Facial Acne and Large Pores

BACKGROUND

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin diseases treated by dermatologists. Salts of copper chlorophyllin complex are semi-synthetic naturally-derived compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity that have not been previously tested topically in the treatment of acne-prone skin with enlarged pores.

OBJECTIVES

This single-center pilot study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of a liposomal dispersion of topically applied sodium copper chlorophyllin complex in subjects with mild-moderate acne and large, visible pores over a course of 3 weeks.

METHODS

Subjects were supplied with the test product, a topical gel containing a liposomal dispersion of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex (0.1%) with directions to apply a small amount to the facial area twice daily. Clinical assessments were performed at screening/baseline and at week 3. VISIA readings were taken and self-assessment questionnaires were conducted.

RESULTS

10 subjects were enrolled and completed the 3-week study. All clinical efficacy parameters showed statistically significant improvements over baseline at week 3. The study product was well tolerated. Subject questionnaires showed the test product was highly rated.

CONCLUSIONS

In this pilot study, a topical formulation containing a liposomal dispersion of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was shown to be clinically effective and well tolerated for the treatment of mild-moderate acne and large, visible pores when used for 3 weeks.

Assessment of the safety and efficacy of topical copper chlorophyllin in women with photodamaged facial skin

BACKGROUND

Chronic exposure to the sun causes the skin to prematurely age. Photodamaged skin is characterized by progressive damage to the dermal extracellular matrix with loss of collagen and degradation of elastin. Clinical manifestations of such photoaged or photodamaged skin include wrinkles and irregular pigmentation. Various cosmetic treatments including topical retinoids, growth factors, and skin lighteners have shown some benefit. Salts of copper chlorophyllin complex are semi-synthetic naturally derived compounds with anti-oxidant and wound healing activity that has not been previously tested in photodamaged skin.

OBJECTIVES

This single-center pilot study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of a liposomal dispersion of topically applied sodium copper chlorophyllin complex in women with mild-moderate fine lines and wrinkles in the periocular areas and facial solar lentigenes over a course of 8 weeks.

METHODS

Subjects were supplied with the test product, a topical gel containing chlorophyllin complex salts (0.066%), with directions to apply a pea-sized amount to the periocular areas, cheeks and nose every morning and evening. Clinical assessments were performed at screening/baseline and at week 8. Standardized digital photographs were taken and self-assessment questionnaires were conducted.

RESULTS

Ten subjects completed the 8-week study. All clinical efficacy parameters showed statistically significant improvements over baseline at week 8. The study product was well tolerated. Subject questionnaires showed the test product was highly rated.

CONCLUSIONS

In this pilot study, a topical formulation containing a liposomal dispersion of sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was shown to be clinically effective and well tolerated for the treatment of mild-moderate photodamage and solar lentigenes when used for 8 weeks.

Analysis of the therapeutic effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin tablet in treating 60 cases of leukopenia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium copper chlorophyllin (trademarked as "Yebaike Tablet which is abbreviated as YBK in treating leukopenia.

METHODS

One hundred and five patients with leukopenia caused by various factors were randomized into 3 groups. The 60 patients in the YBK group took orally YBK Tablets at the dose of 40 mg, three times per day, the 30 patients in the leucogen group were treated with Leucogen Tablets at the dose of 20 mg, three times per day, and the 15 patients in the placebo group were administered with vitamin C tablets 100 mg, three times per day. All the subjects were treated for 1 month. The change of peripheral leucocytes count after treatment and adverse drug reaction that occurred in patients were studied.

RESULTS

In the 60 patients treated with YBK, the treatment proved to be markedly effective in 34 cases, effective in 17 and ineffective in 9, the total effective rate being 85%, which was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (26.7%, P < 0.01) and similar to that in the leucogen group (83.3%, P > 0.05). No adverse reaction was found in the treatment course.

CONCLUSION

YBK can be used in the treatment of leukopenia caused by various factors, satisfactory in efficacy and safe in use.

Ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancer in the Crl:SKH1:hr-BR hairless mouse: augmentation of tumor multiplicity by chlorophyllin and protection by indole-3-carbinol

Over 1 million new cases of ultraviolet radiation-induced non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) per year now occur in the USA and the incidence of these diseases continues to increase. New preventative strategies are required. The hypothesis tested was that dietary administration of the putative cancer chemopreventatives sodium-copper-chlorophyllin (Chlor) or indole-3-carbinol (I3C) would inhibit UV-induced skin carcinogenesis in the Crl:SKH1:hr-BR hairless mouse. Groups of 20 mice were pre-fed isocaloric/isonutritive 20% corn-oil AIN-76a based diets that contained either Chlor (1.52 g%), I3C (5.08 g%) or no chemopreventative (control) for 2 weeks followed by exposure of their dorsal skin to a 10 week incremental, sub-erythemal, carcinogenic simulated solar UV exposure regime. Feeding was continued for the duration of the experiment. Matched non-UV exposed dietary groups were also included in the experimental design. The diets had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on body weight, feed consumption, cutaneous methanol-extractable UV photoprotective substances or on cutaneous UV-reflective characteristics. By day 180, UV-irradiated mice fed the Chlor had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher tumor multiplicity (33.6 +/- 4.72; mean +/- SEM) than UV-irradiated control animals (22.8 +/- 4.25). UV-irradiated mice fed I3C had a significantly (p < 0.001) lower tumor multiplicity (13.0 +/- 2.42) than that of both the UV-irradiated control and UV-irradiated Chlor-fed mice. The Chlor or I3C diets did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect UV-induced systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. These results demonstrate augmentation of the UV-induced cutaneous carcinogenic process by dietary chlorophyllin and protection from this carcinogenic process by indole-3-carbinol via mechanisms that do not involve changes in skin optical properties, modulation of photoimmunosuppression or caloric/nutrient effects.

Hydrophilic gels containing chlorophyllin-loaded liposomes: development and stability evaluation

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize hydrophilic gels containing chlorophyllin(CHL)-loaded liposomes as well as to evaluate their stability. Two different CHL-loaded liposome dispersions using non-hydrogenated and hydrogenated soybean lecithin were prepared, characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index and trapping efficiency and incorporated in Carbopol 940 NF hydrogel. The gels obtained were analyzed for flow properties, pH values and CHL content. The control liposome-free gel was obtained by incorporating the CHL solution in the hydrogel. The stability of the gels was evaluated in terms of rheological properties, pH values and CHL content during 6 months' storage at 20 +/- 2 degrees C. Suitable gel formulations for topical use were obtained revealing shear-thinning plastic flow behaviour without significant thixotropy during the whole period of examination. High yield values of the samples during the whole period indicated a long-term stability of the gel formulations. The gel formulations expressed a mild acid value acceptable for topical preparations. After 6 months' storage the CHL content was highest in the gel containing non-hydrogenated lecithin liposomes, followed by the gel containing hydrogenated lecithin liposomes and liposome-free gel, indicating that the encapsulation of CHL in liposomes led to a greater stability of CHL.

Effects of the dietary supplements, activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese trimethylaminuria patients

Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to oxidize and convert dietary-derived trimethylamine (TMA) to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). This disorder has been relatively well-documented in European and North American populations, but no reports have appeared regarding patients in Japan. We identified seven Japanese individuals that showed a low metabolic capacity to convert TMA to its odorless metabolite, TMAO. The metabolic capacity, as defined by the concentration of TMAO excreted in the urine divided by TMA concentration plus TMAO concentration, in these seven individuals ranged from 70 to 90%. In contrast, there were no healthy controls examined with less than 95% of the metabolic capacity to convert TMA to TMAO. The intake of dietary charcoal (total 1.5 g charcoal per day for 10 days) reduced the urinary free TMA concentration and increased the concentration of TMAO to normal values during charcoal administration. Copper chlorophyllin (total 180 mg per day for 3 weeks) was also effective at reducing free urinary TMA concentration and increasing TMAO to those of concentrations present in normal individuals. In the TMAU subjects examined, the effects of copper chlorophyllin appeared to last longer (i.e., several weeks) than those observed for activated charcoal. The results suggest that the daily intake of charcoal and/or copper chlorophyllin may be of significant use in improving the quality of life of individuals suffering from TMAU.

No Effects of Chlorophyllin on IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline)-genotoxicity and -DNA Adduct Formation in Drosophila

Previously we demonstrated that chlorophyllin suppressed the genotoxicities of many carcinogens. However, the genotoxicity of IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline), a carcinogenic heterocyclic amine, was not suppressed in Drosophila. On the contrary, it has been reported that chrolophyllin suppressed the genotoxicity of IQ in rodents, rainbow trout and Salmonella. We demonstrated that the chlorophyllin-induced suppression of MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline)-genotoxicity was associated with a decrease in MeIQx-DNA adduct formation in Drosophila larval DNA. MeIQx represents another type of heterocyclic amine and is similar to IQ in structure. In this study we utilized (32)P-postlabeling to examine whether chlorophyllin reduced IQ-DNA adduct formation in Drosophila DNA in the same way as MeIQx. The results revealed that the formation of IQ-DNA adducts was unaffected by treatment with chlorophyllin. This was consistent with the absence of any inhibitory effect on genotoxicity as observed in the Drosophila repair test. These results suggest that IQ-behavior in Drosophila is not affected by chlorophyllin, indicating that the process of IQ-DNA adduct formation followed by expression of genotoxicity in Drosophila may be different from that in other organisms.

Effect of Dietary Constituents With Chemopreventive Potential on Adduct Formation of a Low Dose of the Heterocyclic Amines PhIP and IQ and Phase II Hepatic Enzymes

We conducted a study to evaluate dietary chemopreventive strategies to reduce genotoxic effects of the carcinogens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). PhIP and IQ are heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that are found in cooked meat and may be risk factors for cancer. Typical chemoprevention studies have used carcinogen doses many thousand-fold higher than usual human daily intake. Therefore, we administered a low dose of [14C]PhIP and [3H]IQ and utilized accelerator mass spectrometry to quantify PhIP adducts in the liver, colon, prostate, and blood plasma and IQ adducts in the liver and blood plasma with high sensitivity. Diets supplemented with phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), genistein, chlorophyllin, or lycopene were evaluated for their ability to decrease adduct formation of [14C]PhIP and [3H]IQ in rats. We also examined the effect of treatments on the activity of the phase II detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT), phenol sulfotransferase (SULT) and quinone reductase (QR). PEITC and chlorophyllin significantly decreased PhIP-DNA adduct levels in all tissues examined, which was reflected by similar changes in PhIP binding to albumin in the blood. In contrast, genistein and lycopene tended to increase PhIP adduct levels. The treatments did not significantly alter the level of IQ-DNA or -protein adducts in the liver. With the exception of lycopene, the treatments had some effect on the activity of one or more hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes. We conclude that PEITC and chlorophyllin are protective of PhIP-induced genotoxicity after a low exposure dose of carcinogen, possibly through modification of HCA metabolism.

Inhibitory effect of chlorophyllin on the frequency of micronuclei induced by sodium nitrite in mice

In this report the potency of chlorophyllin (CHL) was evaluated to prevent two types of damage produced by nitrite in mice: the increase of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) and the bone marrow toxicity, measured as the index of polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes (PE/NE). The study was done in eight groups of male mice. The first three groups were administered orally for 4 days with sodium nitrite (10, 15 and 20 mg/kg), the daily administration with nitrite was followed by an intraperitoneal administration of CHL (4 mg/kg), three more groups were administered with the same amounts of nitrite, a seventh group of mice was treated with distilled water while another was treated with CHL (4 mg/kg). Our study produced two main results: (a) no bone marrow injury was induced by any of the tested chemicals, as indicated with the PE/NE index, and (b) CHL protected (as high as 44%) the MNPE produced in nitrite treated mice.

Strategies for chemoprevention of liver cancer

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Infection with hepatitis B virus and exposure to aflatoxins in the diet act synergistically to amplify risk. From a public health perspective, hepatitis virus vaccination programs and efforts to both reduce aflatoxin exposures and to attenuate the toxicological consequences of unavoidable exposures should have major impacts on the incidence of this disease. Experimentally, aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis can be inhibited by over a score of different chemopreventive agents with multiple mechanisms of action. One agent, oltipraz, is a potent inducer of phase 2 enzymes involved in the detoxication of carcinogens including aflatoxin. A second agent, chlorophyllin, impedes the bioavailability of carcinogens by forming molecular complexes and enhances their elimination in the fecal stream. This review highlights the findings of recent randomized clinical trials with oltipraz and chlorophyllin conducted in individuals exposed to dietary aflatoxins and at high risk for development of liver cancer. Both chemopreventive agents modulated levels of aflatoxin biomarkers in the study participants in manners consonant with protection.

Investigation of genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities of chlorophylls and chlorophyllin in cultured V79 cells

Chlorophyll and its derivatives are examples of plant compounds (purified and/or extracted) which appear to protect DNA from damage caused by chemical or physical agents, although some studies have identified clastogenic activity of these compounds. This study was carried out to assess the genotoxic activity of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), -b (Chl-b) and chlorophyllin (Chl) and their antigenotoxic activity against the DNA damage induced by methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) under conditions of simultaneous, pre-, post-treatment, and simultaneous treatment after pre-incubation of the chemical with MMS. The micronucleus (MN) test was used in binucleated cells (induced by cytochalasin-B) of a mammalian cell line (V79). The three concentrations of Chl-a, Chl-b or Chl (0.1375, 0.275, 0.55microM) were not genotoxic and the genotoxic action of MMS (400microM) decreased (74-117%) under all treatment conditions. The results showed that there was no significant difference among the treatment types, the concentration or the nature of chlorophyll used. The data obtained suggest that Chl-a, Chl-b and Chl when associated with the DNA damaging agent, MMS, may protect the DNA by desgenotoxic action and/or by bio-antigenotoxic mechanisms, with the similar efficiency.

Identification of pelvic lymph nodes with chlorophyllin after injection into the uterine cervix: an experimental and clinical study

We investigated the value of staining retroperitoneal lymph nodes with chlorophyllin in normal dogs and in women with malignant uterine tumors undergoing lymphadenectomy. In dogs, after 0.3% chlorophyllin (sodium copper chlorophyllin) was injected into the canine uterus, the concentration of dye in the bloodstream was measured with a spectrophotometer and sections of stained retroperitoneal lymph nodes were examined using light and electron microscopy. The highest blood levels were detected at 4 hrs and nearly all of the chlorophyllin was gone from the bloodstream by 18 hrs but was retained in nodal macrophages for at least 4 days. No morphological changes were found in the excised lymph nodes. Twenty-four patients with cervical carcinoma and 20 patients with endometrial carcinoma undergoing radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy were divided into a lymphatic coloration group (23 patients) and a non-coloration (control) group (21 patients). In the lymphatic coloration group (0.3% chlorophyllin) was injected into the cervix 5 days before elective lymphadenectomy. There were no complications attributed to injection of the chlorophyllin. The number of dissected lymph nodes in the coloration group were greater than the control group (p<0.01) and the time of operation was shorter (p<0.01). These results suggest that chlorophyllin is safe and facilitates identification of retroperitoneal lymph nodes, allows more complete nodal excision and shortens the time of operation in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy.

Inhibition of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis by dietary chlorophyllin in rainbow trout

Cancer chemoprevention by dietary chlorophyllin (CHL) was investigated in a rainbow trout multi-organ tumor model. In study 1, duplicate groups of 130 juvenile trout were treated for 2 weeks with control diet, 500 p.p.m. dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) or 500 p.p.m. DB[a,l]P + 2052 p.p.m. CHL, then returned to control diet. DB[a,l]P alone proved somewhat toxic but induced high tumor incidences in liver (61%), stomach (91%) and swimbladder (53%) 11 months after initiation. CHL co-feeding abrogated DB[a,l]P acute toxicity and reduced tumor incidences to 18% in liver, 34% in stomach and 3% in swimbladder (P Collapse

Key Words

• chlorophyllin
• aflatoxin b1
• heterocyclic amine
• trout
• salmonella assay
• dna adduct
• anticarcinogen

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MESH Headings

• Animals
• Anticarcinogenic Agents/administration & dosage
• Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
• Benzopyrenes/toxicity
• Carcinogens/toxicity
• Chlorophyllides/administration & dosage
• Chlorophyllides/pharmacology
• Diet
• Mutagenicity Tests
• Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
• Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
• Oncorhynchus mykiss

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Grants

• ES00210 NIEHS NIH HHS
• P30 ES003850 NIEHS NIH HHS
• R29 CA065525 NCI NIH HHS
• ES03850 NIEHS NIH HHS
• R01 CA065525 NCI NIH HHS
• ES04766 NIEHS NIH HHS
• R01 CA065525-06A1 NCI NIH HHS
• P30 ES000210 NIEHS NIH HHS

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[A study of therapeutic efficacy of Koukangning gargle in the treatment of oral mucositis]

A study of therapeutic efficacy was carried out in 118 patients with oral mucositis (recurrent oral aphthous ulceration, erosive lichen planus, herptic stomatitis and infectious oral mucosal hematoma) at random. As a topical medication, Koukangning gargle was applied to 59 patients of the experimental group, 29 patients of the control group 1 applied Dobell's solution to rinse their mouths, and 30 patients of the control group 2 applied Koutai solution. A satisfactory result was observed in the experimental group, its effectiveness and effective rates rose more than those of control group 1 at both treatments for 3 days and 6 days. Between the two groups, there were markedly significant difference (P < 0.005, P < 0.01, P < 0.005, P < 0.005). Koukangning gargle was nontoxic and no side-effects in the clinical tests. Its efficacy was no significant difference compared with the control group 2. Experimental study demonstrates that it possesses anti-inflamation effect and excellent antibiotic effect, therefore it is a new gargle for rinse mouth combined traditional Chinese medicine with Western medicine.

Suppressive effects of chlorophyllin on mutagen-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002) and tumor promoter-dependent ornithine decarboxylase induction in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblast cells

The potentially protective role of chlorophyllin, the sodium and copper salt of chlorophyll a against the initiation and promotion stages in carcinogenesis was studied by in vitro short-term assays. Chlorophyllin showed a dose-dependent suppressive effect on 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol (Trp-P-1)-induced umu C gene expression of Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002) in the presence of metabolizing enzyme mixture. The similar inhibitory effect of chlorophyllin was detected in mitomycin C (MMC)-dependent umu C gene expression in the absence of metabolizing enzyme mixture. Furthermore chlorophyllin also exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity of 3T3 fibroblast cells at the same concentrations. However, when chlorophyll a isolated from Japanese tea leaves was applied on the same assay systems as a comparative experiment, chlorophyll a showed much weaker activity compared with that of chlorophyllin. The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of the protective role of chlorophyllin against carcinogenesis.

Effect of cuprofilin on experimental atherosclerosis

The effect of Cuprofilin, a newly synthesized C.(II)-chlorophyll complex, was assessed in rats with experimental atherosclerosis. The study was focused on changes in serum cholesterol, lipids, and triglycerides concentration as well as on serum and abdominal aorta Cu and Zn values. It has been ascertained that after 90 d in animals fed a rich lipid diet there was a statistically significant increase in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipid concentration (p < 0.01). A significant augmentation of serum Cu values (p < 0.01) accompanied by a marked lowering of the same element in abdominal aorta (p < 0.01) was also found, as compared to the results registered in the control group. However, Cuprofilin, administered for 90 d in the group of animals with experimental atherosclerosis, significantly decreased the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum lipid values (p < 0.01), increased copper content in aortic tissue (p < 0.01) and lowered serum copper concentration (p < 0.01) as compared to the untreated group. Moreover, in the aorta of administered animals the lipid infiltration has been demonstrated to be significantly diminished vs the untreated group.

In vivo effect of chlorophyllin on gamma-ray-induced sister chromatid exchange in murine bone marrow cells

The aim of the present work is to determine the radioprotective capacity of chlorophyllin, by measuring the reduction of gamma-ray-induced sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in murine bone marrow cells in vivo. The results obtained in two separate experiments, using 10, 50 and 100 micrograms of chlorophyllin per g of body weight (bw), indicate that chlorophyllin per se did not have any effect on the SCE frequency and that the dose of 100 micrograms/g bw protects 100% against the induction of SCE by 1.0 Gy of gamma-rays; 50 micrograms/g bw protects less than 50% and 10 micrograms/g bw affords no protection.

Inhibition of clastogenic effects of cesium chloride in mice in vivo by chlorophyllin

The antagonistic effect of chlorophyllin was tested in reducing the clastogenic action of cesium chloride (CsCl) in vivo on mice bone marrow cells. CsCl induced chromosomal aberration in frequencies directly proportional to the dose administered. Chlorophyllin, when given alone, was not clastogenic even at a concentration of 1.5 mg/kg body wt. of the animal. Simultaneous administration of chlorophyllin and CsCl reduced chromosomal aberrations significantly at 24 h. Exposure to the same dose of chlorophyllin 2 h before exposure to CsCl also decreased clastogenic effects but to a lesser extent. These findings are of importance in view of the uptake of radioactive Cs by green plants after nuclear fallout.