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Chethana KR, Senol FS, Orhan IE, Anilakumar KR, Keri RS. Cassia tora Linn.: A boon to Alzheimer's disease for its anti-amyloidogenic and cholinergic activities. Phytomedicine 2017; 33:43-52. [PMID: 28887919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug discovery from natural products as alternatives for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a current trend. For which plant is an alternative for searching potential molecule for treating AD. Availability of Cassia tora as weed and abundance in nature makes it as potential source. Many plants group under Leguminosae family has potential medicinal property of which Cassia tora is an appropriate choice, to know potency against AD. Etiology of AD is described by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The Aβ42 has key major role in forming plaques by forming structures like protobirils, oligomers and final fibrilar like structures. Even at in vitro conditions, the peptides have a fibrilar like structure, which was exploited to preliminary screening of natural sources that may be effective in treating AD. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The design of the study was to unravel the potential medicinal property of Cassia tora for its antioxidant, cholinergic and aggregation inhibition activity. STUDY DESIGN We evidenced that the methanol (MeOH), n-hexane (n-hex), petroleum ether (PE) and aqueous (aq) extracts from the leaves of Cassia tora (C. tora) were investigated for their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and anti-amyloidogenic assays. The antioxidant effect using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined using Folin-Ciocaltaeu's and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) reagents, respectively. RESULTS The methanol extract of C. tora exerted the highest inhibition against AChE (55.38 ± 2.28%) and BChE inhibition (50.02 ± 0.79%) at 100µg/ml concentration. The methanol extract was also found more active in the antioxidant test. The aggregation kinetics was monitored using thioflavin-T (ThT) assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. CONCLUSION The results showed that C. tora methanol extract is able to inhibit the Aβ42 aggregation from monomers and oligomers and also able to dis-aggregate the pre-formed fibrils. The study provides an insight on finding new natural products for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Chethana
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Fatma Sezer Senol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - K R Anilakumar
- Applied Nutrition Division, Defense Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India
| | - Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram, Bangalore 562112, India.
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Akinyemi AJ, Thomé GR, Morsch VM, Bottari NB, Baldissarelli J, de Oliveira LS, Goularte JF, Belló-Klein A, Duarte T, Duarte M, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Akindahunsi AA, Oboh G, Schetinger MRC. Effect of Ginger and Turmeric Rhizomes on Inflammatory Cytokines Levels and Enzyme Activities of Cholinergic and Purinergic Systems in Hypertensive Rats. Planta Med 2016; 82:612-20. [PMID: 27002391 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation exerts a crucial pathogenic role in the development of hypertension. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on enzyme activities of purinergic and cholinergic systems as well as inflammatory cytokine levels in Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride-induced hypertensive rats. The rats were divided into seven groups (n = 10); groups 1-3 included normotensive control rats, hypertensive (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride) rats, and hypertensive control rats treated with atenolol (an antihypertensive drug), while groups 4 and 5 included normotensive and hypertensive (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride) rats treated with 4 % supplementation of turmeric, respectively, and groups 6 and 7 included normotensive and hypertensive rats treated with 4 % supplementation of ginger, respectively. The animals were induced with hypertension by oral administration of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, 40 mg/kg body weight. The results revealed a significant increase in ATP and ADP hydrolysis, adenosine deaminase, and acetylcholinesterase activities in lymphocytes from Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride hypertensive rats when compared with the control rats. In addition, an increase in serum butyrylcholinesterase activity and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and - 6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) with a concomitant decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10) was observed in Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride hypertensive rats. However, dietary supplementation of both rhizomes was efficient in preventing these alterations in hypertensive rats by decreasing ATP hydrolysis, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase activities and proinflammatory cytokines in hypertensive rats. Thus, these activities could suggest a possible insight about the protective mechanisms of the rhizomes against hypertension-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Jacob Akinyemi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo Roberto Thomé
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Baldissarelli
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lizielle Souza de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Ferraz Goularte
- Health Basic Sciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Health Basic Sciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Luterana do Brazil (ULBRA), Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Luterana do Brazil (ULBRA), Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Margareth Linde Athayde
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Akintunde Afolabi Akindahunsi
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Qiao MF, Ji NY, Liu XH, Li F, Xue QZ. Asporyergosterol, a new steroid from an algicolous isolate of Aspergillus oryzae. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:1575-1578. [PMID: 21121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Asporyergosterol (1), a new steroid with an E double bond between C-17 and C-20, was identified from the culture extracts of Aspergillus oryzae, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine red alga Heterosiphonia japonica. Moreover, four known steroids including (22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (2), (22E,24R)-3beta-hydroxyergosta-5,8,22-trien-7-one (3), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol (4), and (22E,24R)-5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (5) were isolated. Structures of these compounds were unambiguously established by spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature values. All the isolates exhibited low activity to modulate acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Qiao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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Sharma K, Bhatnagar M, Kulkarni SK. Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy and Asparagus racemosus Willd on learning and memory in young and old mice: a comparative evaluation. Indian J Exp Biol 2010; 48:479-485. [PMID: 20795365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A dose dependent enhancement of memory was observed with A. racemosus and C. pluricaulis treatment as compared to control group when tested on second day. A. racemosus and C. pluricaulis at the dose of 200 mg/kg, po showed significantly higher percent retentions, than piracetam. Multiple treatment with A. racemosus and C. pluricaulis for three days also demonstrated significant dose dependent increase in percent retentions as compared to control group. The effect was more prominent with C. pluricaulis as compared with piracetam and A. racemosus. A significantly lower percent retention in aged mice was observed as compared to young mice. Aged mice (18-20 months) showed higher transfer latency (TL) values on first and second day (after 24 h) as compared to young mice, indicating impairment in learning and memory. Pretreatment with A. racemosus and C. pluricaulis for 7 days enhanced memory in aged mice, as significant increase in percent retention was observed. Significantly higher retention was observed with C. pluricaulis (200 mg/kg; po) as compared with piracetam (10 mg/kg/; po). Post-trial administration of C. pluricaulis and A. racemosus extract demonstrated significant decrease in latency time during retention trials. Hippocampal regions associated with the learning and memory functions showed dose dependent increase in AChE activity in CA 1 with A. reacemosus and CA3 area with C. pluracaulis treatment. The underlying mechanism of these actions of A. racemosus and C. pluricaulis may be attributed to their antioxidant, neuroprotective and cholinergic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Sharma
- B.N. PG College of Pharmacy, Udaipur 313 001, India
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Abstract
Pervilleine A is an aromatic ester tropane alkaloid from Erythroxylum pervillei that has shown promising activity as a multidrug resistance inhibitor. Due to its structural similarity with the well known (-)-hyoscyamine and (-)-cocaine, the cholinergic and adrenergic activities of pervilleine A were evaluated. At 30 microm (+/-)-pervilleine A hydrochloride exhibited non-competitive inhibition of the cholinergic response in the guinea-pig ileum and did not affect the carbachol-induced contraction of the rat anococcygeus smooth muscle. (+/-)-Pervilleine A hydrochloride blocked nonspecifically the vascular response of (-)-norepinephrine in the rat aorta ring, while the contractile response of rat vas deferens to (-)-norepinephrine was not affected significantly at a 100 microm concentration. An analogue of pervilleine A, (+/-)-pervilleine H, without a 6-O-trans-3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl ester substituent required for anti-multidrug resistance activity, did not exhibit any effects in these experiments. The data suggest that (+/-)-pervilleine A hydrochloride has weak nonspecific anticholinergic and vascular antiadrenergic activities. The lack of significant cholinergic and adrenergic receptor-mediated activities may be considered advantageous for the further development of pervilleine A as a new adjuvant in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Won Chin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Popat N. Patil
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+1 614 292-7238. fax:+1 614 292-9083.
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Abstract
The aqueous-ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers (Co.Cr) was studied for its possible spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects in isolated gut preparations. In rabbit jejunum, Co.Cr caused a dose-dependent (0.03-3.0 mg/mL) relaxation of spontaneous and K+-induced contractions, suggestive of calcium channel blockade (CCB). In a few preparations, a mild non-reproducible spasmogenic effect was observed at lower doses, followed by relaxation. The CCB effect was confirmed when pretreatment of the jejunum preparations with Co.Cr produced a dose-dependent rightward shift in the Ca(++) dose-response curves, similar to that of verapamil. Activity-directed fractionation revealed that the spasmolytic activity of the plant was concentrated in its organic fractions. The aqueous fraction exhibited a marked atropine sensitive spasmogenic effect but was found to be devoid of any spasmolytic effect. These data indicate that the crude extract of Calendula officinalis flowers contains both spasmolytic and spasmogenic constituents, exhibiting these effects through calcium channel blocking and cholinergic activities and this study provides a scientific base for its traditional use in abdominal cramps and constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Bashir
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi-74800, Pakistan
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Hore SK, Ottalwar R, Koley KM, Pathak AK. Possible involvement of cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms in changing contractility of guinea pig ileum by Ipomoea carnea. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71:253-259. [PMID: 10904171 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to elucidate the mechanism (s) of action of Ipomoea carnea leaf juice (ILJ) in changing contractility of guinea pig ileum. ILJ produced dose-dependent (10-10000 microg/ml) triphasic responses. The initial contractile phase was blocked by atropine (1 microg/ml) but had additive effect with acetylcholine (2 ng/ml) or carbachol (2 ng/ml). Neostigmine (30 ng/ml) or lignocaine (50 microg/ml) failed to alter the response. In cold-induced denervated preparations, this phase was augmented. The relaxatory phase of ILJ was not modified by phenoxybenzamine (35 microg/ml) but was reduced by propranolol (1 microg/ml) and abolished by lignocaine (50 microg/ml). The final contractile phase of ILJ was not affected by atropine (1 microg/ml). These results suggest that the triphasic response of ILJ is possibly mediated through cholinergic, adrenergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Hore
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., I.G.A.U., Anjora, -491001 (MP), Durg, India
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Tsai CS, Guede-Guina F, Smith MO, Vangah-Manda M, Ochillo RF. Isolation of cholinergic active ingredients in aqueous extracts of Mareya micrantha using the longitudinal muscle of isolated guinea-pig ileum as a pharmacological activity marker. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 45:215-222. [PMID: 7623487 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)01219-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In our attempt to isolate the pharmacologically active ingredients in the aqueous extracts of Mareya micrantha, we have selected the contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the isolated guinea-pig ileum preparation as a pharmacological marker to monitor retention of pharmacological activity during the chromatographic separation. The aqueous extracts of Mareya micrantha elicited concentration-dependent contractions of the preparation. The maximum response elicited by the aqueous extracts was 50% of the maximum response elicited by the maximum dose of acetylcholine (ACh), 10(-7) M. Mepenzolate (10(-8)-10(-5) M), a specific muscarinic receptor antagonist, similarly antagonized contractions elicited by the aqueous extracts suggesting that the cholinergic ingredient(s) in the extract are acting at the muscarinic receptors of the preparation. Fraction 2-4, which was separated from the aqueous extracts by Sephadex gel chromatography, dose-dependently elicited contractions of the preparation. The maximum response was 80% of the maximum response elicited by the maximum dose of ACh suggesting that separation has enhanced the cholinergic activity of the content in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tsai
- Laboratories of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans 70125, USA
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