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Schütz M, Müller R, Socher E, Wangen C, Full F, Wyler E, Wong D, Scherer M, Stamminger T, Chou S, Rawlinson WD, Hamilton ST, Sticht H, Marschall M. Highly Conserved Interaction Profiles between Clinically Relevant Mutants of the Cytomegalovirus CDK-like Kinase pUL97 and Human Cyclins: Functional Significance of Cyclin H. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911814. [PMID: 36233116 PMCID: PMC9569496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex host interaction network of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) involves the regulatory protein kinase pUL97, which represents a viral cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) ortholog. pUL97 interacts with the three human cyclin types T1, H, and B1, whereby the binding region of cyclin T1 and the pUL97 oligomerization region were both assigned to amino acids 231-280. We further addressed the question of whether HCMVs harboring mutations in ORF-UL97, i.e., short deletions or resistance-conferring point mutations, are affected in the interaction with human cyclins and viral replication. To this end, clinically relevant UL97 drug-resistance-conferring mutants were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing and used for genetic marker transfer experiments. The recombinant HCMVs indicated conservation of pUL97–cyclin interaction, since all viral UL97 point mutants continued to interact with the analyzed cyclin types and exerted wild-type-like replication fitness. In comparison, recombinant HCMVs UL97 Δ231-280 and also the smaller deletion Δ236-275, but not Δ241-270, lost interaction with cyclins T1 and H, showed impaired replication efficiency, and also exhibited reduced kinase activity. Moreover, a cellular knock-out of cyclins B1 or T1 did not alter HCMV replication phenotypes or pUL97 kinase activity, possibly indicating alternative, compensatory pUL97–cyclin interactions. In contrast, however, cyclin H knock-out, similar to virus deletion mutants in the pUL97–cyclin H binding region, exhibited strong defective phenotypes of HCMV replication, as supported by reduced pUL97 kinase activity in a cyclin H-dependent coexpression setting. Thus, cyclin H proved to be a very relevant determinant of pUL97 kinase activity and viral replication efficiency. As a conclusion, the results provide evidence for the functional importance of pUL97–cyclin interaction. High selective pressure on the formation of pUL97–cyclin complexes was identified by the use of clinically relevant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schütz
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.M.); Tel.: +49-9131-8526089 (M.M.)
| | - Regina Müller
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eileen Socher
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Full
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwig-University Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Wong
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Myriam Scherer
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sunwen Chou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia
| | - Stuart T. Hamilton
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.M.); Tel.: +49-9131-8526089 (M.M.)
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Vitorino Carvalho A, Couroussé N, Crochet S, Coustham V. Identification of Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Studies in Three Tissues of Japanese Quail. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030197. [PMID: 30836711 PMCID: PMC6470639 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RT-qPCR is the gold standard for candidate gene expression analysis. However, the interpretation of RT-qPCR results depends on the proper use of internal controls, i.e., reference genes. Japanese quail is an agronomic species also used as a laboratory model, but little is known about RT-qPCR reference genes for this species. Thus, we investigated 10 putative reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, PGK1, RPS7, RPS8, RPL19, RPL32, SDHA, TBP and YWHAZ) in three different female and male quail tissues (liver, brain and pectoral muscle). Gene expression stability was evaluated with three different algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. For each tissue, a suitable set of reference genes was defined and validated by a differential analysis of gene expression between females and males (CCNH in brain and RPL19 in pectoral muscle). Collectively, our study led to the identification of suitable reference genes in liver, brain and pectoral muscle for Japanese quail, along with recommendations for the identification of reference gene sets for this species.
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Patel H, Abduljabbar R, Lai CF, Periyasamy M, Harrod A, Gemma C, Steel JH, Patel N, Busonero C, Jerjees D, Remenyi J, Smith S, Gomm JJ, Magnani L, Győrffy B, Jones LJ, Fuller-Pace F, Shousha S, Buluwela L, Rakha EA, Ellis IO, Coombes RC, Ali S. Expression of CDK7, Cyclin H, and MAT1 Is Elevated in Breast Cancer and Is Prognostic in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5929-5938. [PMID: 27301701 PMCID: PMC5293170 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE CDK-activating kinase (CAK) is required for the regulation of the cell cycle and is a trimeric complex consisting of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), Cyclin H, and the accessory protein, MAT1. CDK7 also plays a critical role in regulating transcription, primarily by phosphorylating RNA polymerase II, as well as transcription factors such as estrogen receptor-α (ER). Deregulation of cell cycle and transcriptional control are general features of tumor cells, highlighting the potential for the use of CDK7 inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN mRNA and protein expression of CDK7 and its essential cofactors cyclin H and MAT1 were evaluated in breast cancer samples to determine if their levels are altered in cancer. Immunohistochemical staining of >900 breast cancers was used to determine the association with clinicopathologic features and patient outcome. RESULTS We show that expressions of CDK7, cyclin H, and MAT1 are all closely linked at the mRNA and protein level, and their expression is elevated in breast cancer compared with the normal breast tissue. Intriguingly, CDK7 expression was inversely proportional to tumor grade and size, and outcome analysis showed an association between CAK levels and better outcome. Moreover, CDK7 expression was positively associated with ER expression and in particular with phosphorylation of ER at serine 118, a site important for ER transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS Expressions of components of the CAK complex, CDK7, MAT1, and Cyclin H are elevated in breast cancer and correlate with ER. Like ER, CDK7 expression is inversely proportional to poor prognostic factors and survival. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5929-38. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetal Patel
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rezvan Abduljabbar
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Fui Lai
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manikandan Periyasamy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Harrod
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Gemma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H Steel
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naina Patel
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Busonero
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dena Jerjees
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Remenyi
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Smith
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J Gomm
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Louise J Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Fuller-Pace
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Shousha
- Department of Histopathology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Laki Buluwela
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Zhou XF, Jin YH, Yoo CY, Lin XL, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Bressan RA, Hasegawa PM, Jin JB. CYCLIN H;1 regulates drought stress responses and blue light-induced stomatal opening by inhibiting reactive oxygen species accumulation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2013; 162:1030-41. [PMID: 23656895 PMCID: PMC3668038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE Ds (CDKDs) phosphorylate the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Arabidopsis CYCLIN H;1 (CYCH;1) interacts with and activates CDKDs; however, the physiological function of CYCH;1 has not been determined. Here, we report that CYCH;1, which is localized to the nucleus, positively regulates blue light-induced stomatal opening. Reduced-function cych;1 RNA interference (cych;1 RNAi) plants exhibited a drought tolerance phenotype. CYCH;1 is predominantly expressed in guard cells, and its expression was substantially down-regulated by dehydration. Transpiration of intact leaves was reduced in cych;1 RNAi plants compared with the wild-type control in light but not in darkness. CYCH;1 down-regulation impaired blue light-induced stomatal opening but did not affect guard cell development or abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure. Microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that CYCH;1 did not regulate the expression of abscisic acid-responsive genes or light-induced stomatal opening signaling determinants, such as MYB60, MYB61, Hypersensitive to red and blue1, and Protein phosphatase7. CYCH;1 down-regulation induced the expression of redox homeostasis genes, such as LIPOXYGENASE3 (LOX3), LOX4, ARABIDOPSIS GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 7 (ATGPX7), EARLY LIGHT-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN1 (ELIP1), and ELIP2, and increased hydrogen peroxide production in guard cells. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations in CDKD;2 or CDKD;3 did not affect responsiveness to drought stress, suggesting that CYCH;1 regulates the drought stress response in a CDKD-independent manner. We propose that CYCH;1 regulates blue light-mediated stomatal opening by controlling reactive oxygen species homeostasis.
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Fouillen L, Abdulrahman W, Moras D, Dorsselaer AV, Poterszman A, Sanglier-Cianférani S. Analysis of recombinant phosphoprotein complexes with complementary mass spectrometry approaches. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:34-43. [PMID: 20624369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system is recognized as a powerful and versatile tool for producing large quantities of recombinant proteins that cannot be obtained in Escherichia coli. Here we report (i) the purification of the recombinant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) complex, which includes CDK7, cyclin H, and MAT1 proteins, and (ii) the functional characterization of CAK together with a detailed analysis and mapping of the phosphorylation states and sites using mass spectrometry (MS). In vitro kinase assay showed that recombinant CAK is able to phosphorylate the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2 implicated in cell cycle progression and the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. An original combination of MS techniques was used for the determination of the phosphorylation sites of each constitutive subunit at both protein and peptide levels. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS analysis of intact proteins demonstrated that none of the CAK subunits was fully modified and that the phosphorylation pattern of recombinant CAK is extremely heterogeneous. Finally, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS and nanoLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques were used for the analysis of the major phosphorylation sites of each subunit, showing that all correspond to Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylations occurred on Ser164 and Thr170 residues of CDK7, Thr315 residue of cyclin H, and Ser279 residue of MAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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