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Song X, Qu Z. NF-κB1 deficiency promotes macrophage-derived adrenal tumors but decreases neurofibromas in HTLV-I LTR-Tax transgenic mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303138. [PMID: 38722890 PMCID: PMC11081228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic virus whose infection can cause diverse diseases, most notably adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL), an aggressive and fatal malignancy of CD4 T cells. The oncogenic ability of HTLV-I is mostly attributed to the viral transcriptional transactivator Tax. Tax alone is sufficient to induce specific tumors in mice depending on the promotor used to drive Tax expression, thereby being used to understand HTLV-I tumorigenesis and model the tumor types developed in Tax transgenic mice. Tax exerts its oncogenic role predominantly by activating the cellular transcription factor NF-κB. Here, we report that genetic deletion of NF-κB1, the prototypic member of the NF-κB family, promotes adrenal medullary tumors but suppresses neurofibromas in mice with transgenic Tax driven by the HTLV-I Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter. The adrenal tumors are derived from macrophages. Neoplastic macrophages also infiltrate the spleen and lymph nodes, causing splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy in mice. Nevertheless, the findings could be human relevant, because macrophages are important target cells of HTLV-I infection and serve as a virus reservoir in vivo. Moreover, the spleen, lymph nodes and adrenal glands are the most common sites of tumor cell infiltration in HTLV-I-infected patients. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the complex interaction between Tax and NF-κB, therefore improving our understanding of HTLV-I oncogenic pathogenesis. They also expand our knowledge and establish a new animal model of macrophage neoplasms and adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Zhaoxia Qu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Su R, Kang X, Niu Y, Zhao T, Wang H. PCBP1 interacts with the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein to potentiate NF-κB activation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375168. [PMID: 38690287 PMCID: PMC11058652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The HTLV-1 Tax constitutively activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to promote the survival and transformation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Despite extensive study of Tax, how Tax interacts with host factors to regulate NF-κB activation and HTLV-1-driven cell proliferation is not entirely clear. Here, we showed that overexpression of Poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) promoted Tax-mediated IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB signaling activation, whereas knockdown of PCBP1 attenuated Tax-dependent IKK-NF-κB activation. However, Tax activation of HTLV-1 long terminal repeat was unaffected by PCBP1. Furthermore, depletion of PCBP1 led to apoptosis and reduced proliferation of HTLV-1-transformed cells. Mechanistically, PCBP1 interacted and co-localized with Tax in the cytoplasm, and PCBP1 KH3 domain was indispensable for the interaction between PCBP1 and Tax. Moreover, PCBP1 facilitated the assembly of Tax/IKK complex. Collectively, our results demonstrated that PCBP1 may exert an essential effect in Tax/IKK complex combination and subsequent NF-κB activation, which provides a novel insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xue Kang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yifan Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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3
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Fajami Z, Akbarin MM, Rafatpanah H, Ramezani S, Rahimi H, Rezaee SA. Assessment of Bcl-xL, TAX, and HBZ Gene Expression in Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:141-147. [PMID: 37565279 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma is a malignancy with a poor prognosis caused by human T lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Tax and HBZ are two major viral proteins that may be involved in oncogenesis by disrupting apoptosis. Because Bcl-xL plays an integral role in the anti-apoptotic pathway, this study examines the interaction between host apoptosis and oncoproteins. We investigated 37 HTLV-1-infected individuals, including 18 asymptomatic and 19 adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) subjects. mRNA was extracted and converted to cDNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and then gene expression was determined using TaqMan q-PCR. Moreover, the HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) was also measured using a commercial absolute quantification kit (Novin Gene, Iran). Data analysis revealed that the mean of TAX, HBZ, and PVL was significantly higher among the study groups (ATLL and carrier groups p = .003, p = .000, and p = .002 respectively). There was no statistical difference in Bcl-xL gene expression between the study groups (p = .323). It is proposed that this anti-apoptotic pathway may not be directly involved in the development of ATLL lymphoma. Bcl-xL, TAX, HBZ gene expression, and PVL can be utilized as prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fajami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Ramezani
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Rahimi
- Department of Hematology, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sudo H, Tonoyama Y, Ikebe E, Hasegawa H, Iha H, Ishida YI. Proteomic analysis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: A biomarker identification strategy based on preparation and in-solution digestion methods of total proteins. Leuk Res 2024; 138:107454. [PMID: 38452534 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2024.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection, is a malignant hematologic cancer that remains difficult to cure. We herein established a biomarker identification strategy based on the total cell proteomics of cultured ATL cells to search for novel ATL biomarkers. Four protocols with a combination of selected conditions based on lysis buffers and addition agents for total cell proteomics were used for a differential analysis between the ATL cell group (consisting of 11 cell lines), HTLV-1-infected cell group (consisting of 6 cell lines), and HTLV-1-negative cell group (consisting of 6 cell lines). In the analysis, we identified 24 and 27 proteins that were significantly increased (ratio ≥2.0, p < 0.05) and decreased (ratio ≤ 0.5, p < 0.05), respectively, in the ATL group. Previously reported CCL3 and CD30/TNFRSF8 were confirmed to be among significantly increased proteins. Furthermore, correlation analysis between identified proteins and Tax suggested that RASSF2 and GORASP2 were candidates of novel Tax-regulated factors. The biomarker identification strategy established herein is expected to contribute to the identification of biomarkers for ATL and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tonoyama
- Support Center for Student Practical Lab, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Division of Pathophysiology, The Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases (RCGLID), Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Ishida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Marie P, Bazire M, Ladet J, Ameur LB, Chahar S, Fontrodona N, Sexton T, Auboeuf D, Bourgeois CF, Mortreux F. Gene-to-gene coordinated regulation of transcription and alternative splicing by 3D chromatin remodeling upon NF-κB activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1527-1543. [PMID: 38272542 PMCID: PMC10899780 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB protein p65/RelA plays a pivotal role in coordinating gene expression in response to diverse stimuli, including viral infections. At the chromatin level, p65/RelA regulates gene transcription and alternative splicing through promoter enrichment and genomic exon occupancy, respectively. The intricate ways in which p65/RelA simultaneously governs these functions across various genes remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein, a potent activator of NF-κB, to investigate its influence on the three-dimensional organization of the genome, a key factor in gene regulation. We discovered that Tax restructures the 3D genomic landscape, bringing together genes based on their regulation and splicing patterns. Notably, we found that the Tax-induced gene-gene contact between the two master genes NFKBIA and RELA is associated with their respective changes in gene expression and alternative splicing. Through dCas9-mediated approaches, we demonstrated that NFKBIA-RELA interaction is required for alternative splicing regulation and is caused by an intragenic enrichment of p65/RelA on RELA. Our findings shed light on new regulatory mechanisms upon HTLV-1 Tax and underscore the integral role of p65/RelA in coordinated regulation of NF-κB-responsive genes at both transcriptional and splicing levels in the context of the 3D genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Marie
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Matéo Bazire
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Ladet
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lamya Ben Ameur
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sanjay Chahar
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 6704 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Fontrodona
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tom Sexton
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U1258, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 6704 Illkirch, France
| | - Didier Auboeuf
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyril F Bourgeois
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, 46 Allée d’Italie Site Jacques Monod, F-69007 Lyon, France
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6
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Beauvois A, Gazon H, Chauhan PS, Jamakhani M, Jacques JR, Thiry M, Dejardin E, Valentin ED, Twizere JC, Péloponèse JM, Njock MS, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M, Hamaïdia M, Willems L. The helicase-like transcription factor redirects the autophagic flux and restricts human T cell leukemia virus type 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216127120. [PMID: 37487091 PMCID: PMC10400947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216127120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses and their host have coevolved in a delicate balance between viral replication and survival of the infected cell. In this equilibrium, restriction factors expressed by infected cells control different steps of retroviral replication such as entry, uncoating, nuclear import, expression, or budding. Here, we describe a mechanism of restriction against human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) by the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF). We show that RNA and protein levels of HLTF are reduced in primary T cells of HTLV-1-infected subjects, suggesting a clinical relevance. We further demonstrate that the viral oncogene Tax represses HLTF transcription via the Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 methyltransferase of the Polycomb repressive complex 2. The Tax protein also directly interacts with HLTF and induces its proteasomal degradation. RNA interference and gene transduction in HTLV-1-infected T cells derived from patients indicate that HLTF is a restriction factor. Restoring the normal levels of HLTF expression induces the dispersal of the Golgi apparatus and overproduction of secretory granules. By synergizing with Tax-mediated NF-κB activation, physiologically relevant levels of HLTF intensify the autophagic flux. Increased vesicular trafficking leads to an enlargement of the lysosomes and the production of large vacuoles containing viral particles. HLTF induction in HTLV-1-infected cells significantly increases the percentage of defective virions. In conclusion, HLTF-mediated activation of the autophagic flux blunts the infectious replication cycle of HTLV-1, revealing an original mode of viral restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Beauvois
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hélène Gazon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Pradeep Singh Chauhan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Majeed Jamakhani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Rock Jacques
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology & Signal Transduction, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Di Valentin
- Viral Vectors Platform, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, Unit of Molecular Biology of Diseases, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Péloponèse
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Makon-Sébastien Njock
- Laboratory of Pneumology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, University Hospital of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University, 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Malik Hamaïdia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Luc Willems
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Nakano K, Watanabe T. Tuning Rex rules HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959962. [PMID: 36189216 PMCID: PMC9523361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 is an oncovirus causing ATL and other inflammatory diseases such as HAM/TSP and HU in about 5% of infected individuals. It is also known that HTLV-1-infected cells maintain a disease-free, immortalized, latent state throughout the lifetimes of about 95% of infected individuals. We believe that the stable maintenance of disease-free infected cells in the carrier is an intrinsic characteristic of HTLV-1 that has been acquired during its evolution in the human life cycle. We speculate that the pathogenesis of the virus is ruled by the orchestrated functions of viral proteins. In particular, the regulation of Rex, the conductor of viral replication rate, is expected to be closely related to the viral program in the early active viral replication followed by the stable latency in HTLV-1 infected T cells. HTLV-1 and HIV-1 belong to the family Retroviridae and share the same tropism, e.g., human CD4+ T cells. These viruses show significant similarities in the viral genomic structure and the molecular mechanism of the replication cycle. However, HTLV-1 and HIV-1 infected T cells show different phenotypes, especially in the level of virion production. We speculate that how the activity of HTLV-1 Rex and its counterpart HIV-1 Rev are regulated may be closely related to the properties of respective infected T cells. In this review, we compare various pathological aspects of HTLV-1 and HIV-1. In particular, we investigated the presence or absence of a virally encoded “regulatory valve” for HTLV-1 Rex or HIV-1 Rev to explore its importance in the regulation of viral particle production in infected T cells. Finally, wereaffirm Rex as the key conductor for viral replication and viral pathogenesis based on our recent study on the novel functional aspects of Rex. Since the activity of Rex is closely related to the viral replication rate, we hypothesize that the “regulatory valve” on the Rex activity may have been selectively evolved to achieve the “scenario” with early viral particle production and the subsequent long, stable deep latency in HTLV-1 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Nakano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazumi Nakano,
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Practical Management of Medical Information, Graduate School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
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El Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. Interplay between innate immunity and the viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ in the pathogenesis and therapeutic response of HTLV-1 associated adult T cell leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957535. [PMID: 35935975 PMCID: PMC9352851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell Leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes an array of pathologies, the most aggressive of which is adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a fatal blood malignancy with dismal prognosis. The progression of these diseases is partly ascribed to the failure of the immune system in controlling the spread of virally infected cells. HTLV-1 infected subjects, whether asymptomatic carriers or symptomatic patients are prone to opportunistic infections. An increasing body of literature emphasizes the interplay between HTLV-1, its associated pathologies, and the pivotal role of the host innate and adoptive immune system, in shaping the progression of HTLV-1 associated diseases and their response to therapy. In this review, we will describe the modalities adopted by the malignant ATL cells to subvert the host innate immune response with emphasis on the role of the two viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ in this process. We will also provide a comprehensive overview on the function of innate immunity in the therapeutic response to chemotherapy, anti-viral or targeted therapies in the pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Ali Bazarbachi,
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9
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Kiik H, Ramanayake S, Miura M, Tanaka Y, Melamed A, Bangham CRM. Time-course of host cell transcription during the HTLV-1 transcriptional burst. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010387. [PMID: 35576236 PMCID: PMC9135347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transactivator protein Tax has pleiotropic functions in the host cell affecting cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage response pathways and apoptosis. These actions of Tax have been implicated in the persistence and pathogenesis of HTLV-1-infected cells. It is now known that tax expression occurs in transcriptional bursts of the proviral plus-strand, but the effects of the burst on host transcription are not fully understood. We carried out RNA sequencing of two naturally-infected T-cell clones transduced with a Tax-responsive Timer protein, which undergoes a time-dependent shift in fluorescence emission, to study transcriptional changes during successive phases of the HTLV-1 plus-strand burst. We found that the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway, cell-cycle regulation, DNA damage response and apoptosis inhibition were immediate effects accompanying the plus-strand burst, and are limited to the duration of the burst. The results distinguish between the immediate and delayed effects of HTLV-1 reactivation on host transcription, and between clone-specific effects and those observed in both clones. The major transcriptional changes in the infected host T-cells observed here, including NF-κB, are transient, suggesting that these pathways are not persistently activated at high levels in HTLV-1-infected cells. The two clones diverged strongly in their expression of genes regulating the cell cycle. Up-regulation of senescence markers was a delayed effect of the proviral plus-strand burst and the up-regulation of some pro-apoptotic genes outlasted the burst. We found that activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway enhanced and prolonged the proviral burst, but did not increase the rate of reactivation. Our results also suggest that sustained plus-strand expression is detrimental to the survival of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Kiik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Ramanayake
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michi Miura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Okinawa-Asia Research Center of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Anat Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Hiyoshi M, Takahashi N, Eltalkhawy YM, Noyori O, Lotfi S, Panaampon J, Okada S, Tanaka Y, Ueno T, Fujisawa JI, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Tokunaga M, Satou Y, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M, Utsunomiya A, Suzu S. M-Sec induced by HTLV-1 mediates an efficient viral transmission. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010126. [PMID: 34843591 PMCID: PMC8659635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects target cells primarily through cell-to-cell routes. Here, we provide evidence that cellular protein M-Sec plays a critical role in this process. When purified and briefly cultured, CD4+ T cells of HTLV-1 carriers, but not of HTLV-1- individuals, expressed M-Sec. The viral protein Tax was revealed to mediate M-Sec induction. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of M-Sec reduced viral infection in multiple co-culture conditions. Furthermore, M-Sec knockdown reduced the number of proviral copies in the tissues of a mouse model of HTLV-1 infection. Phenotypically, M-Sec knockdown or inhibition reduced not only plasma membrane protrusions and migratory activity of cells, but also large clusters of Gag, a viral structural protein required for the formation of viral particles. Taken together, these results suggest that M-Sec induced by Tax mediates an efficient cell-to-cell viral infection, which is likely due to enhanced membrane protrusions, cell migration, and the clustering of Gag. In the present study, we identified the cellular protein M-Sec as a host factor necessary for de novo infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative retrovirus of an aggressive blood cancer known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The inhibition or knockdown of M-Sec in infected cells resulted in a reduced viral infection in several culture models and a mouse model. We recently demonstrated a similar role of M-Sec in macrophages infected with another human retrovirus HIV-1, but it has been generally thought that M-Sec is not related to HTLV-1 infection because of the lack of its expression in CD4+ T cells, the major target of HTLV-1. In this study, we revealed that CD4+ T cells of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers, but not those of HTLV-1- individuals, expressed M-Sec, and that the viral protein Tax mediated the induction of M-Sec. Thus, M-Sec is a new and useful tool for further understanding the process of HTLV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Hiyoshi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (SS)
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Youssef M. Eltalkhawy
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sameh Lotfi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jutatip Panaampon
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takaharu Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Tokunaga
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (SS)
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11
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Vandermeulen C, O’Grady T, Wayet J, Galvan B, Maseko S, Cherkaoui M, Desbuleux A, Coppin G, Olivet J, Ben Ameur L, Kataoka K, Ogawa S, Hermine O, Marcais A, Thiry M, Mortreux F, Calderwood MA, Van Weyenbergh J, Peloponese JM, Charloteaux B, Van den Broeke A, Hill DE, Vidal M, Dequiedt F, Twizere JC. The HTLV-1 viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ reprogram the cellular mRNA splicing landscape. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009919. [PMID: 34543356 PMCID: PMC8483338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are known to hijack the transcription and translation of the host cell. However, the extent to which viral proteins coordinate these perturbations remains unclear. Here we used a model system, the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and systematically analyzed the transcriptome and interactome of key effectors oncoviral proteins Tax and HBZ. We showed that Tax and HBZ target distinct but also common transcription factors. Unexpectedly, we also uncovered a large set of interactions with RNA-binding proteins, including the U2 auxiliary factor large subunit (U2AF2), a key cellular regulator of pre-mRNA splicing. We discovered that Tax and HBZ perturb the splicing landscape by altering cassette exons in opposing manners, with Tax inducing exon inclusion while HBZ induces exon exclusion. Among Tax- and HBZ-dependent splicing changes, we identify events that are also altered in Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) samples from two independent patient cohorts, and in well-known cancer census genes. Our interactome mapping approach, applicable to other viral oncogenes, has identified spliceosome perturbation as a novel mechanism coordinated by Tax and HBZ to reprogram the transcriptome. Tax and HBZ are two viral regulatory proteins encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) via sense and antisense transcripts, respectively. Both proteins are known to drive oncogenic processes that culminate in a T-cell neoplasm, known as Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). We measured the effects of Tax and HBZ on host gene expression pathway by analyzing the interactome with cellular transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, and the transcriptome and mRNA splicing of cell lines expressing either Tax or HBZ. We compared our results with data obtained from independent cohorts of Japanese and Afro-Caribbean patients, and identified common splicing changes that might represent clinically useful biomarkers for ATLL. Finally, we provide evidence that the viral protein Tax can reprogram initial steps of the T-cell transcriptome diversification by hijacking the U2AF complex, a key cellular regulator of pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vandermeulen
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Cancer, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tina O’Grady
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Cancer, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jerome Wayet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Bartimee Galvan
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Cancer, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sibusiso Maseko
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Majid Cherkaoui
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Alice Desbuleux
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Georges Coppin
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julien Olivet
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lamya Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Service Hématologie Adultes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’onco-hématologie, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ambroise Marcais
- Service Hématologie Adultes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Université de Paris, Laboratoire d’onco-hématologie, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thiry
- Unit of Cell and Tissue Biology, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael A. Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Benoit Charloteaux
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne Van den Broeke
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA, Université de Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (AVdB); (DEH); (MV); (FD); (J-CT)
| | - David E. Hill
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVdB); (DEH); (MV); (FD); (J-CT)
| | - Marc Vidal
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVdB); (DEH); (MV); (FD); (J-CT)
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Cancer, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail: (AVdB); (DEH); (MV); (FD); (J-CT)
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, GIGA Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVdB); (DEH); (MV); (FD); (J-CT)
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12
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Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Thoma-Kress AK. Latency Reversing Agents: Kick and Kill of HTLV-1? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115545. [PMID: 34073995 PMCID: PMC8197370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), is a retrovirus, which integrates into the host genome and persistently infects CD4+ T-cells. Virus propagation is stimulated by (1) clonal expansion of infected cells and (2) de novo infection. Viral gene expression is induced by the transactivator protein Tax, which recruits host factors like positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the viral promoter. Since HTLV-1 gene expression is repressed in vivo by viral, cellular, and epigenetic mechanisms in late phases of infection, HTLV-1 avoids an efficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response directed against the immunodominant viral Tax antigen. Hence, therapeutic strategies using latency reversing agents (LRAs) sought to transiently activate viral gene expression and antigen presentation of Tax to enhance CTL responses towards HTLV-1, and thus, to expose the latent HTLV-1 reservoir to immune destruction. Here, we review strategies that aimed at enhancing Tax expression and Tax-specific CTL responses to interfere with HTLV-1 latency. Further, we provide an overview of LRAs including (1) histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and (2) activators of P-TEFb, that have mainly been studied in context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which may also be powerful in the context of HTLV-1.
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13
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He Y, Pasupala N, Zhi H, Dorjbal B, Hussain I, Shih HM, Bhattacharyya S, Biswas R, Miljkovic M, Semmes OJ, Waldmann TA, Snow AL, Giam CZ. NF-κB-induced R-loop accumulation and DNA damage select for nucleotide excision repair deficiencies in adult T cell leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2005568118. [PMID: 33649200 PMCID: PMC7958262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005568118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive NF-κB activation (NF-κBCA) confers survival and proliferation advantages to cancer cells and frequently occurs in T/B cell malignancies including adult T cell leukemia (ATL) caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Counterintuitively, NF-κBCA by the HTLV-1 transactivator/oncoprotein Tax induces a senescence response, and HTLV-1 infections in culture mostly result in senescence or cell-cycle arrest due to NF-κBCA How NF-κBCA induces senescence, and how ATL cells maintain NF-κBCA and avert senescence, remain unclear. Here we report that NF-κBCA by Tax increases R-loop accumulation and DNA double-strand breaks, leading to senescence. R-loop reduction via RNase H1 overexpression, and short hairpin RNA silencing of two transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) endonucleases that are critical for R-loop excision-Xeroderma pigmentosum F (XPF) and XPG-attenuate Tax senescence, enabling HTLV-1-infected cells to proliferate. Our data indicate that ATL cells are often deficient in XPF, XPG, or both and are hypersensitive to ultraviolet irradiation. This TC-NER deficiency is found in all ATL types. Finally, ATL cells accumulate R-loops in abundance. Thus, TC-NER deficits are positively selected during HTLV-1 infection because they facilitate the outgrowth of infected cells initially and aid the proliferation of ATL cells with NF-κBCA later. We suggest that TC-NER deficits and excess R-loop accumulation represent specific vulnerabilities that may be targeted for ATL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Nagesh Pasupala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Huijun Zhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Batsuhk Dorjbal
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Hsiu-Ming Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Sharmistha Bhattacharyya
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Roopa Biswas
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Milos Miljkovic
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Oliver John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501
- The Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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14
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Akkouche A, Moodad S, Hleihel R, Skayneh H, Chambeyron S, El Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. In vivo antagonistic role of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 regulatory proteins Tax and HBZ. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009219. [PMID: 33471856 PMCID: PMC7817025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy secondary to chronic infection by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Two viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, play central roles in ATL leukemogenesis. Tax expression transforms T cells in vitro and induces ATL-like disease in mice. Tax also induces a rough eye phenotype and increases hemocyte count in Drosophila melanogaster, indicative of transformation. Among multiple functions, Tax modulates the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), leading to H3K27me3-dependent reprogramming of around half of cellular genes. HBZ is a negative regulator of Tax-mediated viral transcription. HBZ effects on epigenetic signatures are underexplored. Here, we established an hbz transgenic fly model, and demonstrated that, unlike Tax, which induces NF-κB activation and enhanced PRC2 activity creating an activation loop, HBZ neither induces transformation nor NF-κB activation in vivo. However, overexpression of Tax or HBZ increases the PRC2 activity and both proteins directly interact with PRC2 complex core components. Importantly, overexpression of HBZ in tax transgenic flies prevents Tax-induced NF-κB or PRC2 activation and totally rescues Tax-induced transformation and senescence. Our results establish the in vivo antagonistic effect of HBZ on Tax-induced transformation and cellular effects. This study helps understanding long-term HTLV-1 persistence and cellular transformation and opens perspectives for new therapeutic strategies targeting the epigenetic machinery in ATL. Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma is an aggressive hematological malignancy, caused by the retroviral infection with HTLV-1. Tax and HBZ play critical roles in leukemia development. Tax activates the NF-κB pathway and modulates the epigenetic machinery to induce cellular proliferation and malignant transformation. We generated hbz or tax/hbz transgenic fly models and explored the phenotypes and epigenetic changes in vivo. Unlike Tax, HBZ expression failed to activate NF-κB or to induce transformation or senescence in vivo, yet activated PRC2 core components resulting in subsequent epigenetic changes. HBZ expression in tax Tg flies inhibits Tax-induced NF-κB or PRC2 activation, resulting in inhibition of malignant cellular proliferation and its consequent senescence. Our study proves the antagonistic effect of HBZ on Tax-induced transformation in vivo, providing further understanding on ATL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Akkouche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara Moodad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Skayneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Séverine Chambeyron
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS, UMR 9002, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (HEH); (AB)
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (HEH); (AB)
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15
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Mohanty S, Han T, Choi YB, Lavorgna A, Zhang J, Harhaj EW. The E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B interacts with and ubiquitinates the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein to promote NF-κB activation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008504. [PMID: 33362245 PMCID: PMC7790423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and the neurological disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 Tax protein persistently activates the NF-κB pathway to enhance the proliferation and survival of HTLV-1 infected T cells. Lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of Tax provides an important regulatory mechanism that promotes Tax-mediated interaction with the IKK complex and activation of NF-κB; however, the host proteins regulating Tax ubiquitination are largely unknown. To identify new Tax interacting proteins that may regulate its ubiquitination we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen using Tax as bait. This screen yielded the E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B as a novel binding partner for Tax. Here, we confirmed the interaction between Tax and UBE4B in mammalian cells by co-immunoprecipitation assays and demonstrated colocalization by proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy. Overexpression of UBE4B specifically enhanced Tax-induced NF-κB activation, whereas knockdown of UBE4B impaired Tax-induced NF-κB activation and the induction of NF-κB target genes in T cells and ATLL cell lines. Furthermore, depletion of UBE4B with shRNA resulted in apoptotic cell death and diminished the proliferation of ATLL cell lines. Finally, overexpression of UBE4B enhanced Tax polyubiquitination, and knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of UBE4B attenuated both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tax. Collectively, these results implicate UBE4B in HTLV-1 Tax polyubiquitination and downstream NF-κB activation. Infection with the retrovirus HTLV-1 leads to the development of either CD4+CD25+ leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or a demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected individuals. The HTLV-1 Tax protein is a regulatory protein which regulates viral gene expression and persistently activates cellular signaling pathways such as NF-κB to drive the clonal expansion and longevity of HTLV-1 infected CD4+ T cells. Polyubiquitination of Tax is a key mechanism of NF-κB activation by assembling and activating IκB kinase (IKK) signaling complexes; however, the host factors regulating Tax ubiquitination have remained elusive. Here, we have identified the E3/E4 ubiquitin conjugation factor UBE4B as a novel Tax binding protein that promotes both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitination of Tax. Knockdown or knockout of UBE4B impairs Tax-induced NF-κB activation and triggers apoptosis of HTLV-1-transformed cells. Therefore, UBE4B is an integral host factor that supports HTLV-1 Tax polyubiquitination, NF-κB activation and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Teng Han
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Young Bong Choi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfonso Lavorgna
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward William Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College School of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Rushing AW, Rushing B, Hoang K, Sanders SV, Péloponèse JM, Polakowski N, Lemasson I. HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor protects cells from oxidative stress by upregulating expression of Heme Oxygenase I. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007922. [PMID: 31251786 PMCID: PMC6623464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) is a lymphoproliferative disease of CD4+ T-cells infected with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-1). With the exception of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, there are no effective treatments to cure ATL, and ATL cells often acquire resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Accumulating evidence shows that development and maintenance of ATL requires key contributions from the viral protein, HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ). In this study we found that HBZ activates expression of Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), a component of the oxidative stress response that functions to detoxify free heme. Transcription of HMOX1 and other antioxidant genes is regulated by the small Mafs. These cellular basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factors control transcription by forming homo- or heterodimers among themselves or with other cellular bZIP factors that then bind Maf responsive elements (MAREs) in promoters or enhancers of antioxidant genes. Our data support a model in which HBZ activates HMOX1 transcription by forming heterodimers with the small Mafs that bind MAREs located in an upstream enhancer region. Consistent with this model, we found that HMOX-1 is upregulated in HTLV-1-transformed T-cell lines and confers these cells with resistance to heme-induced cytotoxicity. In this context, HBZ-mediated activation of HMOX-1 expression may contribute to resistance of ATL cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents. We also provide evidence that HBZ counteracts oxidative stress caused by two other HTLV-1-encoded proteins, Tax and p13. Tax induces oxidative stress as a byproduct of driving mitotic expansion of infected cells, and p13 is believed to induce oxidative stress to eliminate infected cells that have become transformed. Therefore, in this context, HBZ-mediated activation of HMOX-1 expression may facilitate transformation. Overall, this study characterizes a novel function of HBZ that may support the development and maintenance of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W. Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (IL)
| | - Blake Rushing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimson Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephanie V. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marie Péloponèse
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicholas Polakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AWR); (IL)
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17
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Otaguiri KK, Dos Santos DF, Slavov SN, Depieri LV, Palma PVB, Meirelles FV, Covas DT, da Silveira JC, Kashima S. TAX-mRNA-Carrying Exosomes from Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Infected Cells Can Induce Interferon-Gamma Production In Vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:1075-1082. [PMID: 30229663 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. The development of HAM/TSP, a chronic neuroinflammatory disease, is correlated to complex interaction between the host immune response and the infecting virus. Tax expression plays an important role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis by activating various cellular genes, including the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Exosomes have emerged as an important factor of cell-to-cell communication contributing to diverse cellular processes, including immune modulation. Considering the potential role of exosomes in modulating the immune response and inflammation, the main objective of this study was to examine if HTLV-1-infected cells produce exosomes carrying viral proteins or inflammatory molecules, which can participate in the chronic inflammation that is observed in patients with HAM/TSP. Exosomes were isolated from HTLV-1-infected cell line, evaluated for the tax mRNA presence, and tested for the ability to activate peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) in inducing an inflammatory immune response. We observed that the proinflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF-α, were upregulated in T cells after treatment of the PBMC with Tax-carrying exosomes compared to the negative control. Interleukin-4, Granzyme B, and Perforin did not show alterations. Taken together, these results suggest that exosomes carrying tax-mRNA isolated from HTLV-1-infected cells might induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activate T helper (Th)1, and not Th2-immune response. If this finding is further confirmed, this study may have impact on investigations on the pathogenesis of HAM-TSP and the inflammatory response involved in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Kaori Otaguiri
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daiane Fernanda Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lívia Vieira Depieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia Vianna Bonini Palma
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Juliano Coelho da Silveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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Li XH, Gaynor RB. Regulation of NF-kappaB by the HTLV-1 Tax protein. Gene Expr 2018; 7:233-45. [PMID: 10440224 PMCID: PMC6174672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The Tax protein encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) activates viral gene expression via the ATF/CREB pathway. Tax also induces a variety of cellular genes through activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. The ability of Tax to activate the NF-kappaB pathway plays an essential role in HTLV-1-induced cellular transformation. This review briefly summarizes the remarkable discoveries of the past several years that have greatly advanced our knowledge on signal-mediated activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. It highlights our current understanding of how viral agents like Tax modulate cellular signaling machinery to activate the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hua Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harold Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-8594
| | - Richard B. Gaynor
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harold Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-8594
- Address correspondence to Richard B. Gaynor, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, U.T. Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-8594. Tel: (214) 648-7570; Fax: (214) 648-8862; E-mail:
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19
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Hutchison T, Malu A, Yapindi L, Bergeson R, Peck K, Romeo M, Harrod C, Pope J, Smitherman L, Gwinn W, Ratner L, Yates C, Harrod R. The TP53-Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator mediates cooperation between HTLV-1 p30 II and the retroviral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ and is highly expressed in an in vivo xenograft model of HTLV-1-induced lymphoma. Virology 2018; 520:39-58. [PMID: 29777913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects and transforms CD4+ T-cells and causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) -an aggressive lymphoproliferative disease that is highly refractive to most anticancer therapies. The HTLV-1 proviral genome encodes several regulatory products within a conserved 3' nucleotide sequence, known as pX; however, it remains unclear how these factors might cooperate or dynamically interact in virus-infected cells. Here we demonstrate that the HTLV-1 latency-maintenance factor p30II induces the TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) and counters the oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and cytotoxicity caused by the viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ. The p30II protein cooperates with Tax and HBZ and enhances their oncogenic potential in colony transformation/foci-formation assays. Further, we have shown that TIGAR is highly expressed in HTLV-1-induced tumors associated with oncogene dysregulation and increased angiogenesis in an in vivo xenograft model of HTLV-1-induced T-cell lymphoma. These findings provide the first evidence that p30II likely collaborates as an ancillary factor for the major oncoproteins Tax and HBZ during retroviral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Hutchison
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Aditi Malu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Laçin Yapindi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Rachel Bergeson
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Kendra Peck
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Megan Romeo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Carolyn Harrod
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Jordan Pope
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Louisa Smitherman
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Wesleigh Gwinn
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States
| | - Lee Ratner
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Courtney Yates
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, United States
| | - Robert Harrod
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, and The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, 334-DLS, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, United States.
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20
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Nakamura H, Hasegawa H, Sasaki D, Takatani A, Shimizu T, Kurushima S, Horai Y, Nakashima Y, Nakamura T, Fukuoka J, Kawakami A. Detection of human T lymphotropic virus type-I bZIP factor and tax in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36 Suppl 112:51-60. [PMID: 29600938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To detect HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ), tax and relevant molecules in labial salivary glands (LSGs) from patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS The expressions of HBZ and tax in T cell lines and LSGs were analysed by in situ hybridization (ISH) or real time PCR. The expressions of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) and p65 in immunohistochemistry were quantified. RESULTS After specificity of ISH probes was determined in 5 T cell lines, in LSGs from an adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patient and 3 HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)-SS patients, both HBZ and tax signals were detected in infiltrating mononuclear cells (MNCs) and ducts, and HBZ and tax were dominantly expressed in MNCs of ATL and HAM-SS, respectively. HBZ was dominantly observed in LSGs from 8 HTLV-I asymptomatic carrier (AC)-SS patients; faint expression of HBZ was observed in LSGs from 5 HTLV-I-seronegative SS patients. No cell adhesion molecule 1(CADM1) expressed in LSGs from the ATL patient. Although Foxp3 expression was observed in LSG MNCs of all of the SS patients, the ATL patient's expression was significantly greater than that of the AC-SS (p<0.01) and HTLV-I-seronegative SS (p<0.01) patients. The Foxp3 expression was similar in ATL and HAMSS, but significantly higher in HAM-SS than AC-SS (p<0.05). p65 was expressed in LSG MNC nuclei from all SS patients and co-expressed with Foxp3. The expressions of Foxp3 in ducts differed according to HTLV-I infection. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HBZ-mediated Foxp3 expression is partly associated with the pathogenesis of HTLV-I-seropositive SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takatani
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shota Kurushima
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Horai
- Clinical Research Centre, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Centre, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Nakamura
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Human and Social Studies, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Unit of Advanced Medical Sciences, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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Pérès E, Blin J, Ricci EP, Artesi M, Hahaut V, Van den Broeke A, Corbin A, Gazzolo L, Ratner L, Jalinot P, Duc Dodon M. PDZ domain-binding motif of Tax sustains T-cell proliferation in HTLV-1-infected humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006933. [PMID: 29566098 PMCID: PMC5882172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), an aggressive malignant proliferation of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. The viral Tax oncoprotein is critically involved in both HTLV-1-replication and T-cell proliferation, a prerequisite to the development of ATLL. In this study, we investigated the in vivo contribution of the Tax PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) to the lymphoproliferative process. To that aim, we examined T-cell proliferation in humanized mice (hu-mice) carrying a human hemato-lymphoid system infected with either a wild type (WT) or a Tax PBM-deleted (ΔPBM) provirus. We observed that the frequency of CD4+ activated T-cells in the peripheral blood and in the spleen was significantly higher in WT than in ΔPBM hu-mice. Likewise, human T-cells collected from WT hu-mice and cultivated in vitro in presence of interleukin-2 were proliferating at a higher level than those from ΔPBM animals. We next examined the association of Tax with the Scribble PDZ protein, a prominent regulator of T-cell polarity, in human T-cells analyzed either after ex vivo isolation or after in vitro culture. We confirmed the interaction of Tax with Scribble only in T-cells from the WT hu-mice. This association correlated with the presence of both proteins in aggregates at the leading edge of the cells and with the formation of long actin filopods. Finally, data from a comparative genome-wide transcriptomic analysis suggested that the PBM-PDZ association is implicated in the expression of genes regulating proliferation, apoptosis and cytoskeletal organization. Collectively, our findings suggest that the Tax PBM is an auxiliary motif that contributes to the sustained growth of HTLV-1 infected T-cells in vivo and in vitro and is essential to T-cell immortalization. The viral Tax oncoprotein is a critical contributor to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, an aggressive malignant proliferation of T lymphocytes. Tax contains a PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) that favors the interaction with several cellular PDZ proteins. Here, we compare the in vivo involvement of the Tax PBM in humanized mice infected with either a full-length provirus or a Tax PBM-deleted provirus. We observe that the establishment of the sustained lymphoproliferation in the peripheral blood of infected mice is dependent on the Tax PBM. Furthermore, binding of the Tax PBM to the PDZ Scribble protein correlated with perturbations of cytoskeletal organization and cell polarity. In addition, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses strongly suggest that the association of Tax PBM with cellular PDZ proteins results in the expression of several genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis and cytoskeletal organization. Collectively, these results indicate that the Tax PBM is an auxiliary motif that contributes to the growth of HTLV-1 infected T-cells. As a consequence, targeting the PBM/PDZ nodes using small peptides may have the potential to antagonize the Tax-induced lymphoproliferation, offering a novel strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Pérès
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Juliana Blin
- International Center for Infectiology Research, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Emiliano P. Ricci
- International Center for Infectiology Research, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Artesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Hahaut
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Van den Broeke
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Corbin
- International Center for Infectiology Research, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Gazzolo
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Pierre Jalinot
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Madeleine Duc Dodon
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Mahgoub M, Yasunaga JI, Iwami S, Nakaoka S, Koizumi Y, Shimura K, Matsuoka M. Sporadic on/off switching of HTLV-1 Tax expression is crucial to maintain the whole population of virus-induced leukemic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1269-E1278. [PMID: 29358408 PMCID: PMC5819419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715724115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses causing chronic infection artfully manipulate infected cells to enable viral persistence in vivo under the pressure of immunity. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) establishes persistent infection mainly in CD4+ T cells in vivo and induces leukemia in this subset. HTLV-1-encoded Tax is a critical transactivator of viral replication and a potent oncoprotein, but its significance in pathogenesis remains obscure due to its very low level of expression in vivo. Here, we show that Tax is expressed in a minor fraction of leukemic cells at any given time, and importantly, its expression spontaneously switches between on and off states. Live cell imaging revealed that the average duration of one episode of Tax expression is ∼19 hours. Knockdown of Tax rapidly induced apoptosis in most cells, indicating that Tax is critical for maintaining the population, even if its short-term expression is limited to a small subpopulation. Single-cell analysis and computational simulation suggest that transient Tax expression triggers antiapoptotic machinery, and this effect continues even after Tax expression is diminished; this activation of the antiapoptotic machinery is the critical event for maintaining the population. In addition, Tax is induced by various cytotoxic stresses and also promotes HTLV-1 replication. Thus, it seems that Tax protects infected cells from apoptosis and increases the chance of viral transmission at a critical moment. Keeping the expression of Tax minimal but inducible on demand is, therefore, a fundamental strategy of HTLV-1 to promote persistent infection and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahgoub
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Mathematical Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koizumi
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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23
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Alais S, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. Quantitative Analysis of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection Using Co-Culture with Jurkat LTR-Luciferase or Jurkat LTR-GFP Reporter Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1582:47-55. [PMID: 28357661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6872-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unlike HIV-1, HTLV-1 viral transmission requires cell-to-cell contacts, while cell-free virions are poorly infectious and almost absent from body fluids. Though the virus uses three nonexclusive mechanisms to infect new target cells: (1) MTOC polarization followed by formation of a virological synapse and viral transfer into a synaptic cleft, (2) genesis of a viral biofilm and its transfer of embedded viruses, or (3) HTLV-1 transmission using conduits. The Tax transactivator and the p8 viral proteins are involved in virological synapse and nanotube formation respectively.HTLV-1 transcription from the viral promoter (i.e., LTR) requires the Tax protein that is absent from the viral particle and is expressed after productive infection. The present chapter focuses on a series of protocols used to quantify HTLV-1 de novo infection of target cells. These techniques do not discriminate between the different modes of transmission, but allow an accurate measure of productive infection. We used cell lines that are stably transfected with LTR-GFP or LTR-luciferase plasmids and quantified Green Fluorescent Protein expression or luciferase activity, since both of them reflect Tax expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Alais
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 5 parvis René Descartes, BP 7000, 69342, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 5 parvis René Descartes, BP 7000, 69342, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France.
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 5 parvis René Descartes, BP 7000, 69342, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69364 Cedex, 07, France.
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Marziali F, Bugnon Valdano M, Brunet Avalos C, Moriena L, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Interference of HTLV-1 Tax Protein with Cell Polarity Regulators: Defining the Subcellular Localization of the Tax-DLG1 Interaction. Viruses 2017; 9:E355. [PMID: 29168728 PMCID: PMC5744130 DOI: 10.3390/v9120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 Tax (Tax) protein is very important in viral replication and cell transformation. Tax localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in association with organelles. Some activities of Tax depend on interactions with PDZ (PSD-95/Discs Large/Z0-1) domain-containing proteins such as Discs large protein 1 (DLG1) which is involved in cell polarity and proliferation. The DLG1 interaction results in a cytoplasmic co-localization pattern resembling vesicular aggregates, the nature of which is still unknown. To further explore the role of PDZ proteins in HTLV-1 cell transformation, we deeply investigated the Tax-DLG1 association. By fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we detected, for the first time, the direct binding of Tax to DLG1 within the cell. We showed that the interaction specifically affects the cellular distribution of not only DLG1, but also Tax. After studying different cell structures, we demonstrated that the aggregates distribute into the Golgi apparatus in spatial association with the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). This study contributes to understand the biological significance of Tax-PDZ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Clarisse Brunet Avalos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Moriena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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25
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Permatasari HK, Nakahata S, Ichikawa T, Morishita K. BCL11B is frequently downregulated in HTLV-1-infected T-cells through Tax-mediated proteasomal degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1086-1092. [PMID: 28669733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL). The HTLV-1-encoded protein Tax plays important roles in the proliferation of HTLV-1-infected T-cells by affecting cellular proteins. In this study, we showed that Tax transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally downregulates the expression of the tumor suppressor gene B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 11B (BCL11B), which encodes a lymphoid-related transcription factor. BCL11B expression was downregulated in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines at the mRNA and protein levels, and forced expression of BCL11B suppressed the proliferation of these cells. The proteasomal inhibitor MG132 increased BCL11B expression in HTLV-1-infected cell lines, and colocalization of Tax with BCL11B was detected in the cytoplasm of HTLV-1-infected T-cells following MG132 treatment. shRNA knock-down of Tax expression also increased the expression of BCL11B in HTLV-1-infected cells. Moreover, we found that Tax physically binds to BCL11B protein and induces the polyubiquitination of BCL11B and proteasome-dependent degradation of BCL11B. Thus, inactivation of BCL11B by Tax protein may play an important role in the Tax-mediated leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happy Kurnia Permatasari
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomonaga Ichikawa
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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26
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Groussaud D, Khair M, Tollenaere AI, Waast L, Kuo MS, Mangeney M, Martella C, Fardini Y, Coste S, Souidi M, Benit L, Pique C, Issad T. Hijacking of the O-GlcNAcZYME complex by the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein facilitates viral transcription. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006518. [PMID: 28742148 PMCID: PMC5542696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral Tax oncoprotein plays a key role in both Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-replication and HTLV-1-associated pathologies, notably adult T-cell leukemia. Tax governs the transcription from the viral 5'LTR, enhancing thereby its own expression, via the recruitment of dimers of phosphorylated CREB to cAMP-response elements located within the U3 region (vCRE). In addition to phosphorylation, CREB is also the target of O-GlcNAcylation, another reversible post-translational modification involved in a wide range of diseases, including cancers. O-GlcNAcylation consists in the addition of O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on Serine or Threonine residues, a process controlled by two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which transfers O-GlcNAc on proteins, and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which removes it. In this study, we investigated the status of O-GlcNAcylation enzymes in HTLV-1-transformed T cells. We found that OGA mRNA and protein expression levels are increased in HTLV-1-transformed T cells as compared to control T cell lines while OGT expression is unchanged. However, higher OGA production coincides with a reduction in OGA specific activity, showing that HTLV-1-transformed T cells produce high level of a less active form of OGA. Introducing Tax into HEK-293T cells or Tax-negative HTLV-1-transformed TL-om1 T cells is sufficient to inhibit OGA activity and increase total O-GlcNAcylation, without any change in OGT activity. Furthermore, Tax interacts with the OGT/OGA complex and inhibits the activity of OGT-bound OGA. Pharmacological inhibition of OGA increases CREB O-GlcNAcylation as well as HTLV-1-LTR transactivation by Tax and CREB recruitment to the LTR. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type CREB but not a CREB protein mutated on a previously described O-GlcNAcylation site enhances Tax-mediated LTR transactivation. Finally, both OGT and OGA are recruited to the LTR. These findings reveal the interplay between Tax and the O-GlcNAcylation pathway and identify new key molecular actors involved in the assembly of the Tax-dependent transactivation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Groussaud
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mostafa Khair
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Armelle I. Tollenaere
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Waast
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mei-Shiue Kuo
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Mangeney
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Martella
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yann Fardini
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Solène Coste
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mouloud Souidi
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Benit
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Pique
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (CP); (TI)
| | - Tarik Issad
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (CP); (TI)
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27
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Shibata Y, Tokunaga F, Goto E, Komatsu G, Gohda J, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Takahashi H, Sawasaki T, Inoue S, Oshiumi H, Seya T, Nakano H, Tanaka Y, Iwai K, Inoue JI. HTLV-1 Tax Induces Formation of the Active Macromolecular IKK Complex by Generating Lys63- and Met1-Linked Hybrid Polyubiquitin Chains. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006162. [PMID: 28103322 PMCID: PMC5283754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is crucial for the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a highly malignant CD4+ T cell neoplasm. Among the multiple aberrant Tax-induced effects on cellular processes, persistent activation of transcription factor NF-κB, which is activated only transiently upon physiological stimulation, is essential for leukemogenesis. We and others have shown that Tax induces activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which is a critical step in NF-κB activation, by generating Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Tax-induced IKK activation is controversial and not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that Tax recruits linear (Met1-linked) ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) to the IKK complex and that Tax fails to induce IKK activation in cells that lack LUBAC activity. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed that both Lys63-linked and Met1-linked polyubiquitin chains are associated with the IKK complex. Furthermore, treatment of the IKK-associated polyubiquitin chains with Met1-linked-chain-specific deubiquitinase (OTULIN) resulted in the reduction of high molecular weight polyubiquitin chains and the generation of short Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains, indicating that Tax can induce the generation of Lys63- and Met1-linked hybrid polyubiquitin chains. We also demonstrate that Tax induces formation of the active macromolecular IKK complex and that the blocking of Tax-induced polyubiquitin chain synthesis inhibited formation of the macromolecular complex. Taken together, these results lead us to propose a novel model in which the hybrid-chain-dependent oligomerization of the IKK complex triggered by Tax leads to trans-autophosphorylation-mediated IKK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shibata
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiji Goto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ginga Komatsu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical alterations to individual amino acids that alter a protein's conformation, stability, and/or function. Several pathogenic viruses have been shown to encode proteins with PTMs, including human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax and Rex regulatory proteins. HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper protein (HBZ) was hypothesized to feature PTMs due to its functional activities and interactions with cellular transcription factors and acetyltransferases. Here, we describe the approach used to identify, via mass spectrometry, the PTMs of HBZ. In addition, we describe methods to determine the functional relevance of the identified PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Al-Saleem
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Compreshensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, 127N Veterinary Medicine Academic Building, 1900 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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29
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Giam CZ, Semmes OJ. HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma-A Tale of Two Proteins: Tax and HBZ. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060161. [PMID: 27322308 PMCID: PMC4926181 DOI: 10.3390/v8060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 (Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) is a complex human delta retrovirus that currently infects 10–20 million people worldwide. While HTLV-1 infection is generally asymptomatic, 3%–5% of infected individuals develop a highly malignant and intractable T-cell neoplasm known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) decades after infection. How HTLV-1 infection progresses to ATL is not well understood. Two viral regulatory proteins, Tax and HTLV-1 basic zipper protein (HBZ), encoded by the sense and antisense viral transcripts, respectively, are thought to play indispensable roles in the oncogenic process of ATL. This review focuses on the roles of Tax and HBZ in viral replication, persistence, and oncogenesis. Special emphasis is directed towards recent literature on the mechanisms of action of these two proteins and the roles of Tax and HBZ in influencing the outcomes of HTLV-1 infection including senescence induction, viral latency and persistence, genome instability, cell proliferation, and ATL development. Attempts are made to integrate results from cell-based studies of HTLV-1 infection and studies of HTLV-1 proviral integration site preference, clonality, and clonal expansion based on high throughput DNA sequencing. Recent data showing that Tax hijacks key mediators of DNA double-strand break repair signaling—the ubiquitin E3 ligase, ring finger protein 8 (RNF8) and the ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzyme (UBC13)—to activate the canonical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and other signaling pathways will be discussed. A perspective on how the Tax-RNF8 signaling axis might impact genomic instability and how Tax may collaborate with HBZ to drive oncogenesis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Oliver John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, The Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause an aggressive malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The Tax protein encoded by the pX region of the HTLV-1 genome appears to be a key element in the early stage of ATLL development. In this study, we examined the expression of the downstream of tyrosine kinase (DOK) family members DOK1, DOK2 and DOK3, recently reported to be tumor suppressors, in HTLV-1-transformed T cells (MT-2 and HUT-102) and TL-Om1 cells derived from ATLL leukemic cells. DOK2 and DOK3 expression was significantly reduced in MT-2, HUT-102, and TL-Om1 cells compared with their expression in uninfected T cells, and the expression of DOK3 was reduced by the induction of Tax expression in T cells.
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31
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Manivannan K, Rowan AG, Tanaka Y, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. CADM1/TSLC1 Identifies HTLV-1-Infected Cells and Determines Their Susceptibility to CTL-Mediated Lysis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005560. [PMID: 27105228 PMCID: PMC4841533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) primarily infects CD4+ T cells, causing inflammatory disorders or a T cell malignancy in 5% to 10% of carriers. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is a key factor that controls the viral load and thus the risk of disease. The ability to detect the viral protein Tax in primary cells has made it possible to estimate the rate at which Tax-expressing infected cells are eliminated by CTLs in persistently infected people. However, most HTLV-1-infected cells are Tax–at a given time, and their immunophenotype is poorly defined. Here, we aimed to identify a cell-surface molecule expressed by both Tax+ and Tax–HTLV-1-infected cells and use it to analyse the CTL response in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1/TSLC1) was the best single marker of HTLV-1 infection, identifying HTLV-1-infected cells with greater sensitivity and specificity than CD25, CCR4 or ICAM-1. CADM1+CD4+ T cells carried a median of 65% of proviral copies in peripheral blood. In a cohort of 23 individuals, we quantified the rate of CTL-mediated killing of Tax+ and Tax−CADM1+ cells. We show that CADM1 expression is associated with enhanced susceptibility of infected cells to CTL lysis: despite the immunodominance of Tax in the CTL response, Tax+CADM1– cells were inefficiently lysed by CTLs. Upregulation of the CADM1 ligand CRTAM on CD8+ T cells correlated with efficient lysis of infected cells. Tax–CADM1+ cells were lysed at a very low rate by autologous CTLs, however, were efficiently killed when loaded with exogenous peptide antigen. High expression of CADM1 on most HTLV-1-infected cells in the face of enhanced CTL counterselection implies that CADM1 confers a strong benefit on the virus. Human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infects white blood cells (CD4+ T cells) for the lifetime of the host. The immune response limits viral spread, and people with a weak immune response have a high risk of developing an aggressive blood cancer, or a condition involving irreversible spinal cord damage. Virus and host are engaged in a constant battle: virus proteins drive the host cell to divide or infect new cells. We know that the viral protein Tax is an important target of the immune response, and cells which produce Tax are killed quickly. Infected cells which do not produce Tax are difficult to detect, so we have no idea how quickly they are killed. In this paper we show that most infected cells have a host protein ‘CADM1’ on their surface. We measured killing of CADM1 cells and saw that Tax+CADM1+ cells are the only infected cells which are strongly targeted by the immune response. We also found that infected cells which did not have CADM1 on the surface escaped killing, showing that CADM1 aids in immune control of HTLV-1. These findings are an important step forward in our understanding of cellular turnover and immune control in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthika Manivannan
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen G. Rowan
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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Wang C, Long W, Peng C, Hu L, Zhang Q, Wu A, Zhang X, Duan X, Wong CCL, Tanaka Y, Xia Z. HTLV-1 Tax Functions as a Ubiquitin E3 Ligase for Direct IKK Activation via Synthesis of Mixed-Linkage Polyubiquitin Chains. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005584. [PMID: 27082114 PMCID: PMC4833305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax plays a key role in CD4+ T cell transformation by promoting cell proliferation and survival, mainly through permanent activation of the NK-κB pathway and induction of many NF-κB target genes. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism is therefore critical in understanding HTLV-1-mediated transformation. Current studies have suggested multiple but controversial mechanisms regarding Tax-induced IKK activation mainly due to blending of primary Tax-induced IKK activation events and secondary IKK activation events induced by cytokines secreted by the primary Tax-induced IKK-NF-κB activation events. We reconstituted Tax-stimulated IKK activation in a cell-free system to dissect the essential cellular components for primary IKK activation by Tax and studied the underlying biochemical mechanism. We found that Tax is a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, which, together with UbcH2, UhcH5c, or UbcH7, catalyzes the assembly of free mixed-linkage polyubiquitin chains. These free mixed-linkage polyubiquitin chains are then responsible for direct IKK activation by binding to the NEMO subunit of IKK. Our studies revealed the biochemical function of Tax in the process of IKK activation, which utilizes the minimal cellular ubiquitination components for NF-κB activation. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), a distinct neurological disorder with inflammatory symptoms and incomplete paralysis of the limbs, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a highly aggressive malignant proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Both TSP/HAM and ATL are mainly driven by the activation of IκB kinase (IKK)-NF-κB stimulated by HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax. The molecular mechanism by which Tax activates IKK remains unclear. Here, we found that Tax is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which, together with its cognate ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) UbcH2, UhcH5c, or UbcH7, catalyzes the assembly of unanchored free mixed-linkage polyubiquitin chains. The polyubiquitin chains can activate IKK complex directly by binding to the NEMO subunit. Our studies uncovered the essential cellular factors hijacked by HTLV-1 for infection and pathogenesis, as well as the biochemical function and the underlying mechanism of Tax in the process of IKK activation. Our work might shed light on potential development of therapeutics for TSP/HAM and ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenying Long
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ailing Wu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaotao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine C. L. Wong
- National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Zongping Xia
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Panfil AR, Al-Saleem J, Howard CM, Mates JM, Kwiek JJ, Baiocchi RA, Green PL. PRMT5 Is Upregulated in HTLV-1-Mediated T-Cell Transformation and Selective Inhibition Alters Viral Gene Expression and Infected Cell Survival. Viruses 2015; 8:E7. [PMID: 26729154 PMCID: PMC4728567 DOI: 10.3390/v8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a tumorigenic retrovirus responsible for development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). This disease manifests after a long clinical latency period of up to 2-3 decades. Two viral gene products, Tax and HBZ, have transforming properties and play a role in the pathogenic process. Genetic and epigenetic cellular changes also occur in HTLV-1-infected cells, which contribute to transformation and disease development. However, the role of cellular factors in transformation is not completely understood. Herein, we examined the role of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) on HTLV-1-mediated cellular transformation and viral gene expression. We found PRMT5 expression was upregulated during HTLV-1-mediated T-cell transformation, as well as in established lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma cell lines and ATLL patient PBMCs. shRNA-mediated reduction in PRMT5 protein levels or its inhibition by a small molecule inhibitor (PRMT5i) in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes resulted in increased viral gene expression and decreased cellular proliferation. PRMT5i also had selective toxicity in HTLV-1-transformed T-cells. Finally, we demonstrated that PRMT5 and the HTLV-1 p30 protein had an additive inhibitory effect on HTLV-1 gene expression. Our study provides evidence for PRMT5 as a host cell factor important in HTLV-1-mediated T-cell transformation, and a potential target for ATLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jacob Al-Saleem
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Cory M Howard
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jessica M Mates
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Boostani R, Vakili R, Hosseiny SS, Shoeibi A, Fazeli B, Etemadi MM, Sabet F, Valizade N, Rezaee SA. Triple Therapy with Prednisolone, Pegylated Interferon and Sodium Valproate Improves Clinical Outcome and Reduces Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Proviral Load, Tax and HBZ mRNA Expression in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:887-95. [PMID: 26174324 PMCID: PMC4604181 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that there is no effective treatment for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, this study aimed to assess the impact of triple combination therapy-interferon-α, valproic acid, and prednisolone-on clinical outcomes, main HTLV-1 viral factors, and host anti-HTLV-1 antibody response. HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), and HBZ and Tax mRNA expression levels were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 13 patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis before and after treatment with 180 μg pegylated interferon once a week, 10-20 mg/kg/day sodium valproate, and 5 mg/day prednisolone for 25 weeks using a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Furthermore, anti-HTLV-1 titer, Osame Motor Disability Score, Ashworth spasticity scale, and urinary symptoms (through standard questionnaire and clinical monitoring) were assessed in patients before and after the treatment. HTLV-1 PVL and HBZ expression significantly decreased after the treatment [PVL from 1443 ± 282 to 660 ± 137 copies/10(4) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p = 0.01); and HBZ from 8.0 ± 1.5 to 3.0 ± 0.66 (p < 0.01)]. Tax mRNA expression decreased after the treatment from 2.26 ± 0.45 to 1.44 ± 0.64, but this reduction was not statistically significant (p = 0.10). Furthermore, anti-HTLV-1 titer reduced dramatically after the treatment, from 3123 ± 395 to 815 ± 239 (p < 0.01). Clinical signs and symptoms, according to Osame Motor Disability Score and Ashworth score, improved significantly (both p < 0.01). Urinary symptoms and sensory disturbances with lower back pain were reduced, though not to a statistically significant degree. Although signs and symptoms of spasticity were improved, frequent urination and urinary incontinence were not significantly affected by the triple therapy. The results provide new insight into the complicated conditions underlying HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rosita Vakili
- Center of Pathological and Medical Diagnostic Services, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samane Sadat Hosseiny
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Ali Shoeibi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahare Fazeli
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Etemadi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Narges Valizade
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Ho YK, Zhi H, Bowlin T, Dorjbal B, Philip S, Zahoor MA, Shih HM, Semmes OJ, Schaefer B, Glover JNM, Giam CZ. HTLV-1 Tax Stimulates Ubiquitin E3 Ligase, Ring Finger Protein 8, to Assemble Lysine 63-Linked Polyubiquitin Chains for TAK1 and IKK Activation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005102. [PMID: 26285145 PMCID: PMC4540474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) trans-activator/oncoprotein, Tax, impacts a multitude of cellular processes, including I-κB kinase (IKK)/NF-κB signaling, DNA damage repair, and mitosis. These activities of Tax have been implicated in the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in HTLV-1-infected individuals, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. IKK and its upstream kinase, TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), contain ubiquitin-binding subunits, NEMO and TAB2/3 respectively, which interact with K63-linked polyubiquitin (K63-pUb) chains. Recruitment to K63-pUb allows cross auto-phosphorylation and activation of TAK1 to occur, followed by TAK1-catalyzed IKK phosphorylation and activation. Using cytosolic extracts of HeLa and Jurkat T cells supplemented with purified proteins we have identified ubiquitin E3 ligase, ring finger protein 8 (RNF8), and E2 conjugating enzymes, Ubc13:Uev1A and Ubc13:Uev2, to be the cellular factors utilized by Tax for TAK1 and IKK activation. In vitro, the combination of Tax and RNF8 greatly stimulated TAK1, IKK, IκBα and JNK phosphorylation. In vivo, RNF8 over-expression augmented while RNF8 ablation drastically reduced canonical NF-κB activation by Tax. Activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway by Tax, however, is unaffected by the loss of RNF8. Using purified components, we further demonstrated biochemically that Tax greatly stimulated RNF8 and Ubc13:Uev1A/Uev2 to assemble long K63-pUb chains. Finally, co-transfection of Tax with increasing amounts of RNF8 greatly induced K63-pUb assembly in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, Tax targets RNF8 and Ubc13:Uev1A/Uev2 to promote the assembly of K63-pUb chains, which signal the activation of TAK1 and multiple downstream kinases including IKK and JNK. Because of the roles RNF8 and K63-pUb chains play in DNA damage repair and cytokinesis, this mechanism may also explain the genomic instability of HTLV-1-transformed T cells and ATL cells. Activation of the NF-κB family of transcription factors by the HTLV-1 oncoprotein, Tax, is causally linked to adult T cell leukemia (ATL) development in HTLV-1-infected individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. NF-κB activation requires the phosphorylation of its inhibitor, IκBα, by IκB kinase (IKK), which marks IκBα for degradation. In this study, we demonstrate that Tax inappropriately activates a ubiquitin E3 ligase, RNF8, and ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzymes, Ubc13:Uev1A/Uev2, to assemble long lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin (K63-pUb) chains, which function as signaling platforms for polyubiquitin-binding TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and IKK to congregate and become activated. Because TAK1 mediates the activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways, the mechanism described here can explain the complex effect of Tax on cell signaling. The major functions of RNF8 are to signal cellular DNA damage repair (DDR) and cell division by assembling K63-pUb chains at the site of DNA damage and cell cleavage. As such, the inappropriate activation of RNF8 and the over-abundance of K63-pUb chains in Tax-expressing cells may explain how Tax causes DNA damage and cell division defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik-Khuan Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huijun Zhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tara Bowlin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Batsukh Dorjbal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subha Philip
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Ming Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oliver John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, The Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brian Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. N. Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tanaka Y, Mizuguchi M, Takahashi Y, Fujii H, Tanaka R, Fukushima T, Tomoyose T, Ansari AA, Nakamura M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I Tax induces the expression of CD83 on T cells. Retrovirology 2015; 12:56. [PMID: 26129803 PMCID: PMC4487981 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD83, a cell surface glycoprotein that is stably expressed on mature dendritic cells, can be transiently induced on other hematopoietic cell lineages upon cell activation. In contrast to the membrane form of CD83, soluble CD83 appears to be immunosuppressive. In an analysis of the phenotype of leukemic CD4(+) T cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), we found that a number of primary CD4(+) T cells became positive for cell surface CD83 after short-term culture, and that most of these CD83(+) CD4(+) T cells were positive for human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) Tax (Tax1). We hypothesized that Tax1 is involved in the induction of CD83. RESULT We found that CD83 was expressed selectively on Tax1-expressing human CD4(+) T cells in short-term cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HTLV-I(+) donors, including ATL patients and HTLV-I carriers. HTLV-I-infected T cell lines expressing Tax1 also expressed cell surface CD83 and released soluble CD83. CD83 can be expressed in the JPX-9 cell line by cadmium-mediated Tax1 induction and in Jurkat cells or PBMCs by Tax1 introduction via infection with a recombinant adenovirus carrying the Tax1 gene. The CD83 promoter was activated by Tax1 in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Based on a previous report showing soluble CD83-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from human monocytes in vitro, we tested if PGE2 affected HTLV-I propagation, and found that PGE2 strongly stimulated expression of Tax1 and viral structural molecules. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HTLV-I induces CD83 expression on T cells via Tax1 -mediated NF-κB activation, which may promote HTLV-I infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Mariko Mizuguchi
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fukushima
- Laboratory of Hematoimmunology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Takeaki Tomoyose
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Haematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lavorgna A, Matsuoka M, Harhaj EW. A critical role for IL-17RB signaling in HTLV-1 tax-induced NF-κB activation and T-cell transformation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004418. [PMID: 25340344 PMCID: PMC4207800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 Tax protein functions as a potent viral oncogene that constitutively activates the NF-κB transcription factor to transform T cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here, using next-generation RNA sequencing we identified the IL-25 receptor subunit IL-17RB as an aberrantly overexpressed gene in HTLV-1 immortalized T cells. Tax induced the expression of IL-17RB in an IκB kinase (IKK) and NF-κB-dependent manner. Remarkably, Tax activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway in T cells was critically dependent on IL-17RB expression. IL-17RB and IL-25 were required for HTLV-1-induced immortalization of primary T cells, and the constitutive NF-κB activation and survival of HTLV-1 transformed T cells. IL-9 was identified as an important downstream target gene of the IL-17RB pathway that drives the proliferation of HTLV-1 transformed cells. Furthermore, IL-17RB was overexpressed in leukemic cells from a subset of ATL patients and also regulated NF-κB activation in some, but not all, Tax-negative ATL cell lines. Together, our results support a model whereby Tax instigates an IL-17RB-NF-κB feed-forward autocrine loop that is obligatory for HTLV-1 leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lavorgna
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edward William Harhaj
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaib-Mezrag H, Lemaçon D, Fontaine H, Bellon M, Bai XT, Drac M, Coquelle A, Nicot C. Tax impairs DNA replication forks and increases DNA breaks in specific oncogenic genome regions. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:205. [PMID: 25185513 PMCID: PMC4168069 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is a human retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive CD4 T-cell proliferative disease with dismal prognosis. The long latency preceding the development of the disease and the low incidence suggests that the virus itself is not sufficient for transformation and that genetic defects are required to create a permissive environment for leukemia. In fact, ATL cells are characterized by profound genetic modifications including structural and numerical chromosome alterations. RESULTS In this study we used molecular combing techniques to study the effect of the oncoprotein Tax on DNA replication. We found that replication forks have difficulties replicating complex DNA, fork progression is slower, and they pause or stall more frequently in the presence of Tax expression. Our results also show that Tax-associated replication defects are partially compensated by an increase in the firing of back-up origins. Consistent with these effects of Tax on DNA replication, an increase in double strand DNA breaks (DDSB) was seen in Tax expressing cells. Tax-mediated increases in DDSBs were associated with the ability of Tax to activate NF-kB and to stimulate intracellular nitric oxide production. We also demonstrated a reduced expression of human translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases Pol-H and Pol-K in HTLV-I-transformed T cells and ATL cells. This was associated with an increase in DNA breaks induced by Tax at specific genome regions, such as the c-Myc and the Bcl-2 major breakpoints. Consistent with the notion that the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is hyperactive in HTLV-I-transformed cells, we found that inhibition of the NHEJ pathway induces significant killing of HTLV-I transformed cells and patient-derived leukemic ATL cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that, replication problems increase genetic instability in HTLV-I-transformed cells. As a result, abuse of NHEJ and a defective homologous repair (HR) DNA repair pathway can be targeted as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassiba Chaib-Mezrag
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Delphine Lemaçon
- />IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />INSERM, U896, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298 France
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- />IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />INSERM, U896, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298 France
| | - Marcia Bellon
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Xue Tao Bai
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Marjorie Drac
- />DNA Combing Facility, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR5535 & BioCampus Montpellier (UMS3426), 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier cedex 5, 34293 France
| | - Arnaud Coquelle
- />IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />INSERM, U896, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, F-34298 France
- />Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298 France
| | - Christophe Nicot
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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Chevalier SA, Turpin J, Cachat A, Afonso PV, Gessain A, Brady JN, Pise-Masison CA, Mahieux R. Gem-induced cytoskeleton remodeling increases cellular migration of HTLV-1-infected cells, formation of infected-to-target T-cell conjugates and viral transmission. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003917. [PMID: 24586148 PMCID: PMC3937318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient HTLV-1 viral transmission occurs through cell-to-cell contacts. The Tax viral transcriptional activator protein facilitates this process. Using a comparative transcriptomic analysis, we recently identified a series of genes up-regulated in HTLV-1 Tax expressing T-lymphocytes. We focused our attention towards genes that are important for cytoskeleton dynamic and thus may possibly modulate cell-to-cell contacts. We first demonstrate that Gem, a member of the small GTP-binding proteins within the Ras superfamily, is expressed both at the RNA and protein levels in Tax-expressing cells and in HTLV-1-infected cell lines. Using a series of ChIP assays, we show that Tax recruits CREB and CREB Binding Protein (CBP) onto a c-AMP Responsive Element (CRE) present in the gem promoter. This CRE sequence is required to drive Tax-activated gem transcription. Since Gem is involved in cytoskeleton remodeling, we investigated its role in infected cells motility. We show that Gem co-localizes with F-actin and is involved both in T-cell spontaneous cell migration as well as chemotaxis in the presence of SDF-1/CXCL12. Importantly, gem knock-down in HTLV-1-infected cells decreases cell migration and conjugate formation. Finally, we demonstrate that Gem plays an important role in cell-to-cell viral transmission. HTLV-1 was the first human oncoretrovirus to be discovered. Five to ten million people are infected, and 1–6% will develop either Adult T-cell Leukemia, or Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). HTLV-1 infects primarily T-cells, but dendritic cells were also found to carry proviruses. Contrary to HIV-1, cell-free HTLV-1 viral particles are poorly infectious. Thus, efficient viral transmission relies on formation of virological synapses or formation and transfer of viral biofilm-like structures. The Tax viral transactivator plays a key role in both modes of transmission. Using transcriptomic analyses, we recently identified cellular genes that are deregulated following Tax expression in T-cells. We focused our attention on genes that are important for cell architecture and are thus likely to modulate cell-to-cell contacts and motility. We found that Gem was highly upregulated both at the RNA and protein levels in Tax-expressing cells and HTLV-1-infected cell lines. We further show that Tax binds cellular co-activators and transcription factor and activates transcription from the gem promoter. We demonstrated that Gem is involved in cellular migration of HTLV-1-infected cells. Importantly, gem knockdown decreases the rate of HTLV-1-infected cell migration and cell-to-cell conjugate formation. We also show that Gem plays an important role in HTLV-1 transmission through cell-to-cell contacts, the most efficient mode of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A. Chevalier
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jocelyn Turpin
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Cachat
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - John N. Brady
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Shukrun M, Jabareen A, Abou-Kandil A, Chamias R, Aboud M, Huleihel M. HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein inhibits the estrogen-induced-ER α-Mediated BRCA1 expression by interaction with CBP/p300 cofactors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89390. [PMID: 24586743 PMCID: PMC3931753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is a multifunctional tumor suppressor, whose expression is activated by the estrogen (E2)-liganded ERα receptor and regulated by certain recruited transcriptional co-activators. Interference with BRCA1 expression and/or functions leads to high risk of breast or/and ovarian cancer. Another multifunctional protein, HTLV-1Tax oncoprotein, is widely regarded as crucial for developing adult T-cell leukemia and other clinical disorders. Tax profile reveals that it can antagonize BRCA1 expression and/or functionality. Therefore, we hypothesize that Tax expression in breast cells can sensitize them to malignant transformation by environmental carcinogens. Here we examined Tax effect on BRCA1 expression by testing its influence on E2-induced expression of BRCA1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter (BRCA1-Luc). We found that E2 strongly stimulated this reporter expression by liganding to ERα, which consequently associated with BRCA1 promoter, while ERα concomitantly recruited CBP/p300 to this complex for co-operative enhancement of BRCA1 expression. Introducing Tax into these cells strongly blocked this E2-ERα-mediated activation of BRCA1 expression. We noted, also, that Tax exerted this inhibition by binding to CBP/p300 without releasing them from their complex with ERα. Chip assay revealed that the binding of Tax to the CBP/p300-ERα complex, prevented its link to AP1 site. Interestingly, we noted that elevating the intracellular pool of CBP or p300 to excessive levels dramatically reduced the Tax-mediated inhibition of BRCA1 expression. Exploring the mechanism of this reduction revealed that the excessive co-factors were sufficient to bind separately the free Tax molecules, thus lowering their amount in the CBP/p300-ERα complex and relieving, thereby, the inhibition of BRCA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Shukrun
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Azhar Jabareen
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ammar Abou-Kandil
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Chamias
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mordechai Aboud
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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41
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Forlani G, Accolla RS, Tosi G. Investigating human T cell lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV) Tax function with molecular and immunophenotypic techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1087:299-313. [PMID: 24158832 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-670-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell Lymphotropic Viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are the first described human retroviruses. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes named adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and of a chronic neurological disease known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 shares many similarities with HTLV-1, but displays lower or absent association to diseases. Among the proteins encoded by HTLVs, the viral transactivator Tax exerts an essential role in viral transcription as well as in cell transformation. Different experimental methods to study Tax activity on HTLV-LTR promoter and Tax subcellular distribution are described. Emphasis is given to the functional and physical interaction between Tax-1/Tax-2 and cellular cofactors which may have an impact on the infectivity process of the HTLVs and on the capacity of cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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42
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Karam M, Thenoz M, Capraro V, Robin JP, Pinatel C, Lancon A, Galia P, Sibon D, Thomas X, Ducastelle-Lepretre S, Nicolini F, El-Hamri M, Chelghoun Y, Wattel E, Mortreux F. Chromatin redistribution of the DEK oncoprotein represses hTERT transcription in leukemias. Neoplasia 2014; 16:21-30. [PMID: 24563617 PMCID: PMC3927101 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous factors have been found to modulate hTERT transcription, the mechanism of its repression in certain leukemias remains unknown. We show here that DEK represses hTERT transcription through its enrichment on the hTERT promoter in cells from chronic and acute myeloid leukemias, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but not acute lymphocytic leukemias where hTERT is overexpressed. We isolated DEK from the hTERT promoter incubated with nuclear extracts derived from fresh acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells and from cells expressing Tax, an hTERT repressor encoded by the human T cell leukemia virus type 1. In addition to the recruitment of DEK, the displacement of two potent known hTERT transactivators from the hTERT promoter characterized both AML cells and Tax-expressing cells. Reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays permitted to map the region that supports the repressive effect of DEK on hTERT transcription, which was proportionate to the level of DEK-promoter association but not with the level of DEK expression. Besides hTERT repression, this context of chromatin redistribution of DEK was found to govern about 40% of overall transcriptional modifications, including those of cancer-prone genes. In conclusion, DEK emerges as an hTERT repressor shared by various leukemia subtypes and seems involved in the deregulation of numerous genes associated with leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Karam
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Morgan Thenoz
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Capraro
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Robin
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Christiane Pinatel
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Agnès Lancon
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Perrine Galia
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - David Sibon
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
- Service d'Hématologie Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Thomas
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Ducastelle-Lepretre
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Franck Nicolini
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed El-Hamri
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Youcef Chelghoun
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Eric Wattel
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Université de Lyon 1, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex, France
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43
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Matsuoka M, Yasunaga JI. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: replication, proliferation and propagation by Tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:684-91. [PMID: 24060211 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) spreads primarily by cell-to-cell transmission. Therefore, HTLV-1 promotes the proliferation of infected cells to facilitate transmission. In HTLV-1 infected individuals, the provirus is present mainly in effector/memory T cells and Foxp3+ T cells. Recent study suggests that this immunophenotype is acquired by infected cells through the function of HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ). Tax, which is encoded by the plus strand, is crucial for viral replication and de novo infection, while HBZ, encoded by the minus strand, is important for proliferation of infected cells. Importantly, HBZ and Tax have opposing functions in most transcription pathways. HBZ and Tax cooperate in elaborate ways to permit viral replication, proliferation of infected cells and propagation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Matsuoka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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44
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Melamed A, Laydon DJ, Gillet NA, Tanaka Y, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. Genome-wide determinants of proviral targeting, clonal abundance and expression in natural HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003271. [PMID: 23555266 PMCID: PMC3605240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of proviral latency is a central problem in retrovirology. We postulate that the genomic integration site of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) determines the pattern of expression of the provirus, which in turn determines the abundance and pathogenic potential of infected T cell clones in vivo. We recently developed a high-throughput method for the genome-wide amplification, identification and quantification of proviral integration sites. Here, we used this protocol to test two hypotheses. First, that binding sites for transcription factors and chromatin remodelling factors in the genome flanking the proviral integration site of HTLV-1 are associated with integration targeting, spontaneous proviral expression, and in vivo clonal abundance. Second, that the transcriptional orientation of the HTLV-1 provirus relative to that of the nearest host gene determines spontaneous proviral expression and in vivo clonal abundance. Integration targeting was strongly associated with the presence of a binding site for specific host transcription factors, especially STAT1 and p53. The presence of the chromatin remodelling factors BRG1 and INI1 and certain host transcription factors either upstream or downstream of the provirus was associated respectively with silencing or spontaneous expression of the provirus. Cells expressing HTLV-1 Tax protein were significantly more frequent in clones of low abundance in vivo. We conclude that transcriptional interference and chromatin remodelling are critical determinants of proviral latency in natural HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Melamed
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Laydon
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A. Gillet
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Communicable Diseases, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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45
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), an etiological factor that causes adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma (ATL), infects over 20 million people worldwide. About 1 million of HTLV-1-infected patients develop ATL, a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma without an effective therapy. The pX region of the HTLV-1 viral genome encodes an oncogenic protein, Tax, which plays a central role in transforming CD4+ T lymphocytes by deregulating oncogenic signaling pathways and promoting cell cycle progression. Expression of Tax following viral entry is critical for promoting survival and proliferation of human T cells and is required for initiation of oncogenesis. Tax exhibits diverse functions in host cells, and this oncoprotein primarily targets IκB kinase complex in the cytoplasm, resulting in persistent activation of NF-κB and upregulation of its responsive gene expressions that are crucial for T cell survival and cell cycle progression. We here review recent advances for the pathological roles of Tax in modulating IκB kinase activity. We also discuss our recent observation that Tax connects the IκB kinase complex to autophagy pathways. Understanding Tax-mediated pathogenesis will provide insights into development of new therapeutics in controlling HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cheng
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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46
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Kusano S, Eizuru Y. Human phospholipid scramblase 1 interacts with and regulates transactivation of HTLV-1 Tax. Virology 2012; 432:343-52. [PMID: 22789739 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) 1 expression is strongly activated in response to interferon (IFN) treatment and viral infection, and PLSCR1 is necessary for the IFN-dependent induction of gene expression and antiviral activity. We show here that PLSCR1 directly interacts with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) Tax in vitro and in vivo. This interaction reduced the cytoplasmic distribution of Tax. PLSCR1 efficiently repressed the Tax-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat and the NF-κB binding site reporter constructs in an interaction-dependent manner in COS-1 and Tax-producing HTLV-1-infected T cell lines. Furthermore, we show that PLSCR1 repressed the homodimerization of Tax in vitro. These data reveal for the first time that PLSCR1 specifically interacts with HTLV-1 Tax and negatively regulates its transactivation activity by altering the subcellular distribution and the homodimerization of Tax. PLSCR1 may play an important role in the IFN-mediated repression of Tax-dependent transactivation during HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kusano
- Division of Persistent and Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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47
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Mori T, Shimizu N, Jinno-Oue A, Tanaka A, Shinagawa M, Tokizawa S, Akagi T, Hoshino H. Tax1-expressing feline 8C cells are useful to monitor the life cycle of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:588-593. [PMID: 22071515 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely low infectivity has hampered direct (cell-free) infection studies of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). In order to break through this barrier, we examined the susceptibility of many kinds of cells to HTLV-I and found a feline kidney cell line, 8C, that is highly susceptible to HTLV-I and produced remarkable amounts of infectious progeny viruses. Tax1 protein encoded by HTLV-I is known as a transcription activator for viral and cellular genes. We found that the 8C cells expressing the Tax1 protein (8C/TaxWT cells) can produce more progeny viruses than 8C cells when the cells were exposed to cell-free HTLV-I. A large number of syncytia were also induced in these cells. Here, we propose 8C/TaxWT cells as a useful tool to study the cell-free HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Mori
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Jinno-Oue
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Shinagawa
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shigemi Tokizawa
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | | - Hiroo Hoshino
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Edwards DC, McKinnon KM, Fenizia C, Jung KJ, Brady JN, Pise-Masison CA. Inhibition of geranylgeranyl transferase-I decreases cell viability of HTLV-1-transformed cells. Viruses 2011; 3:1815-35. [PMID: 22069517 PMCID: PMC3205383 DOI: 10.3390/v3101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive and highly chemoresistant malignancy. Rho family GTPases regulate multiple signaling pathways in tumorigenesis: cytoskeletal organization, transcription, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. Geranylgeranylation of Rho family GTPases is essential for cell membrane localization and activation of these proteins. It is currently unknown whether HTLV-1-transformed cells are preferentially sensitive to geranylgeranylation inhibitors, such as GGTI-298. In this report, we demonstrate that GGTI-298 decreased cell viability and induced G2/M phase accumulation of HTLV-1-transformed cells, independent of p53 reactivation. HTLV-1-LTR transcriptional activity was inhibited and Tax protein levels decreased following treatment with GGTI-298. Furthermore, GGTI-298 decreased activation of NF-κB, a downstream target of Rho family GTPases. These studies suggest that protein geranylgeranylation contributes to dysregulation of cell survival pathways in HTLV-1-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C. Edwards
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.E.); (K.-J.J.)
| | - Katherine M. McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Kyung-Jin Jung
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.E.); (K.-J.J.)
| | - John N. Brady
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.E.); (K.-J.J.)
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mails: (D.C.E.); (K.-J.J.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-435-2499; Fax: +1-301-496-4951
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49
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Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is one of the primary diseases caused by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. The virally-encoded Tax protein is believed to initiate early events in the development of this disease, as it is able to promote immortalization of T-cells and transformation of other cell types. These processes may be aided by the ability of the viral protein to directly deregulate expression of specific cellular genes through interactions with numerous transcriptional regulators. To identify gene promoters where Tax is localized, we isolated Tax-DNA complexes from an HTLV-1-infected T-cell line through a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and used the DNA to probe a CpG island microarray. A site within the RNASET2 gene was found to be occupied by Tax. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed this result, and transient expression of Tax in uninfected cells led to the recruitment of the viral protein to the promoter. This event correlated with a decrease in the level of RNase T2 mRNA and protein, suggesting that Tax represses expression of this gene. Loss of RNase T2 expression occurs in certain hematological malignancies and other forms of cancer, and RNase T2 was recently reported to function as a tumor suppressor. Consequently, a reduction in the level of RNase T2 by Tax may play a role in ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Polakowski
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (N.P.); (I.L.); Tel.: +1-252-744-2711 or +1-252-744-2706; Fax: +1-252-744-3104
| | | | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (N.P.); (I.L.); Tel.: +1-252-744-2711 or +1-252-744-2706; Fax: +1-252-744-3104
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50
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Abstract
Innate immunity plays a critical role in the host response to a viral infection. The innate response has two main functions. First, it triggers effector mechanisms that restrict the infection. Second, it primes development of the adaptive response, which completes the elimination of the pathogen or of infected cells. In vivo, HTLV-1 infects T lymphocytes that participate in adaptive immunity but also monocytes and dendritic cells that are major players in innate immunity. Herein, we will review the interplay between HTLV-1 and innate immunity. Particular emphasis is put on HTLV-1-induced alteration of type-I interferon (IFN-I) function. In vitro, the viral Tax protein plays a significant role in the alteration of IFN synthesis and signaling. Despite this, IFN-I/AZT treatment of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) patients leads to complete remission. We will discuss a model in which exogenous IFN-I could act both on the microenvironment of the T-cells to protect them from infection, and also on infected cells when combined with other drugs that lead to Tax down-regulation/degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Journo
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM-U758 Human Virology, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM-U758 Human Virology, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
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