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Chen H, Soroka DN, Haider J, Ferri-Lagneau KF, Leung T, Sang S. [10]-Gingerdiols as the major metabolites of [10]-gingerol in zebrafish embryos and in humans and their hematopoietic effects in zebrafish embryos. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:5353-60. [PMID: 23701129 PMCID: PMC3840088 DOI: 10.1021/jf401501s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gingerols are a series of major constituents in fresh ginger with the most abundant being [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols (6G, 8G, and 10G). We previously found that ginger extract and its purified components, especially 10G, potentially stimulate both the primitive and definitive waves of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) in zebrafish embryos. However, it is still unclear if the metabolites of 10G retain the efficacy of the parent compound toward pathological anemia treatment. In the present study, we first investigated the metabolism of 10G in zebrafish embryos and then explored the biotransformation of 10G in humans. Our results show that 10G was extensively metabolized in both zebrafish embryos and humans, in which two major metabolites, (3S,5S)-[10]-gingerdiol and (3R,5S)-[10]-gingerdiol, were identified by analysis of the MS(n) spectra and comparison to authentic standards that we synthesized. After 24 h of treatment of zebrafish embryos, 10G was mostly converted to its metabolites. Our results clearly indicate that the reductive pathway is a major metabolic route for 10G in both zebrafish embryos and humans. Furthermore, we investigated the hematopoietic effect of 10G and its two metabolites, which show similar hematopoietic effects as 10G in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Dominique N. Soroka
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Jamil Haider
- Nutrition Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Karine F. Ferri-Lagneau
- Nutrition Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- Nutrition Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical, State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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Chen H, Soroka DN, Hu Y, Chen X, Sang S. Characterization of thiol-conjugated metabolites of ginger components shogaols in mouse and human urine and modulation of the glutathione levels in cancer cells by [6]-shogaol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:447-58. [PMID: 23322393 PMCID: PMC3817846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Shogaols, a series of major constituents in dried ginger with the most abundant being [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaols, show much higher anticancer potencies than gingerols. Previously, we reported the mercapturic acid pathway as a major metabolic route for [6]-shogaol in mice. However, it is still unclear how the side chain length affects the metabolism of shogaols and how shogaols are metabolized in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We first investigate the metabolism of [10]-shogaol in mouse urine, and then investigate the biotransformation of shogaols in human urine. Our results show that eight major thiol-conjugated metabolites of [10]-shogaol were detected in mouse urine, while six major thiol-conjugated metabolites of [6]-shogaol, two thiol-conjugated metabolites of [8]-shogaol, and two thiol-conjugated metabolites of [10]-shogaol were detected in urine collected from human after drinking ginger tea, using LC/ESI-MS/MS. Our results clearly indicate the mercapturic acid pathway is a major metabolic route for [10]-shogaol in mice and for shogaols in human. Furthermore, we also investigated the regulation of glutathione (GSH) by [6]-shogaol in human colon cancer cells HCT-116. Our results show [6]-shogaol, after initially depleting glutathione levels, can subsequently restore and increase GSH levels over time. CONCLUSION Shogaols are metabolized extensively in mouse and human to form thiol-conjugated metabolites and GSH might play an important role in the cancer-preventive activity of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Dominique N. Soroka
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
The total radioactivity of rat urine after the administration of tritiated butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene has been measured. The results indicate that approximately 90 per cent of the dose of bha is excreted within four days. With bht, the total radioactivity excreted in the same period is equivalent to only 35 per cent of the dose, but some of the radioactivity of the labelled molecule is lost during metabolism and only an approximate estimation of the total urinary excretion is possible.
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Strano-Rossi S, Cadwallader AB, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Toxicological determination and in vitro metabolism of the designer drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:2706-2714. [PMID: 20814976 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for the toxicological screening of the new designer drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is described; with an emphasis on its application for anti-doping analysis. The metabolism of MDPV was evaluated in vitro using human liver microsomes and S9 cellular fractions for CYP450 phase I and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) phase II metabolism studies. The resulting metabolites were subsequently liquid/liquid extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. The structures of the metabolites were further confirmed by accurate mass measurement using a liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight (LC/QTOF) mass spectrometer. The studies demonstrated that the main metabolites of MDPV are catechol and methyl catechol pyrovalerone, which are in turn sulfated and glucuronated. The method for the determination of MDPV in urine has been fully validated by assessing the limits of detection and quantification, linearity, repeatability, and accuracy. This validation demonstrates the suitability for screening of this stimulant substance for anti-doping and forensic toxicology purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Strano-Rossi
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome RM, Italy.
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Bestmann HJ, Haberkorn K, Vostrowsky O, Ferstl R, Eggert F. GC profiles of volatile constituents from human urine obtained by closed loop stripping, purge and trap technique and simultaneous stem distillation-extraction. Z NATURFORSCH C 1996; 51:849-52. [PMID: 9081288 DOI: 10.1515/znc-1996-11-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different techniques like "closed loop stripping" [CLSA], "purge and trap" [PTI], and continuous steam distillation extraction [SDE] were used to establish GC profiles of major histocompatibility complex-associated volatile constituents of human urine and statistically evaluated for reliability. Of the three methods investigated, PTI appeared to be superior for the detection of very volatile substances, whereas SDE was the most efficient one with respect to yield. A number of short to medium-chain ketones, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-styrene, menthol and nicotine were identified in preliminary analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bestmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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Jodynis-Liebert J. Metabolism of 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, a smoke flavour ketone, in rat. Xenobiotica 1993; 23:693-701. [PMID: 8212742 DOI: 10.3109/00498259309059406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Metabolites of 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone (HMP-one), a smoke flavour compound, were isolated from rat urine using hydrolysis, ether extraction, t.l.c. and g.l.c. 2. Three metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and independent synthesis, namely: 1-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propanone (Met I), 1-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol (Met II), and 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanol (Met III). 3. A g.l.c. method for the quantitative determination of the parent compound and metabolites in urine was devised. Unchanged HMP-one accounted for about 74% dose, with Met I 11%, Met II 5%, and Met III 9%. All compounds were excreted both as sulphate and glucuronide conjugates.
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Saegusa K, Suzuki E, Anjo T, Matsuki Y, Nambara T. Determination of catechol and guaiacol estrogens in urine by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 1993; 7:172-6. [PMID: 8391354 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130070315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic (GC)/mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination in urine of 2- and 4-hydroxyestrones and hydroxyestradiols, and their monomethyl ethers, is described. Separation of these catechol and guaiacol estrogens was achieved by derivatization into their trimethylsilyl and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers, followed by capillary GC on a DB-1 column. The calibration graphs were satisfactorily constructed for these estrogen metabolites by selected ion monitoring at the respective molecular ions using 2-bromoestrone and 4-hydroxyestradiol-d3 3-methyl ether as internal standards. The extraction and purification of the desired estrogens in biological fluids were effected by the combined use of Extrelut-3 and ion exchange columns. The sensitivity and reliability obtained by the newly developed method has proved to be satisfactory for the quantitation of catechol and guaiacol estrogens in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saegusa
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
1. The metabolism of vanillin, isovanillin and the corresponding alcohols and acids in rats was investigated using t.l.c., g.l.c. and combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Oral dosage (100 mg/kg) of the aldehyde resulted in urinary excretion of most metabolites within 24 h, mainly as glucuronide and/or sulphate conjugates although the acids formed were also excreted free and as their glycine conjugates. In 48 h 94% of the dose of vanillin was accounted for as follows (%) : vanillin (7), vanillyl alcohol (19), vanillic acid (47), vanilloylglycine (10), catechol (8), 4-methylcatechol (2), guaiacol (0-5) and 4-methylguaiacol (0-6). Similarly, 89% of the dose of isovanillin was accounted for as follows: isovanillin (19), isovanillyl alcohol (10), isovanillic acid (22), vanillic acid (11), isovanilloylglycine (19), catechol(7) and 4-methylcatechol (1). Protocatechuic acid was also formed from both aldehydes. 3. By means of (a) investigation of biliary metabolites, (b) prevention of biliary excretion, (c) suppression of intestinal bacteria with neomycin sulphate and (d) inhibition of intestinal beta-glucuronidase with saccharo-1,4-lactone, it was found that glucuronides of the aldehydes and their respective alcohol and acid derivatives are excreted in the bile and that the conjugates are metabolized by the intestinal bacteria to toluene derivatives and decarboxylated products.
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Goldenberg H. Specific photometric determination of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine. Clin Chem 1973; 19:38-44. [PMID: 4683364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rogers LE, Lyon GM, Porter FS. Spot test for vanillylmandelic acid and other guaiacols in urine of patients with neuroblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1972; 58:383-7. [PMID: 4344880 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/58.5.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Chase TN, Breese GR, Gordon EK, Kopin IJ. Catecholamine metabolism in the dog: comparison of intravenously and intraventricularly administered [14C]dopamine and [3H]norepinephrine. J Neurochem 1971; 18:135-40. [PMID: 5107962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1971.tb00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bakke OM, Midtvedt T. Influence of germ-free status on the excretion of simple phenols of possible significance in tumour promotion. Experientia 1970; 26:519. [PMID: 4315527 DOI: 10.1007/bf01898483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Febvre P, Gisclon D. [Comparison of the elimination of glycerylguaiacol administered in the form of rectal capsules with various complex excipients and in the form of suppositories with former excipients]. Therapie 1966; 21:1599-606. [PMID: 6002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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