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Kim H, Drake B. Has the relationship between community poverty and child maltreatment report rates become stronger or weaker over time? Child Abuse Negl 2023; 143:106333. [PMID: 37379728 PMCID: PMC10651183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poverty is among the most powerful predictors of child maltreatment risk and reporting. To date, however, there have been no studies assessing the stability of this relationship over time. OBJECTIVE To examine whether the county-level relationship between child poverty rates and child maltreatment report (CMR) rates changed over time in the United States in 2009-2018, overall and across of child age, sex, race/ethnicity, and maltreatment type. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING U.S. Counties in 2009-2018. METHODS Linear multilevel models estimated this relationship and its longitudinal change, while controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS We found that the county-level relationship between child poverty rates and CMR rates had intensified almost linearly from 2009 to 2018. Per one-percentage-point increase in child poverty rates, CMR rates significantly increased by 1.26 per 1000 children in 2009 and by 1.74 per 1000 children in 2018, indicating an almost 40 % increase in the poverty-CMR relationship. This increasing trend was also found within all subgroups of child age and sex. This trend was found among White and Black children, but not among Latino children. This trend was strong among neglect reports, weaker among physical abuse reports, and not found among sexual abuse reports. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the continued, perhaps increasing importance of poverty as a predictor of CMR. To the degree that our findings can be replicated, they could be interpreted as supporting an increased emphasis on reducing child maltreatment incidents and reports through poverty amelioration efforts and the provision of material family supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunil Kim
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America.
| | - Brett Drake
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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Velemínský M, Dvořáčková O, Samková J, Rost M, Sethi D, Velemínský M. Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in the Czech Republic. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 102:104249. [PMID: 32063382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of child maltreatment and adverse childhood experiences in the Czech Republic, as data on these is scarce. The survey was conducted among 1760 randomly selected students from five Czech universities. Participants filled in the adverse childhood experiences survey instrument. The results showed that the prevalence of child maltreatment and other adverse childhood experiences is high: emotional abuse was reported by 20.7%, physical abuse by 17.1%, sexual abuse by 6.4%, and physical neglect by 8.0%. Household dysfunction was also high, with household street drug use reported by 4.9%, alcohol misuse by 15.3%, mental disorder by 13.4%, parental violence by 22.1% and parental separation by 23%. Thirty-eight per cent had not experienced any adverse childhood experience, while 9.9% reported experiencing four or more types of adverse childhood experiences. There was a significant association between adverse childhood experiences and health-harming behaviours such as suicide attempt, drug use, risky sexual behaviour and tobacco use. The findings suggest that there is a need to invest in prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Velemínský
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Dvořáčková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Samková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Rost
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Economics, České Budčjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dinesh Sethi
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miloš Velemínský
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Beardslee J, Schulenberg J, Simonton S. The Long-Term Associations Between Direct and Threatened Physical Violence in Adolescence and Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders During the Mid-30s. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020; 81:125-134. [PMID: 32359041 PMCID: PMC7201217 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2020.81.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most studies linking physical victimization and substance use have focused on concurrent or temporally proximal associations, making it unclear whether physical victimization has a sustained impact on substance use problems. We examined the long-term associations between adolescent physical victimization and symptoms of substance use disorders in adulthood, controlling for intermediating victimization during young adulthood and several control variables. METHOD Data were obtained from the Monitoring the Future Study (N = 5,291). Women and men were recruited around age 18 and surveyed biennially through age 30, and again at 35. Past-year physical victimization (threatened physical assaults, injurious assaults) was measured regularly from age 18 to 30. Alcohol and cannabis use symptoms (e.g., withdrawal, tolerance) were assessed at age 35. Controls were measured in adolescence (e.g., prior substance use) and young adulthood (e.g., marriage). Interactions examined whether associations varied by sex. RESULTS When we controlled for adolescent substance use, adolescents who were threatened with injury or who sustained physical injuries as a result of violence had more alcohol use symptoms at age 35 than nonvictims. However, when victimization during young adulthood was statistically accounted for, only victimization during young adulthood was associated with age-35 alcohol use symptoms. The effects of young adult victimization, but not adolescent victimization, were stronger for women. Victimization was mostly unrelated to age-35 cannabis use symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who are threatened with physical assaults or injured by physical assaults have significantly more alcohol use symptoms in their mid-30s than nonvictimized adolescents, but these associations are completely explained by subsequent victimization during young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Beardslee
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - John Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sharon Simonton
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zins ZP, Wheeler KK, Brink F, Armstrong M, Shi J, Groner JI, Xiang H. Trends in US physician diagnosis of child physical abuse and neglect injuries, 2006-2014. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 98:104179. [PMID: 31704543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if US child physical abuse and neglect injury rates changed from 2006 to 2014, whether definitive diagnoses of physical abuse and neglect were used more often over time, and what patient factors influenced definitive physical maltreatment diagnoses. METHODS Nationally estimated rates of definitive and suggestive physical abuse and neglect injuries for children <10 years were generated using the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the National Inpatient Sample, and census estimates. Trends over time were evaluated, including the trend in the proportion of definitive diagnoses to all diagnoses (definitive plus suggestive). Logistic regression was used to evaluate whether patient characteristics and hospital patient volumes were associated with definitive versus suggestive diagnoses. RESULTS The population rates of child physical maltreatment medically treated injuries were unchanged from 2006 to 2014; the trends were not statistically significant for ED or hospitalized patients. Over time, physician definitive diagnoses as a proportion of all physical maltreatment diagnoses (definitive plus suggestive) increased in admitted children from 17.6% in 2006 to 22.0% in 2014 (p = 0.02). Older age, white race, lower income by zip code, and public insurance as well as larger patient volumes increased the odds of definitive rather than suggestive diagnoses of physical abuse and neglect injuries. CONCLUSIONS Definitive diagnoses of physical abuse and neglect increased over the study period and were associated with hospital volume and patient characteristics which may reflect provider experience and possible bias. The use of electronic medical records may have influenced the coding of definitive diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Zins
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Krista K Wheeler
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Farah Brink
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Megan Armstrong
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Junxin Shi
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Jonathan I Groner
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Trauma Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Henry Xiang
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Tonmyr L, Shields M, Asokumar A, Hovdestad W, Laurin J, Mukhi S, Burnside L. Can coders abstract child maltreatment variables from child welfare administrative data and case narratives for public health surveillance in Canada? Child Abuse Negl 2019; 92:77-84. [PMID: 30933833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health surveillance is essential to inform programs that aim to eradicate child maltreatment (CM) and to provide services to children and families. However, collection of CM data imposes a burden on child welfare workers (CWWs). This study assesses the feasibility of hiring coders to abstract the required information from administrative records and case narratives. METHODS Based on a convenience sample of child welfare data from Manitoba, Canada, two coders abstracted information on 181 alleged CM cases. The coders completed a short web-based questionnaire for each case to identify which of five types of CM had been investigated, level of substantiation for each type, and risk of future CM. The CWWs responsible for each case completed the same questionnaire. Percentages of the occurrence of CM by the three sources were compared. The validity of the coders' classifications was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, against the CWWs' classifications as the "gold standard." Cohen's kappa was also calculated. RESULTS The coders' classifications of physical abuse, sexual abuse and neglect generally matched those of CWWs; for exposure to intimate partner violence, agreement was weak for one coder. Coding of emotional maltreatment and risk investigations could not be evaluated. CONCLUSION Results were promising. Abstraction was not time-consuming. Differences between coders and CWWs can be largely explained by the administrative data system, child welfare practice, and legislation. Further investigation is required to determine if additional training could improve coders' classifications of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lil Tonmyr
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Ave, AL 6807B, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Margot Shields
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Ave, AL 6807B, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ajani Asokumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Wendy Hovdestad
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Ave, AL 6807B, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jessica Laurin
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Ave, AL 6807B, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Shamir Mukhi
- Canadian Network for Public Health Intelligence, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Linda Burnside
- Birch Wellness Centre, 34 Carlton St, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 1N9, Canada
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Atiqul Haque M, Janson S, Moniruzzaman S, Rahman AKMF, Islam SS, Mashreky SR, Eriksson UB. Children's exposure to physical abuse from a child perspective: A population-based study in rural Bangladesh. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212428. [PMID: 30779784 PMCID: PMC6380542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although child physical abuse (CPA) is considered as a major global public health problem, it has not yet been recognized as such in Bangladesh. Very few studies have assessed the prevalence and victims’ characteristics of multiple forms of CPA. Objective This population-based study assessed the prevalence of CPA committed by adults in a rural area of Bangladesh and examined its association with demographic and socio-contextual factors. Methods Data were obtained using ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C) in a random sample of 1416 children (49% girls, 51% boys) aged 11 to 17 years by face-to-face interviews during March-April 2017. The response rate was 91.5%. To estimate predictors of CPA, physical abuse was categorized into frequent and less frequent groups. Results The prevalence of at least one form (≥ 1), two forms (≥2) and three or more forms (≥ 3) of CPA were estimated approximately to 99%, 95% and 83% in their lifetime and 93%, 79%, and 57% in the past year respectively. Hitting (except on buttocks), standing/kneeling and slapping were the most common physical abuse whereas given drugs or alcohol, pinched, burned or scalded, beaten-up and locked up were less reported. Female children were faced severe forms of CPA more than that of males. Male children, younger age groups, witnessing adults using weapons at home, bullied by siblings and low level of maternal education were found to be significant risk factors for both ≥ 1 form and ≥ 2 forms of frequent CPA whereas adding also adult shouting in a frightening way was found as a significant risk factor for ≥ 2 forms of frequent CPA. Conclusion Self-reported prevalence of CPA is extremely common in the Bangladeshi rural society. The prevalence was associated with demographic and socio-contextual characteristics of the children such as being younger, witnessing domestic violence and maternal low education. The findings provide evidence to support parents and policy-makers to take effective measures to implement policy and programme on alternative up-bringing methods and creating awareness of negative effects of CM which in turn help Bangladesh to line up with UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which the country signed in 1990.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Atiqul Haque
- Public Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Staffan Janson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Syed Moniruzzaman
- Risk and Environmental Studies, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - A. K. M. Fazlur Rahman
- Center for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Shariful Islam
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbagh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saidur Rahman Mashreky
- Center for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ulla-Britt Eriksson
- Public Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Abbiati M, Palix J, Gasser J, Moulin V. Predicting physically violent misconduct in prison: A comparison of four risk assessment instruments. Behav Sci Law 2019; 37:61-77. [PMID: 30028526 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Violence in correctional facilities is an important issue for both prisoners and prison staff. Risk assessment instruments have demonstrated their accuracy in predicting the risk of (re) offending and institutional violence in psychiatric settings, but less is known about their ability to predict violent misconduct in prison. The present study applied four risk assessment instruments (Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk, Historical Clinical Risk Management-20, Psychopathy checklist - Revised, and Violent Risk Appraisal Guide) to 52 violent offenders in a Swiss prison in order to evaluate the instruments' predictive validities. Outcomes were instances of physically violent, other and any misconduct as recorded in prison files during the 12 months following the prisoners' assessments. Approximately 15% of offenders committed physically violent misconduct and approximately 42% committed any misconduct. The results show that mainly dynamic assessment tools are as good predictors of physically violent misconduct as mainly static assessment tools. Targeting dynamic factors could increase the effectiveness of interventions to reduce the risk of physical violence in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Abbiati
- Legal Psychiatry and Psychology Research Unit, Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Julie Palix
- Legal Psychiatry and Psychology Research Unit, Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Gasser
- Legal Psychiatry and Psychology Research Unit, Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Moulin
- Legal Psychiatry and Psychology Research Unit, Institute of Legal Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
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Abstract
Despite numerous studies identifying a broad range of harms associated with the use of spanking and other types of physical punishment, debate continues about its use as a form of discipline. In this commentary, we recommend four strategies to move the field forward and beyond the spanking debate including: 1) use of methodological approaches that allow for stronger causal inference; 2) consideration of human rights issues; 3) a focus on understanding the causes of spanking and reasons for its decline in certain countries; and 4) more emphasis on evidence-based approaches to changing social norms to reject spanking as a form of discipline. Physical punishment needs to be recognized as an important public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet L MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, and of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster Innovation Park, Suite 201A, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Christopher R Mikton
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom.
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