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Akerlof KL, Loevenich J, Melena S, Lipsky CA. Behaviorally segmented audiences for managing sunscreen chemical pollution risk in protected coastal natural resource areas. Risk Anal 2024; 44:349-365. [PMID: 37188329 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This audience segmentation of visitors at coastal parks in Hawaii and North Carolina addresses an emergent natural resource management concern and risk to aquatic ecosystems: sunscreen chemical pollution. Four audiences were identified that correspond to different behavioral profiles: sunscreen protection tourists, multimodal sun protection tourists, in-state frequent park visitors, and frequent beachgoers who skip sunscreen. The second-largest audience, sunscreen protection tourists, represents 29% of visitors at Cape Lookout National Seashore and 25% at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park. This group ranks of most concern for chemical pollution because they use sunscreen, but not typically mineral formulations or other methods such as protective clothing, and they have lower levels of sunscreen chemical issue awareness. The identification of similar audience segments across regions with differing cultural characteristics and sunscreen regulation status suggests the robustness of the model and its indicator variables, with implications for both environmental protection and public health. Further, coastal visitors' interest in enacting pro-environmental sun protection behaviors during their next park or beach visit indicates the potential for natural resource managers to holistically address risks in both domains through targeted interventions with audiences of most concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Akerlof
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline Loevenich
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sara Melena
- Natural Resource Stewardship & Science Directorate, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine A Lipsky
- Natural Resource Stewardship & Science Directorate, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Karlsson T, Olsson LG, Gustavsson J, Arborelius UP, Risling M, Günther M. An Experimental Cold Gas Cannon for the Study of Porcine Lung Contusion and Behind Armor Blunt Trauma. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2762-2771. [PMID: 37532895 PMCID: PMC10632235 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) is a non-penetrating injury caused by the rapid deformation of body armor, by a projectile, which may in extreme circumstances cause death. The understanding of the mechanisms is still low, in relation to what is needed for safety threshold levels. Few models of graded kinetic energy transfer to the body exist. We established an experimental model for graded BABT. The cold gas cannon was air-driven, consisted of a pressure vessel, a barrel, and a pressure actuator. It required short training to operate and was constructed by standard components. It produced standardized expulsion of plastic projectiles with 65 mm and weight 58 g. Velocity correlated linearly to pressure (R 0.9602, p < 0.0001), equation Y = 6.558*X + 46.50. Maximum tested pressure was 10 bar, velocity 110 m/s and kinetic energy (Ek) 351 J. Crossbred male swine (n = 10) mean weight (SD) 56 ± 3 kg, were subjected to BABT, mean Ek (SD) 318 (61) J, to a fix point on the right lateral thorax. Pulmonary contusion was confirmed by physiological parameters pO2 (p < 0.05), SaO2 (p < 0.01), pCO2 (p < 0.01), etCO2 (p < 0.01), MPAP (p < 0.01), Cstat (p < 0.01), intrapulmonary shunt (Q's/Q't) (p < 0.05), and qualified trans-thoracic ultrasound (p < 0.0001). The consistent injury profile enabled for the addition of future experimental interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Karlsson
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum - 8B, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Gunnar Olsson
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum - 8B, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Gustavsson
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum - 8B, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf P Arborelius
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum - 8B, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum - 8B, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Günther
- Section of Experimental Traumatology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum - 8B, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tochihara Y, Lee JY, Son SY, Bakri I. Heat strain of Japanese firefighters wearing personal protective equipment: a review for developing a test method. Ergonomics 2023; 66:676-689. [PMID: 35959644 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to develop a test method for the evaluation of heat strain for structural firefighters wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) in Japan. We analysed a series of our laboratory's questionnaires and experimental studies and reviewed international standards on test methods. We investigated the actual average working conditions (total firefighting time on one incidence, working time with full PPE, maximum temperature and humidity during firefighting) at structural firefighting site in Japan by conducting a large-scale questionnaire survey of Japanese firefighters. We discussed test subjects (firefighters vs. non-firefighters; body size; physical fitness), exercise intensity (absolutes vs. relative; light vs. heavy) and duration, experimental temperature and relative humidity, experimental clothing items including station uniforms (shorts vs. long), and measurement variables (physiological and subjective responses), and suggested a standard test method to evaluate the heat strain of firefighters in hot and humid environments.Practitioner summary: We reviewed studies on human wear trials of firefighting personal protective equipment (PPE) in hot environments and suggested a standard test method to evaluate the heat strain of firefighters. The test method can be internationally utilised to examine the comfort functions and heat stress of PPE in hot, humid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tochihara
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Graphene Research Center for Convergence Technology, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Korea
| | - Su-Young Son
- Department of Home Economics Education Teachers College, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ilham Bakri
- Industrial Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Xue L, Ding L, Zhang J, Nie J, Zhang Q. Thermal response of human body with immersion suit in cold environment. Int J Biometeorol 2023; 67:447-456. [PMID: 36633693 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypothermia caused by cold water immersion is one of the main causes of death in marine accidents. Immersion suit is a kind of protective clothing when implementing flying tasks over the sea in cold seasons, with the main function to slow down the loss of human heat in water and prolong the survival time. In this study, the thermal properties and wearing types of immersion suit and underwear were analyzed. The subjects with internal- and external-wear immersion suit exposed to the experimental environments for 2 h in five working conditions. The core temperature, weighted average skin temperature, and average body temperature were measured and calculated. Both internal- and external-wear immersion suits could fulfil the cold protection requirements under the experimental conditions. The results of clothing parameter tests and physiological experiments both exhibit that the external-wear immersion suit has better thermal insulation effect. And the tolerance time in low-temperature water was predicted, which is crucial for effective and efficient rescue during shipwreck in adverse thermal scenarios. In future research, a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the thermal insulation performance of immersion suit could be completed in combination with the water ingress of the clothing, the subjects' thermal comfort, and flexibility of the clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiachen Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Perroni F, Cardinali L, Cignitti L, Gobbi E, Grugni F, Amatori S, Rocchi MBL, Grandinetti L, Lunetta F, Stocchi V, Baldari C, Sisti D, Guidetti L. Are there sex differences in physiological parameters and reaction time responses to overload in firefighters? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249559. [PMID: 33939690 PMCID: PMC8092788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Male and female firefighters work side-by-side in the same in strenuous and risky conditions. Anthropometrics, physiological, and reaction time (mean of reaction time -MRT-, and errors made -E) parameters of 12 Female and 13 Male firefighters were compared. Effect of overload (step test with and without equipment) on the MRT and E were analyzed on 3 trials (T1 = 1-1s, T2 = 0.5-1s, T3 = 0.5–0.5s), compared with a pre-test condition (basal). T-test between males and females was applied to assess differences (p<0.05) in all parameters. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni on 3 conditions of step test between males and females was applied in reaction time variables. Between MRT and E, in T1, T2 and T3 trials and the 3 test conditions, ANCOVA models with interactions were used. Differences (p<0.05) in anthropometric, physiological and reaction time data emerged across groups, and on the 3rd trials (T3 vs T1 and T2) in reaction time parameters of each group. ANCOVA showed differences (p<0.001) in E among trials. Post hoc showed significant differences in T1vsT3 and T1vsT2. MRT x trial interaction was extremely significant (P<0.001). Implementing fitness and reaction time exercise programs is important to decrease the injury risk and increase work capacity in firefighters with reference to female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ludovica Cardinali
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Erica Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Luigi Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | | | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Service of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
- Department Unicusano, University "Niccolò Cusano", Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rogerson S, Brearley M, Meir R, Brooks L. Influence of age, geographical region, and work unit on heat strain symptoms: a cross-sectional survey of electrical utility workers. J Occup Environ Hyg 2020; 17:515-522. [PMID: 33196398 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1834112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed self-reported heat strain symptoms in workers of a state wide electrical utility distributor to determine risk differences between age groups, geographical work regions and work units. Out of a total 3,250 workers, 918 (∼28%) outdoor staff completed an online survey, which assessed the frequency of self-reported heat strain symptoms in the work and post-work settings, factors contributing to symptoms and symptom management. Heat strain symptoms were grouped into chronic low-grade cases and isolated high-grade cases based on the severity and frequency of symptoms. The risk (likelihood) of an employee being classified as either a chronic low-grade or isolated high-grade case was calculated and compared to the mean risk of all categories to determine risk difference, expressed as -1.00 to 1.00. For chronic low-grade cases, the 41-50 years age group had significantly increased risk (+0.08, p < 0.05) while the over 60 years age group had significantly decreased risk (-0.14, p < 0.05). Two of the three regions (p < 0.01) and three of the nine work units also demonstrated risk differences (p < 0.01) for chronic low-grade cases. Work units were the sole grouping to demonstrate risk difference for isolated high-risk cases. Work units with greater exposure to heat and higher requirement for protective clothing, such as Underground (+0.19, p < 0.05), Overhead - Predominantly Live Line (+0.18, p < 0.01), and Overhead - Distribution and Transmission (+0.11, p < 0.05) were at greater risk of reporting heat stress symptoms. This study demonstrates that the pattern of self-reported chronic low-grade heat strain cases differs to isolated high-grade cases within the electrical utility industry. Age, geographical location, and work unit independently alter the risk of chronic low-grade heat strain, while the risk of isolated high-grade heat strain was only related to work unit. These outcomes support implementation of a flexible and targeted approach to heat stress management in large and diverse organizations in which employees are routinely exposed to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Rogerson
- Department of Health, Safety and Environment, Energy Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt Brearley
- Thermal Hyperformance, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia
- National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rudi Meir
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyndon Brooks
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Marine Ecology Research Centre (MERC), Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
- StatPlan Consulting Pty Ltd, Woodburn, New South Wales, Australia
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Hu K, Fan J, Li X, Gou X, Li X, Zhou X. The adverse skin reactions of health care workers using personal protective equipment for COVID-19. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20603. [PMID: 32541493 PMCID: PMC7302613 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new coronavirus was found in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and spread rapidly throughout the country, attracting global attention. On February 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially named the disease caused by 2019-nCoV coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). With the increasing number of cases, health care workers (HCWs) from all over China volunteered to work in Hubei Province. Because of the strong infectivity of COVID-19, HCWs need to wear personal protective equipment (PPE), such as N95 masks, latex gloves, and protective clothing. Due to the long-term use of PPE, many adverse skin reactions may occur. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the adverse skin reactions among HCWs using PPE.Questionnaires were used for the research; a quantitative study was carried out to determine the incidence of adverse skin reactions among HCWs using PPE.A total of 61 valid questionnaires were collected. The most common adverse skin reactions among HCWs wearing N95 masks were nasal bridge scarring (68.9%) and facial itching (27.9%). The most common adverse skin reactions among HCWs wearing latex gloves were dry skin (55.7%), itching (31.2%), and rash (23.0%). The most common adverse skin reactions among HCWs wearing protective clothing were dry skin (36.1%) and itching (34.4%).When most HCWs wear PPE for a long period of time, they will experience adverse skin reactions. The incidence of adverse skin reactions to the N95 mask was 95.1%, that to latex gloves was 88.5%, and that to protective clothing was 60.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Hu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Xueqin Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China
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TOKIZAWA K, SON SY, OKA T, YASUDA A. Effectiveness of a field-type liquid cooling vest for reducing heat strain while wearing protective clothing. Ind Health 2020; 58:63-71. [PMID: 31406053 PMCID: PMC6997718 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of a field-type liquid cooling vest (LCV) worn underneath an impermeable protective suit on heat strain during walking. Eight men walked for 60 min at a moderate speed (3.0 km/h) wearing the suit in a warm environment (33°C, 60% relative humidity) without (control, CON) or with the LCV. A smaller increase in rectal temperature was recorded in participants in the LCV than in the CON condition (37.6 ± 0.1°C vs. 37.9 ± 0.1°C, p<0.05). Walking while wearing the LCV reduced the level of physiological heat strain, as measured by the mean skin temperature (35.5 ± 0.1°C vs. 36.3 ± 0.1°C), chest sweat rate (13.5 ± 3.0 mg/cm2/h vs. 16.6 ± 3.8 mg/cm2/h), chest cutaneous vascular conductance (349 ± 88% vs. 463 ± 122%), body weight loss (0.72 ± 0.05% vs. 0.93 ± 0.06%), and heart rate (101 ± 6 beats/min vs. 111 ± 7 beats/min) (p<0.05, for all comparisons). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in thermal sensation and discomfort. These results suggest that a field-type LCV attenuates exertional heat strain while wearing impermeable protective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken TOKIZAWA
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
| | - Su-Young SON
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
- Present address: Kyungpook National University, Korea
| | - Tatsuo OKA
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
| | - Akinori YASUDA
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
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Armstrong NCD, Ward A, Lomax M, Tipton MJ, House JR. Wearing body armour and backpack loads increase the likelihood of expiratory flow limitation and respiratory muscle fatigue during marching. Ergonomics 2019; 62:1181-1192. [PMID: 31364962 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1629638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of load carriage on pulmonary function was investigated during a treadmill march of increasing intensity. 24 male infantry soldiers marched on six occasions wearing either: no load, 15 kg, 30 kg, 40 kg or 50 kg. Each loaded configuration included body armour which was worn as battle-fit or loose-fit (40 kg only). FVC and FEV1 were reduced by 6 to 15% with load. Maximal mouth pressures were reduced post load carriage by up to 11% (inspiratory) and 17% (expiratory). Increased ventilatory demands associated with carrying increased mass were met by increases in breathing frequency (from 3 to 26 breaths·min-1) with minimal changes to tidal volume. 72% of participants experienced expiratory flow limitation whilst wearing the heaviest load. Loosening the armour had minimal effects on pulmonary function. It was concluded that as mass and exercise intensity are increased, the degree of expiratory flow limitation also increases. Practitioner Summary: This study investigated the effect of soldier load carriage on pulmonary function, to inform the trade-off between protection and burden. Load carriage caused an inefficient breathing pattern, respiratory muscle fatigue and expiratory flow limitation during marching. These effects were exacerbated by increases in mass carried and march intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C D Armstrong
- a Human and Social Sciences Group, Defence Science Technology Laboratory , Salisbury , UK
- b Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Amanda Ward
- b Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Mitch Lomax
- b Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- b Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - James R House
- b Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
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Abstract
Firefighters work in unpredictable conditions, necessitating the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). However, the additional weight from the PPE and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) alters their centre of mass (COM), restricts movement and limits vision (face mask) contributing to a firefighters' challenge of maintaining balance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of firefighter PPE on static and dynamic balance. Participants performed two sets of three functional balance tests: (1) Static Single Leg (SSL); (2) Dynamic Single Leg (DSL); (3) Limits of Stability (LOS). The balance tests were performed under one control and three randomised PPE conditions: (1) athletic clothing; (2) turnouts; (3) turnouts + SCBA; (4) turnouts + SCBA + face mask. Our study found turnouts + SCBA both with and without the face mask negatively affected dynamic balance. These findings identify factors in fall-related injuries and strategies to reduce occupational risk. Practitioner summary: Slips, trips and falls are the most common cause of injury in firefighters. Our study investigated the effects of firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE) on static and dynamic balance utilising a computerised balance instrument. We found that turnouts with a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with or without face mask negatively affected balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shawn O Henry
- a Exercise Science Department, Pacific University , Forest Grove , OR , USA
| | - Jenna Tanigawa
- a Exercise Science Department, Pacific University , Forest Grove , OR , USA
| | - Shelyce Yasui
- a Exercise Science Department, Pacific University , Forest Grove , OR , USA
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de Rome L. Could wearing motorcycle protective clothing compromise rider safety in hot weather? Accid Anal Prev 2019; 128:240-247. [PMID: 31071655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Motorcycle protective clothing (PPE) effectively reduces the risk of injury in crashes, however in hot conditions many motorcyclists ride unprotected. Recent work found available motorcycle PPE to be thermally inefficient in hot weather with potential to cause significant thermal strain under average Australian summer conditions. The current study investigated the potential for the cognitive and psychophysical concomitants of thermal strain to compromise reaction times, mood and fatigue with potential consequences for motorcyclists' safety. METHOD Volunteers wearing motorcycle PPE participated in a 90 min trial (cycling 30 W) in 35 °C, 40%RH with overhead radiant heaters and a fan to simulate wind speed. Heart rate, core and skin temperature were recorded continuously. Reaction time and subjective ratings of thermal sensation and comfort, workload and mood were recorded at baseline, during rest breaks at 25 min intervals and on completion of the trail. Repeated measures analysis assessed each participant's performance against their own baseline. RESULTS Core temperatures increased by 2 °C (p < .0001), skin temperatures (3 °C, (p < .0001) and heart rates (66bpm, p < .0001). Reaction times fluctuated 36 ms 8% (p < .0001) over the trial. Subjective workload increased 68% (p = 0.001) and mood deteriorated 33 points (p < .0001) including feeling less alert (p = <.0001), contented (p = 0.001) and calm (p = 0.0004). Multivariate repeated measures analysis found significant associations between core temperature and workload (p = 0.01), mood (p = 0.001) and reaction time (<.0001). Skin temperature and workload (p = 0.02), mood (p = 0.01) and reaction time (<.0001). Subjective ratings of temperature sensation and wetness discomfort were associated respectively with increased workload (p = 0.0001, p = 0.004), mood change (p < .0001, p = 0.04) and reaction time (p < .0001, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The physiological impact of wearing thermally inefficient motorcycle PPE in hot conditions could impair motorcyclists cognitive and psychophysical functioning and, potentially, their riding performance and safety. These outcomes indicate an urgent need for manufacturers to develop motorcycle PPE that is effective and suitable for use, in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz de Rome
- Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, 3220 Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Quinn TD, Seo Y, Yorio PL, Aljaroudi A, Coca A, Kim JH, Roberge RJ, Jon Williams W. Using trunk posture to monitor heat strain at work. Ergonomics 2018; 61:1560-1568. [PMID: 30014772 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1497207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if trunk posture during walking is related to increases in rectal temperature (Tre). 24 males treadmill walked in one of four conditions (1): 30 min at 3.0 mph and 0% grade, 20 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH), wearing healthcare worker (HCW) PPE; (2): 30 min at 3.0 mph and 0% grade, 27.5 °C and 60% RH, HCW PPE; (3): 30 min at 3.0 mph and 0% grade, 32.5 °C and 70% RH, HCW PPE; and (4): 40 min at 40% VO2max, 30 °C and 70% RH, wearing firefighter PPE. Trunk posture (Zephyr BioHarness 3) and Tre were measured continuously. Tre was positively related to trunk posture, controlling for covariates (B = 3.49, p < .001). BMI and age moderated this relationship (Tre×age, B = 0.76, p < .001; Tre*BMI, B = -1.85, p < .001). Trunk posture measurement may be useful in monitoring fall potential and magnitude of heat stress of workers in hot environments. Practitioner Summary: Occupational hyperthermia increases worker risk for heat illness and injury but is difficult to monitor in the field. This investigation shows that trunk posture is independently and positively related to core temperature. Non-invasive measurement or visual inspection of trunk posture could provide novel insight on individual heat strain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Quinn
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Yongsuk Seo
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Patrick L Yorio
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ali Aljaroudi
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Aitor Coca
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Raymond J Roberge
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - W Jon Williams
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Hunt AP. The maximum evaporative potential of constant wear immersion suits influences the risk of excessive heat strain for helicopter aircrew. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196606. [PMID: 29723267 PMCID: PMC5933755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat exchange properties of aircrew clothing including a Constant Wear Immersion Suit (CWIS), and the environmental conditions in which heat strain would impair operational performance, were investigated. The maximum evaporative potential (im/clo) of six clothing ensembles (three with a flight suit (FLY) and three with a CWIS) of varying undergarment layers were measured with a heated sweating manikin. Biophysical modelling estimated the environmental conditions in which body core temperature would elevate above 38.0°C during routine flight. The im/clo was reduced with additional undergarment layers, and was more restricted in CWIS compared to FLY ensembles. A significant linear relationship (r2 = 0.98, P<0.001) was observed between im/clo and the highest wet-bulb globe temperature in which the flight scenario could be completed without body core temperature exceeding 38.0°C. These findings provide a valuable tool for clothing manufacturers and mission planners for the development and selection of CWIS's for aircrew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Hunt
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Heath and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Physical Ergonomics Group, Land Human Systems, Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Phillips DB, Ehnes CM, Welch BG, Lee LN, Simin I, Petersen SR. Influence of work clothing on physiological responses and performance during treadmill exercise and the Wildland Firefighter Pack Test. Appl Ergon 2018; 68:313-318. [PMID: 29409650 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated physiological responses and performance during three separate exercise challenges (Parts I, II, and III) with wildland firefighting work clothing ensemble (boots and coveralls) and a 20.4 kg backpack in four conditions: U-EX (no pack, exercise clothing); L-EX (pack, exercise clothing); U-W (no pack, work clothing); and, L-W (pack and work clothing). Part I consisted of randomly-ordered graded exercise tests, on separate days, in U-EX, L-EX and L-W conditions. Part II consisted of randomly-ordered bouts of sub-maximal treadmill exercise in the four conditions. In Part III, subjects completed, in random-order on separate days, 4.83 km Pack Tests in L-EX or L-W conditions. In Part I, peak oxygen uptake was reduced (p < .05) in L-W. In Part II, mass-specific oxygen uptake was significantly higher in both work clothing conditions. In Part III, Pack Test time was slower (p < .05) in L-W. These results demonstrate the negative impact of work clothing and load carriage on physiological responses to exercise and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Phillips
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada.
| | - Cameron M Ehnes
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Bradley G Welch
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Lauren N Lee
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Irina Simin
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
| | - Stewart R Petersen
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H9, Canada
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He J, Lu Y, Chen Y, Li J. Investigation of the thermal hazardous effect of protective clothing caused by stored energy discharge. J Hazard Mater 2017; 338:76-84. [PMID: 28531661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to direct thermal energy from a heating source, a large amount of thermal energy stored in clothing will continuously discharge to skin after exposure. Investigating the thermal hazardous effect of clothing caused by stored energy discharge is crucial for the reliability of thermal protective clothing. In this study several indices were proposed and applied to evaluate the impact of thermal energy discharge on human skin. The heat discharge from different layers of fabric systems was investigated, and the influences of air gaps and applied compression were examined. Heat fluxes at the boundaries of fabric layers and the distribution of heat discharge were determined. Additionally, the correlation between heat storage during exposure and heat discharge after exposure was identified. The results demonstrated that heat discharge to the skin could be correlated with heat storage within the fabric, however, it highly depended on the air gap under clothing, the applied compression, and the insulation provided by the fabric layers. Results from this study could contribute to thoroughly understanding the thermal hazardous effect of clothing and enhance the technical basis for developing new fabric combinations to minimize energy discharge after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen He
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China; Key Laboratory of Clothing Design & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yehu Lu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Clothing Design & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.
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16
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Rubenstein CD, DenHartog EA, Deaton AS, Bogerd CP, DeKant S. Fluid replacement advice during work in fully encapsulated impermeable chemical protective suits. J Occup Environ Hyg 2017; 14:448-455. [PMID: 28278064 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1296230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A major concern for responders to hazardous materials (HazMat) incidents is the heat strain that is caused by fully encapsulated impermeable chemical protective suits. In a research project, funded by the US Department of Defense, the thermal strain experienced when wearing these suits was studied. One particular area of interest was the fluid loss of responders during work in these suits as dehydration may be an additional health concern to the heat strain. 17 City of Raleigh firemen and 24 students were tested at two different labs. Subjects between the ages of 25 and 51 were used for human subject trials in a protocol approved by the local ethical committee. Six different Level A HazMat suits were evaluated in three climates: moderate (24°C, 50% RH, 20°C WBGT), warm-wet (32°C, 60% RH, 30°C WBGT), and hot-dry (45°C, 20% RH, 37°C WBGT, 200 W/m2 radiant load) and at three walking speeds: 2.5 km/hr, 4 km/hr, and 5.5 km/hr. 4 km/hr was tested in all three climates and the other two walking speeds were tested in the moderate climate. Weight loss data was collected to determine fluid loss during these experiments. Working time ranged from as low as 20 min in the hot-dry condition to 60 min (the maximum) in the moderate climate, especially common at the lowest walking speed. The overall results from all experiments showed that fluid loss ranged from 0.2-2.2 L during these exposures, with the average fluid loss being 0.8 L, with 56% of the data between 0.5 L and 1 L of fluid loss. Further analysis showed that a suggestion of drinking 0.7 Liter per hour would safely hydrate over 50% of responders after one work-rest cycle. Applying this fluid volume over three work-rest cycles only put 11% of responders at risk of hypohydration vs. the 57% at risk with no fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace D Rubenstein
- a Textile Protection and Comfort Center , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina
| | - Emiel A DenHartog
- a Textile Protection and Comfort Center , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina
| | - A Shawn Deaton
- a Textile Protection and Comfort Center , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina
| | - Cornelis P Bogerd
- b TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences , Department of CBRN Protection , Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Saskia DeKant
- b TNO Earth, Life and Social Sciences , Department of CBRN Protection , Rijswijk , The Netherlands
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Lim J, Palmer CJ, Busa MA, Amado A, Rosado LD, Ducharme SW, Simon D, Van Emmerik REA. Additional helmet and pack loading reduce situational awareness during the establishment of marksmanship posture. Ergonomics 2017; 60:824-836. [PMID: 27594581 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1222001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pickup of visual information is critical for controlling movement and maintaining situational awareness in dangerous situations. Altered coordination while wearing protective equipment may impact the likelihood of injury or death. This investigation examined the consequences of load magnitude and distribution on situational awareness, segmental coordination and head gaze in several protective equipment ensembles. Twelve soldiers stepped down onto force plates and were instructed to quickly and accurately identify visual information while establishing marksmanship posture in protective equipment. Time to discriminate visual information was extended when additional pack and helmet loads were added, with the small increase in helmet load having the largest effect. Greater head-leading and in-phase trunk-head coordination were found with lighter pack loads, while trunk-leading coordination increased and head gaze dynamics were more disrupted in heavier pack loads. Additional armour load in the vest had no consequences for Time to discriminate, coordination or head dynamics. This suggests that the addition of head borne load be carefully considered when integrating new technology and that up-armouring does not necessarily have negative consequences for marksmanship performance. Practitioner Summary: Understanding the trade-space between protection and reductions in task performance continue to challenge those developing personal protective equipment. These methods provide an approach that can help optimise equipment design and loading techniques by quantifying changes in task performance and the emergent coordination dynamics that underlie that performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongil Lim
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Christopher J Palmer
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
- b Naval Special Warfare Command, N8 Survival Systems , Coronado , CA , USA
| | - Michael A Busa
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Avelino Amado
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Luis D Rosado
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Scott W Ducharme
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Darnell Simon
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Richard E A Van Emmerik
- a Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
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18
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Morimatsu Y, Kohshi K, Murata Y, Kohshi K, Inoue M, Kushino N, Matsumoto Y, Mori M, Hoshiko M, Masuda H, Ishitake T. [A case of a young diving fisherman with complicated dysbaric osteonecrosis]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2017; 59:59-62. [PMID: 28154292 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.16-019-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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19
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Marabotti C, Prediletto R, Scalzini A, Pingitore A, Passera M, Laurino M, L'Abatte A. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of the neoprene wetsuit in non-immersed divers. Undersea Hyperb Med 2017; 44:141-147. [PMID: 28777904 DOI: 10.22462/3.4.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A neoprene wetsuit is widely used to reduce thermal dispersion during diving. Recent observations have pointed out that elastic recoil of the wetsuit might have significant compressive effects, able to affect water and electrolyte homeostasis during both dry and immersed conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible cardiovascular and respiratory effects of the neoprene wetsuit in dry conditions in a sample of experienced divers. Twenty-four (24) healthy divers were evaluated by Doppler-echocardiography and by spirometry in basal conditions and while wearing a full neoprene wetsuit. During wetsuit conditions, we observed a significant decrease in heart rate (-5%; p ⟨ 0.05) and cardiac output (-12%; p ⟨ 0.05), and a significant increase in total peripheral resistances (15%; p ⟨ 0.05). Moreover, a significant reduction of right ventricular early diastolic filling was observed (-15%; p ⟨ 0.05). As concerns pulmonary function, a significant reduction of vital capacity (-2%; p ⟨ 0.001) and expiratory reserve volume (-25%; p ⟨ 0.001), and a significant increase of inspiratory capacity (9%; p ⟨ 0.001) and tidal volume (25%; p ⟨ 0.05) were observed. These data support the hypothesis that neoprene elastic recoil, possibly due to a compression exerted on chest, might affect systemic circulation (decreasing cardiac output and impairing right ventricular filling) and respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Marabotti
- EXTREME Centre, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Renato Prediletto
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- CNR, Regione Toscana "Gabriele Monasterio" Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Laurino
- EXTREME Centre, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Burns KM, Shoag JM, Kahlon SS, Parsons PJ, Bijur PE, Taragin BH, Markowitz M. Lead Aprons Are a Lead Exposure Hazard. J Am Coll Radiol 2017; 14:641-647. [PMID: 28082154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether lead-containing shields have lead dust on the external surface. METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained for this descriptive study of a convenience sample of 172 shields. Each shield was tested for external lead dust via a qualitative rapid on-site test and a laboratory-based quantitative dust wipe analysis, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The χ2 test was used to test the association with age, type of shield, lead sheet thickness, storage method, and visual and radiographic appearance. RESULTS Sixty-three percent (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56%-70%) of the shields had detectable surface lead by FAAS and 50% (95% CI: 43%-57%) by the qualitative method. Lead dust by FAAS ranged from undetectable to 998 μg/ft2. The quantitative detection of lead was significantly associated with the following: (1) visual appearance of the shield (1 = best, 3 = worst): 88% of shields that scored 3 had detectable dust lead; (2) type of shield: a greater proportion of the pediatric patient, full-body, and thyroid shields were positive than vests and skirts; (3) use of a hanger for storage: 27% of shields on a hanger were positive versus 67% not on hangers. Radiographic determination of shield intactness, thickness of interior lead sheets, and age of shield were unrelated to presence of surface dust lead. CONCLUSIONS Sixty-three percent of shields had detectable surface lead that was associated with visual appearance, type of shield, and storage method. Lead-containing shields are a newly identified, potentially widespread source of lead exposure in the health industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Burns
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Jamie M Shoag
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sukhraj S Kahlon
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Polly E Bijur
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Benjamin H Taragin
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Morri Markowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Meads C, Glover M, Dimmock P, Pokhrel S. Parafricta Bootees and Undergarments to Reduce Skin Breakdown in People with or at Risk of Pressure Ulcers: A NICE Medical Technologies Guidance. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2016; 14:635-646. [PMID: 27116358 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-016-0245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of the development of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Medical Technologies Guidance on Parafricta Bootees and Undergarments to reduce skin breakdown in people with, or at risk of, pressure ulcers, the manufacturer (APA Parafricta Ltd) submitted clinical and economic evidence, which was critically appraised by an External Assessment Centre (EAC) and subsequently used by the Medical Technologies Advisory Committee (MTAC) to develop recommendations for further research. The University of Birmingham and Brunel University, acting as a consortium, were commissioned to act as the EAC, independently appraising the submission. This article is an overview of the original evidence submitted, the EAC's findings and the final NICE guidance. Very little comparative evidence was submitted to demonstrate the effectiveness of Parafricta Bootees or Undergarments. The sponsor submitted a simple cost analysis to estimate the costs of using Parafricta in addition to current practice-in comparison with current practice alone-in hospital and community settings separately. The analysis took a National Health Service (NHS) perspective. The basis of the analysis was a previously published comparative study, which showed no statistical difference in average lengths of stay between patients who wore Parafricta Undergarments and Bootees, and those who did not. The economic model incorporated the costs of Parafricta but assumed shorter lengths of stay with Parafricta. The sponsor concluded that Parafricta was cost saving relative to the comparators. The EAC made amendments to the sponsor's analysis to correct for errors and to reflect alternative assumptions. Parafricta remained cost saving in most analyses, and the savings per prevalent case ranged from £757 in the hospital model to £3455 in the community model. All analyses were severely limited by the available data on effectiveness-in particular, a lack of good-quality comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Meads
- Health Economics Research Group (HERG), Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Matthew Glover
- Health Economics Research Group (HERG), Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Paul Dimmock
- Medical Technologies Evaluation Programme (MTEP), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Manchester, UK
| | - Subhash Pokhrel
- Health Economics Research Group (HERG), Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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Schellart NA, Sterk W. Influence of the diving wetsuit on standard spirometry. Diving Hyperb Med 2016; 46:138-141. [PMID: 27723013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION A well-fitting wetsuit exerts a pressure on the body that may influence spirometry. This pressure is expected to reduce the forced vital capacity (FVC) due to hampered inspiration. Since the shape of the spirometric flow curve should not be changed by the pressure effects of the wetsuits, FVC, the forced expiratory volume during the first second of expiration (FEV₁), the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75) should change to the same degree. This study investigates the influence of a wetsuit on spirometric variables using age, suit thickness and suit type as the parameters. METHODS Spirometry (dry) was performed in 28 volunteers (12 women), aged 27-69 years. RESULTS The wetsuit (3.8 mm, range 2-7 mm) resulted in a change in FVC of -4.0% (P = 2∙E-08 〈 0.001), in FEV₁ of -3.6% (P = 3∙E-05 〈 0.001) and in PEF of -2.4% (P = 0.03); the FEF25-75 may also diminish. The FEV₁/FVC ratio did not change. The decreases can be regarded as a quasi-ageing effect of about 3.5 years. No influence of age, suit thickness and suit type was found. CONCLUSION The wetsuit appears to impair ventilatory mechanics. Both the medical examiner and the diver should be aware that a too-thick or too-tight suit might be a potential pulmonary risk factor in diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Am Schellart
- Foundation for Dive Research (SDR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Military personnel are often required to wear ballistic protection in order to defend against enemies. However, this added protection increases mass carried and imposes additional thermal burden on the individual. Body armor (BA) is known to reduce combat casualties, but the effects of BA mass and insulation on the physical performance of soldiers are less well documented. Until recently, the emphasis has been increasing personal protection, with little consideration of the adverse impacts on human performance. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to use sweating thermal manikin and mathematical modeling techniques to quantify the tradeoff between increased BA protection, the accompanying mass, and thermal effects on human performance. METHODS Using a sweating thermal manikin, total insulation (IT, clo) and vapor permeability indexes (im) were measured for a baseline clothing ensemble with and without one of seven increasingly protective U.S. Army BA configurations. Using mathematical modeling, predictions were made of thermal impact on humans wearing each configuration while working in hot/dry (desert), hot/humid (jungle), and temperate environmental conditions. RESULTS In nearly still air (0.4 m/s), IT ranged from 1.57 to 1.63 clo and im from 0.35 to 0.42 for the seven BA conditions, compared to IT and im values of 1.37 clo and 0.45 respectively, for the baseline condition (no BA). CONCLUSION Biophysical assessments and predictive modeling show a quantifiable relationship exists among increased protection and increased thermal burden and decreased work capacity. This approach enables quantitative analysis of the tradeoffs between ballistic protection, thermal-work strain, and physical work performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Potter
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Julio A. Gonzalez
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Karis
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Park H, Kim S, Morris K, Moukperian M, Moon Y, Stull J. Effect of firefighters' personal protective equipment on gait. Appl Ergon 2015; 48:42-48. [PMID: 25683530 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical experiment with eight male and four female firefighters demonstrates that the effect of adding essential equipment: turnout ensemble, self-contained breathing apparatus, and boots (leather and rubber boots), significantly restricts foot pronation. This finding is supported by a decrease in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral excursion of center of plantar pressure (COP) trajectory during walking. The accumulation of this equipment decreases COP velocity and increases foot-ground contact time and stride time, indicating increased gait instability. An increase in the flexing resistance of the boots is the major contributor to restricted foot pronation and gait instability as evidenced by the greater decrease in excursion of COP in leather boots (greater flexing resistance) than in rubber boots (lower resistance). The leather boots also shows the greatest increase in foot contact time and stride time. These negative impacts can increase musculoskeletal injuries in unfavorable fire ground environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Park
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Kristen Morris
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Melissa Moukperian
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Youngjin Moon
- Korea Institute of Sports Science, San223-19, Gongneung-dong Nowon-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jeffrey Stull
- International Personnel Protection Inc., P. O. Box 92493, Austin, TX 78709-2493, USA.
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Jover-Sáenz A, Barcenilla-Gaite F, López-Salcedo R, Castellana-Perelló D. [Spontaneous flash fires during use of alcohol-based hand rubs]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 33:503. [PMID: 25769382 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Jover-Sáenz
- Unidad Funcional para el control de la Infección Nosocomial (UFIN), Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España.
| | - Fernando Barcenilla-Gaite
- Unidad Funcional para el control de la Infección Nosocomial (UFIN), Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
| | - Rosamary López-Salcedo
- Unidad Funcional para el control de la Infección Nosocomial (UFIN), Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
| | - Dolors Castellana-Perelló
- Unidad Funcional para el control de la Infección Nosocomial (UFIN), Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, España
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Glitz KJ, Seibel U, Rohde U, Gorges W, Witzki A, Piekarski C, Leyk D. Reducing heat stress under thermal insulation in protective clothing: microclimate cooling by a 'physiological' method. Ergonomics 2015; 58:1461-1469. [PMID: 25679096 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1013574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Heat stress caused by protective clothing limits work time. Performance improvement of a microclimate cooling method that enhances evaporative and to a minor extent convective heat loss was tested. Ten male volunteers in protective overalls completed a work-rest schedule (130 min; treadmill: 3 × 30 min, 3 km/h, 5% incline) with or without an additional air-diffusing garment (climatic chamber: 25°C, 50% RH, 0.2 m/s wind). Heat loss was supported by ventilating the garment with dry air (600 l/min, ≪5% RH, 25°C). Ventilation leads (M ± SD, n = 10, ventilated vs. non-ventilated) to substantial strain reduction (max. HR: 123 ± 12 b/min vs. 149 ± 24 b/min) by thermal relief (max. core temperature: 37.8 ± 0.3°C vs. 38.4 ± 0.4°C, max. mean skin temperature: 34.7 ± 0.8°C vs. 37.1 ± 0.3°C) and offers essential extensions in performance and work time under thermal insulation. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Heat stress caused by protective clothing limits work time. Performance can be improved by a microclimate cooling method that supports evaporative and to a minor extent convective heat loss. Sweat evaporation is the most effective thermoregulatory mechanism for heat dissipation and can be enhanced by insufflating dry air into clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Glitz
- a Department IV - Military Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology , Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service , Andernacher Str. 100, D-56070 Koblenz , Germany
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Pyke AJ, Costello JT, Stewart IB. Heat strain evaluation of overt and covert body armour in a hot and humid environment. Appl Ergon 2015; 47:11-15. [PMID: 25479969 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to elucidate the thermophysiological effects of wearing lightweight non-military overt and covert personal body armour (PBA) in a hot and humid environment. Eight healthy males walked on a treadmill for 120 min at 22% of their heart rate reserve in a climate chamber simulating 31 °C (60%RH) wearing either no armour (control), overt or covert PBA in addition to a security guard uniform, in a randomised controlled crossover design. No significant difference between conditions at the end of each trial was observed in core temperature, heart rate or skin temperature (P > 0.05). Covert PBA produced a significantly greater amount of body mass change (-1.81 ± 0.44%) compared to control (-1.07 ± 0.38%, P = 0.009) and overt conditions (-1.27 ± 0.44%, P = 0.025). Although a greater change in body mass was observed after the covert PBA trial; based on the physiological outcome measures recorded, the heat strain encountered while wearing lightweight, non-military overt or covert PBA was negligible compared to no PBA. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY The wearing of bullet proof vests or body armour is a requirement of personnel engaged in a wide range of occupations including police, security, customs and even journalists in theatres of war. This randomised controlled crossover study is the first to examine the thermophysiological effects of wearing lightweight non-military overt and covert personal body armour (PBA) in a hot and humid environment. We conclude that the heat strain encountered while wearing both overt and covert lightweight, non-military PBA was negligible compared to no PBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pyke
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Ian B Stewart
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
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Poirier MP, Meade RD, McGinn R, Friesen BJ, Hardcastle SG, Flouris AD, Kenny GP. The Influence of Arc-Flash and Fire-Resistant Clothing on Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015; 12:654-667. [PMID: 25898230 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1029615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of arc-flash and fire-resistant (AFR) clothing ensembles (CE) on whole-body heat dissipation during work in the heat. On 10 occasions, 7 males performed four 15-min cycling bouts at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (400 W) in the heat (35°C), each separated by 15-min of recovery. Whole-body heat loss and metabolic heat production were measured by direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Body heat storage was calculated as the temporal summation of heat production and heat loss. Responses were compared in a semi-nude state and while wearing two CE styles: (1) single-piece (coveralls) and (2) two-piece (workpant + long-sleeve shirt). For group 1, there was one non-AFR single-piece CE (CE1STD) and three single-piece CE with AFR properties (CE2AFR, CE3AFR, CE4AFR). For group 2, there was one non-AFR two-piece CE (CE5STD) and four two-piece CE with AFR properties (CE6AFR, CE7AFR, CE8AFR, CE9AFR). The workpants for CE6AFR were not AFR-rated, while a cotton undershirt was also worn for conditions CE8AFR and CE9AFR and for all single-piece CE. Heat storage for all conditions (CE1STD: 328 ± 55, CE2AFR: 335 ± 87, CE3AFR: 309 ± 95, CE4AFR: 403 ± 104, CE5STD: 253 ± 78, CE6AFR: 268 ± 89, CE7AFR: 302 ± 70, CE8AFR: 360 ± 36, CE9AFR: 381 ± 99 kJ) was greater than the semi-nude state (160 ± 124 kJ) (all p ≤ 0.05). No differences were measured between single-piece uniforms (p = 0.273). Among the two-piece uniforms, heat storage was greater for CE8AFR and CE9AFR relative to CE5STD and CE6AFR (all p ≤ 0.05), but not CE7AFR (both p > 0.05). Differences between clothing styles were measured such that greater heat storage was observed in both CE1STD and CE2-4AFR relative to CE5STD. Further, heat storage was greater in CE2AFR and CE4AFR relative to CE6AFR, while it was greater in CE4AFR compared to CE7AFR. Body heat storage during work in the heat was not influenced by the use of AFR fabrics in the single- or two-piece uniforms albeit less heat was stored in the two-piece uniforms when no undershirt was worn. However, heat storage was comparable between clothing styles when an undershirt was worn with the two-piece uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Poirier
- a Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Phillips M, Bazrgari B, Shapiro R. The effects of military body armour on the lower back and knee mechanics during toe-touch and two-legged squat tasks. Ergonomics 2014; 58:492-503. [PMID: 25343226 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.970589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While effective in the prevention of otherwise lethal injuries, military body armour (BA) has been suggested to reduce warfighter's performance and increase injury-related musculoskeletal conditions. Providing the significant role of joint biomechanics in both performance and risk of injury, the immediate and prolonged effects of wearing BA on biomechanics of the lower back and knee during toe-touch (TT) and two-legged squat (TLS) tasks were investigated. The immediate effects of BA were an increase of >40 ms (p ≤ 0.02) in flexion duration of the dominant joint and an ∼1 s (p ≤ 0.02) increase in overall task duration as well as an ∼18% (p = 0.03) decrease in the lumbopelvic rhythm ratio near the mid-range of trunk flexion. In general the prolonged duration of wearing BA (i.e. 45 min of walking) was not found to cause more changes in our measures than walking without BA. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY The effects of wearing military BA on biomechanics of the lower back and knee during TT and TLS tasks were investigated. The immediate effects of BA were increased flexion duration, increased overall trial duration and decreased lumbopelvic rhythm near the mid-range of trunk flexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Phillips
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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Abstract
Many occupations require the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) but the added metabolic demands are unknown for certain professions. The purpose of this study was to quantify metabolic and perceptual differences between activity with and without the PPE ensemble required for police officers. Twelve participants were asked to complete experimental and control exercise sessions consisting of three modes of exercise (walking, jogging and stepping). A significant main effect (p < 0.01) for gear was found for heart rate (beats per minute) and VO2 (L/min) between conditions. Dependent t-tests revealed significant differences for perceived effort, discomfort and session rating of perceived exertion between trials. Medium to large effect sizes for all variables with significant main effects between modes (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.51-0.96, 1-β = 0.98-1.0, d = 0.42-2.7) were observed. These findings help to increase awareness of how PPE affects metabolic demands and perception of discomfort during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R DiVencenzo
- a Exercise Science Program, School of Human Movement, Sport and Leisure Studies , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green, OH , USA
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31
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Gentzsch S, Kern JS, Loeckermann S, Geissler E, Seufert J, Bernard C, Kohlhase J, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Meiss F. Iatrogenic vitamin D deficiency in a patient with Gorlin syndrome: the conundrum of photoprotection. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:459-60. [PMID: 24202285 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gentzsch
- Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg - Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Filtness AJ, Mitsopoulos-Rubens E, Rudin-Brown CM. Police officer in-vehicle discomfort: appointments carriage method and vehicle seat features. Appl Ergon 2014; 45:1247-56. [PMID: 24681072 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain is commonly reported by police officers. A potential cause of officer discomfort is a mismatch between vehicle seats and the method used for carrying appointments. Twenty-five police officers rated their discomfort while seated in: (1) a standard police vehicle seat, and (2) a vehicle seat custom-designed for police use. Discomfort was recorded in both seats while wearing police appointments on: (1) a traditional appointments belt, and (2) a load-bearing vest/belt combination (LBV). Sitting in the standard vehicle seat and carrying appointments on a traditional appointments belt were both associated with significantly elevated discomfort. Four vehicle seat features were most implicated as contributing to discomfort: back rest bolster prominence; lumbar region support; seat cushion width; and seat cushion bolster depth. Authorising the carriage of appointments using a LBV is a lower cost solution with potential to reduce officer discomfort. Furthermore, the introduction of custom-designed vehicle seats should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Filtness
- Human Factors Team, Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash Injury Research Institute (MIRI), Building 70, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
| | - E Mitsopoulos-Rubens
- Human Factors Team, Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash Injury Research Institute (MIRI), Building 70, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
| | - C M Rudin-Brown
- Human Factors Team, Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Monash Injury Research Institute (MIRI), Building 70, Wellington Road, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
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33
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Son SY, Bakri I, Muraki S, Tochihara Y. Comparison of firefighters and non-firefighters and the test methods used regarding the effects of personal protective equipment on individual mobility. Appl Ergon 2014; 45:1019-1027. [PMID: 24462474 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the current pilot test method and ascertain reliable measurements for a standard test method of mobility with personal protective equipment (PPE), such as physical performance and balance ability tests; 2) to compare two participant groups (firefighters versus non-firefighters) and to investigate whether non-firefighters are appropriate as a standard participant group in the field of PPE or not. Totally, 18 participants (nine professional firefighters and nine untrained males) performed the current pilot test method consisting of a balance test, completed prior to and after a performance test. Significant differences were found between PPE conditions and CON (the control clothing ensemble: T-shirt, shorts, and running shoes) for the functional balance test, physical performance test, heart rate, and subjective evaluations in firefighters group. Therefore, the present pilot test method is valid as a standard test method for assessing mobility while wearing PPE. Moreover, the present result shows that firefighters are more reliable than non-firefighters in testing of PPE with current test methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Young Son
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan.
| | - Ilham Bakri
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan; Industrial Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
| | - Satoshi Muraki
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tochihara
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
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34
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Lee JY, Kim S, Jang YJ, Baek YJ, Park J. Component contribution of personal protective equipment to the alleviation of physiological strain in firefighters during work and recovery. Ergonomics 2014; 57:1068-1077. [PMID: 24773624 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.907449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to investigate the components contributions of personal protective equipment on physiological strain in firefighters during exercise and recovery. Eight firefighters participated in trials in which various combinations of personal protective equipment components weighing from 1.3 to 15.1 kg were worn. The results showed that rectal temperature, changes in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentration were smaller in conditions without boots (no-boots) than in other conditions with no helmet, gloves or self-contained breathing apparatus (P < 0.05). Increases in rectal temperature per unit mass of personal protective equipment were approximately twice as small in no-boots condition as the other conditions. These results suggest that the reduction of the boots' mass might be more efficient to alleviate heat strain of firefighters wearing personal protective equipment, rather than the reduction of the mass of self-contained breathing apparatus, helmet or gloves. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY As firefighters’ protective boots induce greater physiological burden when compared with a helmet, gloves or self-contained breathing apparatus, personal protective equipment designers need to consider the improvement of boots in terms of mass reduction, improvement of thermal comfort and ease of doffing during recovery to alleviate physiological strain on firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Lee
- a Department of Clothing and Textiles , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
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35
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Morel A, Bedek G, Salaün F, Dupont D. A review of heat transfer phenomena and the impact of moisture on firefighters' clothing and protection. Ergonomics 2014; 57:1078-1089. [PMID: 24734933 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.907447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Protective clothing with high insulation properties helps to keep the wearer safe from flames and other types of hazards. Such protection presents some drawbacks since it hinders movement and decreases comfort, in particular due to heat stress. In fact, sweating causes the accumulation of moisture which directly influences firefighters' performance, decreasing protection due to the increase in radiant heat flux. Vaporisation and condensation of hot moisture also induces skin burn. To evaluate the heat protection of protective clothing, Henrique's equation is used to predict the time leading to second-degree burn. The influence of moisture on protection is complex, i.e., at low radiant heat flux, an increase in moisture content increases protection, and also changes thermal properties. Better understanding of heat and mass transfer in protective clothing is required to develop enhanced protection and to prevent burn injuries. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of heat and mass transfer inside firefighters' protective clothing to enhance safety. The focus is on the influence of moisture content and the prevention of steam burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Morel
- a Université Lille Nord de France , Lille , France
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36
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FLETCHER OM, GUERRINA R, ASHLEY CD, BERNARD TE. Heat stress evaluation of two-layer chemical demilitarization ensembles with a full face negative pressure respirator. Ind Health 2014; 52:304-12. [PMID: 24705801 PMCID: PMC4243016 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2012-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the heat stress effects of three protective clothing ensembles: (1) protective apron over cloth coveralls including full face negative pressure respirator (APRON); (2) the apron over cloth coveralls with respirator plus protective pants (APRON+PANTS); and (3) protective coveralls over cloth coveralls with respirator (PROTECTIVE COVERALLS). In addition, there was a no-respirator ensemble (PROTECTIVE COVERALLS-noR), and WORK CLOTHES as a reference ensemble. Four acclimatized male participants completed a full set of five trials, and two of the participants repeated the full set. The progressive heat stress protocol was used to find the critical WBGT (WBGTcrit) and apparent total evaporative resistance (Re,T,a) at the upper limit of thermal equilibrium. The results (WBGTcrit [°C-WBGT] and Re,T,a [kPa m(2) W(-1)]) were WORK CLOTHES (35.5, 0.0115), APRON (31.6, 0.0179), APRON+PANTS (27.7, 0.0244), PROTECTIVE COVERALLS (25.9, 0.0290), and PROTECTIVE COVERALLS-noR (26.2, 0.0296). There were significant differences among the ensembles. Supporting previous studies, there was little evidence to suggest that the respirator contributed to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan GUERRINA
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida,
USA
| | - Candi D. ASHLEY
- School of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University
of South Florida, USA
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37
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Zwolińska M, Bogdan A. Impact of the medical clothing on the thermal stress of surgeons. Appl Ergon 2012; 43:1096-1104. [PMID: 22575493 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the presented experiments was to determine thermal stress of surgeons performing their work with a high metabolic rate, wearing clothing characterized by high insulation and impermeability protecting them against water vapour but also in thermal conditions of a warm climate protecting patients against hypothermia. The experiments were conducted with the participation of 8 volunteers. Each subject took part in the experiment four times, i.e. in each of the four tested surgical gowns. The experiments were conducted in a climatic chamber where thermal conditions characteristic of an operating theatre were simulated. The parameters to be measured included: skin temperature, temperature measured in the auditory canal, sweat rate as well as temperature and humidity between clothing and a human body. The conducted experiments provided the grounds to conclude that medical clothing can be regarded as barrier clothing and it can influence thermal load of a human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zwolińska
- Laboratory of Thermal Load, Department of Ergonomics, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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38
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Shientag LJ, Rosenthal KL, Chandler HK, Wheeler SM. Bilateral traumatic temporomandibular joint luxation in a rat. Comp Med 2011; 61:510-513. [PMID: 22330578 PMCID: PMC3236693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) luxation was diagnosed postmortem in a female, 6-mo-old CD rat (Rattus norvegicus) after probable head entrapment and subsequent disentanglement from a protective jacket. Clinical antemortem signs included inability to close her mouth, prehend food and drink water, anxiety, and linear skin erosions extending down the right and left commissures of the mouth. Radiography revealed rostral displacement of the mandible with concomitant malocclusion. The combination of clinical signs, acute nature of the presentation, and torn appearance of the protective jacket were strongly indicative of a traumatic etiology. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of TMJ luxation in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Shientag
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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39
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Rossi L, Schaefer Cardoso M, Torres H, Ragasso Casalenovo V. Heat stress and dehydration in kendo. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011; 51:603-608. [PMID: 22212262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to analyze sweat rate, water percentage alteration, and temperature variation during kendo practice in order to relate the thermal stress induced by such sports and draw recommendations for its secure practice. METHODS Participants were 12 male individuals. The studied variables were: age, weight, stature, body mass index, fat percentage, water loss percentage, tympanic temperature, and sweat rate. Measures were obtained in one day of 120 min practice (T: 24.1 ± 2.5 °C; RH: 73 ± 8.5%) using obligatory training equipment. RESULTS The age of participants was on average 26 ± 6.2 years, stature 1.8 ± 0.03 m, weight 78 ± 13.7 kg, BMI 24.12 ± 4.03 kg/m² and fat percentage 15.7 ± 5.1%. Weight and temperature final values were significantly different from the initial ones (P<0.01). Estimated sweat rate was 0.35 L.h-1 (95% CI = [0.299; 0.400]) and estimated percentage of water loss was 0.946% (95% CI = [0.694; 1.174]). CONCLUSION Kendo practice using obligatory equipment significantly increases temperature, even when sweat rate and water loss percentage are low. The almost complete obstruction of the evaporative surface leads to heat accumulation, which may result in risks comparable to those of American football players. Thus, preventive measures must be established to minimize the risks of the combination among environment (tropical climate), equipment (bogu) and the high physiological demand of this sport in order to prevent greater damages to the health of practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rossi
- Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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40
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Taber MJ, Dies NF, Cheung SS. The effect of transportation suit induced heat stress on helicopter underwater escape preparation and task performance. Appl Ergon 2011; 42:883-889. [PMID: 21439548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although essential in an emergency such as a helicopter ditching, mandatory survival suits worn by civilian personnel may lead to heat strain during a normal flight. To explore the possibility that wearing a helicopter transportation suit impairs emergency performance, 11 individuals completed underwater escape procedures immediately following a pre-recorded emergency announcement (randomly played between 50 and 90 min) in two ambient temperature conditions (Thermoneutral = 21 °C and Hot = 34 °C). Mean skin and rectal temperatures were recorded throughout the trials, while situation awareness and thermal sensation/comfort were recorded on completion of trials. Results indicate that although mean skin and rectal temperatures were significantly higher at the end of both trials, escape procedures were not impaired. It can therefore be concluded that although conditions inside an offshore transport helicopter are perceived as being hot and uncomfortable, no deficits in escape performance should be expected in the first 90 min of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Taber
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS B3H3J5, Canada.
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41
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Morley J, Beauchamp G, Suyama J, Guyette FX, Reis SE, Callaway CW, Hostler D. Cognitive function following treadmill exercise in thermal protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1733-40. [PMID: 21892644 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Occupational injuries are common among firefighters who perform strenuous physical exertion in extreme heat. The thermal protective clothing (TPC) worn by firefighters inhibits normal thermoregulation, placing the firefighter at risk of hypohydration and hyperthermia that may result in cognitive decline. We tested whether cognitive function changes after treadmill exercise in TPC. In an initial study (Cog 1), ten healthy volunteers performed up to 50 min of treadmill exercise while wearing TPC in a heated room. A battery of neurocognitive tests evaluating short-term memory, sustained and divided attention, and reaction time was administered immediately before and after exercise. In a follow-up study (Cog 2), 19 healthy volunteers performed a similar exercise protocol with the battery of cognitive tests administered pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and serially up to 120 min after exercise. Subjects performed 46.4 ± 4.6 and 48.1 ± 3.6 min of exercise in the Cog 1 and Cog 2, respectively. In both studies heart rate approached age predicted maximum, body mass was reduced 1.0-1.5 kg, and body core temperature increased to levels similar to what is seen after fire suppression. Neurocognitive test scores did not change immediately after exercise. Recall on a memory test was reduced 60 and 120 min after exercise. The mean of the 10 slowest reaction times increased in the 120 min after exercise. Fifty minutes of treadmill exercise in TPC resulted in near maximal physiologic strain but alterations in neurocognitive performance were not noted until an hour or more following exercise in TPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Morley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Responder Human Performance Lab, University of Pittsburgh, 3600 Forbes Ave, Suite 400A, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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42
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Carlsen BC, Menné T. Atopic dermatitis and ichthyosis vulgaris caused by irritants in a professional windsurfer. Dermatitis 2011; 22:165-166. [PMID: 21569747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Abstract
Heat strain in chemical protective clothing is an important factor in industrial and military practice. Various improvements to the clothing to alleviate strain while maintaining protection have been attempted. More recently, selectively permeable membranes have been introduced to improve protection, but questions are raised regarding their effect on heat strain. In this paper the use of selectively permeable membranes with low vapour resistance was compared to textile-based outer layers with similar ensemble vapour resistance. For textile-based outer layers, the effect of increasing air permeability was investigated. When comparing ensembles with a textile vs. a membrane outer layer that have similar heat and vapour resistances measured for the sum of fabric samples, a higher heat strain is observed in the membrane ensemble, as in actual wear, and the air permeability of the textile version improves ventilation and allows better cooling by sweat evaporation. For garments with identical thickness and static dry heat resistance, but differing levels of air permeability, a strong correlation of microclimate ventilation due to wind and movement with air permeability was observed. This was reflected in lower values of core and skin temperatures and heart rate for garments with higher air permeability. For heart rate and core temperature the two lowest and the two highest air permeabilities formed two distinct groups, but they did not differ within these groups. Based on protection requirements, it is concluded that air permeability increases can reduce heat strain levels allowing optimisation of chemical protective clothing. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: In this study on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing, heat strain is shown to be significantly higher with selectively permeable membranes compared to air permeable ensembles. Optimisation of CBRN personal protective equipment needs to balance sufficient protection with reduced heat strain. Using selectively permeable membranes may optimise protection but requires thorough consideration of the wearer's heat strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics, UK.
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44
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Chou C, Tochihara Y, Ismail MS, Lee JY. Physiological strains of wearing aluminized and non-aluminized firefighters' protective clothing during exercise in radiant heat. Ind Health 2010; 49:185-194. [PMID: 21173532 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the influences of aluminized (Type A) and non-aluminized firefighters' protective clothing (Type B, C, D and CON) on physiological and subjective responses in radiant heat. Total clothing weight was 6.24, 6.38, 6.06, 5.76 and 3.82 kg for Type A, B, C, D and CON, respectively. Eight firefighters performed exercise at an air temperature of 30°C with 50%RH. Three bouts of 10 min-bicycle exercise in radiant heat (a globe temperature of 70°C) was spaced by a 10 min rest with no radiant heat. Results showed that rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, and body weight loss were significantly greater in Type A than in other types (p<0.05). For Type A, thermal gradient of the body reached 0.0 ± 0.7°C, heart rate showed a maximum level of 183 ± 11 bpm and 1.9% of body weight was lost due to sweat secretion. Firefighters felt the hottest and most discomfort in Type A. It appeared that firefighters' thermoregulatory mechanism was severely challenged by wearing aluminized protective clothing during exercise in strong radiant heat. Therefore, it is suggested that the safe upper limits while wearing aluminized firefighters' clothing should be distinguished from those for typical firefighters' protective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmei Chou
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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45
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Chng J, Wan MC, Lim CL, Kang WL. A comparison of thermal stress in the submarine escape using immersion half- and full suit in tropical weather operations. Undersea Hyperb Med 2010; 37:447-454. [PMID: 21226395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Submariners of disabled submarines are subject to drastic weather changes as they are awaiting rescue on the sea surface. Hyperthermia and hypothermia are just two of the adverse conditions that they can experience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two models of submarine escape and the protective capabilities of immersion suits from environmental changes. METHOD A randomized study involving 24 male subjects was conducted to compare the thermal capabilities of the full- versus half-configuration suit in a climate-controlled chamber. RESULTS The full-configuration suits tested for a higher mean maximal core temperature (37.76 degrees C / 99.97 degrees F) than the mean maximal core temperature of the half-suits (37.52 degrees C / 99.54 degrees F). The full suits also tested for a higher mean minimal core temperature (36.13 degrees C / 97.03 degrees F) than the mean minimal core temperature (35.95 degrees C / 96.71 degrees F) of the half-suits. CONCLUSION Results showed that the full-suit configuration did not induce clinically significant high levels of heat stress as compared to the half-suits, but instead provided better thermal protection against hypothermia than the half-suits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chng
- Head Hyperbaric Medicine Section, Navy Medical Service, Republic of Singapore Navy, Singapore.
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46
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Mensi C, Garberi A, Bordini L, Sieno C, Riboldi L. Asbestos-related diseases in entertainment workers. Med Lav 2010; 101:416-418. [PMID: 21141346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate asbestos exposure in 4 patients (3 cases of malignant mesothelioma and 1 case ofpleural plagues) previously employed in the entertainment business. METHODS The patients were seen at the Occupational Health Unit of the "Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto" in Milan (Italy). Information regarding exposure to asbestos (occupational, environmental, and familial) was collected through a standardized questionnaire administered to the patients by an occupational physician. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The presence of asbestos in the building structures and its use were described by all patients. The presence of asbestos in public buildings used for entertainment such as cinemas and theatres was in fact confirmed by the Occupational Health Services of the Local Heath Unit. An occupational aetiology was recognised in all the cases mentioned above, thus leading to the identification of an atypical occupational sector at risk in the past for asbestos exposure,
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mensi
- Clinica del Lavoro Luigi Devoto, Dipartimento di Medicina Preventiva, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
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47
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Barr D, Gregson W, Reilly T. The thermal ergonomics of firefighting reviewed. Appl Ergon 2010; 41:161-172. [PMID: 19664755 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The occupation of firefighting is one that has repeatedly attracted the research interests of ergonomics. Among the activities encountered are attention to live fires, performing search and rescue of victims, and dealing with emergencies. The scientific literature is reviewed to highlight the investigative models used to contribute to the knowledge base about the ergonomics of firefighting, in particular to establish the multi-variate demands of the job and the attributes and capabilities of operators to cope with these demands. The job requires individuals to be competent in aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity, muscle strength, and have an appropriate body composition. It is still difficult to set down thresholds for values in all the areas in concert. Physiological demands are reflected in metabolic, circulatory, and thermoregulatory responses and hydration status, whilst psychological strain can be partially reflected in heart rate and endocrine measures. Research models have comprised of studying live fires, but more commonly in simulations in training facilities or treadmills and other ergometers. Wearing protective clothing adds to the physiological burden, raising oxygen consumption and body temperature, and reducing the time to fatigue. More sophisticated models of cognitive function compatible with decision-making in a fire-fighting context need to be developed. Recovery methods following a fire-fighting event have focused on accelerating the restoration towards homeostasis. The effectiveness of different recovery strategies is considered, ranging from passive cooling and wearing of cooling jackets to immersions in cold water and combinations of methods. Rehydration is also relevant in securing the safety of firefighters prior to returning for the next event in their work shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barr
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Webster Street, Liverpool L3 2ET, United Kingdom.
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48
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Barr D, Gregson W, Sutton L, Reilly T. A practical cooling strategy for reducing the physiological strain associated with firefighting activity in the heat. Ergonomics 2009; 52:413-420. [PMID: 19401892 DOI: 10.1080/00140130802707675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish whether a practical cooling strategy reduces the physiological strain during simulated firefighting activity in the heat. On two separate occasions under high ambient temperatures (49.6 +/- 1.8 degrees C, relative humidity (RH) 13 +/- 2%), nine male firefighters wearing protective clothing completed two 20-min bouts of treadmill walking (5 km/h, 7.5% gradient) separated by a 15-min recovery period, during which firefighters were either cooled (cool) via application of an ice vest and hand and forearm water immersion ( approximately 19 degrees C) or remained seated without cooling (control). There was no significant difference between trials in any of the dependent variables during the first bout of exercise. Core body temperature (37.72 +/- 0.34 vs. 38.21 +/- 0.17 degrees C), heart rate (HR) (81 +/- 9 vs. 96 +/- 17 beats/min) and mean skin temperature (31.22 +/- 1.04 degrees C vs. 33.31 +/- 1 degrees C) were significantly lower following the recovery period in cool compared with control (p < 0.05). Core body temperature remained consistently lower (0.49 +/- 0.02 degrees C; p < 0.01) throughout the second bout of activity in cool compared to control. Mean skin temperature, HR and thermal sensation were significantly lower during bout 2 in cool compared with control (p < 0.05). It is concluded that this practical cooling strategy is effective at reducing the physiological strain associated with demanding firefighting activity under high ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barr
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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49
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Hostler D, Gallagher M, Goss FL, Seitz JR, Reis SE, Robertson RJ, Northington WE, Suyama J. The effect of hyperhydration on physiological and perceived strain during treadmill exercise in personal protective equipment. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:607-13. [PMID: 19037655 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Work in personal protective equipment (PPE) impairs thermoregulation causing cardiovascular stress, increased core body temperature, and hypohydration. We examined the effect of pretreating first responders performing treadmill exercise in PPE with an infusion of normal saline on physiological and perceptual strain. Ten (eight males, two females) euhydrated subjects performed treadmill exercise on two occasions wearing a chemical resistant coverall, air purifying respirator, butyl gloves, and heavy boots. During the hyperhydration session, normal saline was rapidly infused through an arm vein prior to donning PPE. Exercise duration and maximum core temperature did not differ between euhydrated and hyperhydrated conditions. Perceptual strain index (PeSI) was higher than physiological strain index (PhSI) in the euhydrated condition (P = 0.002) but neither index differed between the control and experimental conditions. Intravenous hyperhydration did not reduce physiological stress, increase exercise, or influence perceptual strain time when compared to the euhydrated condition in moderately fit individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hostler
- Emergency Responder Human Performance Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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50
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Henderson DJ, Ridgway DM, Kamath S, Harries R, Samy AK. Acute lower limb ischemia associated with use of an immersion suit. Aviat Space Environ Med 2008; 79:795-796. [PMID: 18717121 DOI: 10.3357/asem.2220.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
External compression is a rare cause of acute lower limb ischemia. Workers required to wear immersion suits during helicopter simulation training are exposed to external compressive forces which can alter the hemodynamics in arterial bypass conduits. Herein a case of arterial thromboembolization to the lower limb following the wearing of an immersion suit, in a patient who had undergone arterial bypass surgery 13 yr previously is presented. The potential for this episode of acute leg ischemia being a direct result of the compressive forces exerted by the immersion suit and the possible implications for wearers of immersion suits following arterial graft surgery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Henderson
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Diana Princess of Wales Hospital, Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire, UK
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