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Oikonomou E, Chrysohoou C, Vlachopoulos C, Tousoulis D. The aetiology of death for marathon runner Phidippides? Eur Heart J 2019; 40:2564-2565. [PMID: 31411721 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- 1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Vlachopoulos
- 1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kiser K. Agility champion. Minn Med 2015; 98:8. [PMID: 25876312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Viranta-Kovanen S. [Evolutionary history of human locomotor system--from walking to long-distance running]. Duodecim 2015; 131:1995-2001. [PMID: 26677550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipedality evolved in hominids more than 4 million years ago. Bipedals were a diverse group including the lineage of obligatory walkers that finally lead to humans. Important anatomical changes in this group were: enhanced lumbar lordosis, shortening of the ilium, and emphasize on the parasagittal movements. Long-distance running evolved much later and it was associated with well-developed plantar arches, strengthening of muscles supporting the erect trunk, and decoupling of the pectoral girdle and head. In addition to anatomical changes, humans have many physiological adaptations to long-distance running. It is likely that the ability to run long-distance has been important for the survival of our species.
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Steensma DP, Rayson D, Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Terry Fox: Canadian cancer research activist whose "Marathon of Hope" inspired millions. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:e75-6. [PMID: 25092373 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hagan JC. Pheidippides' last words: "My feet are killing me!". Mo Med 2012; 109:256-258. [PMID: 22953583 PMCID: PMC6179785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Abstract
Participation trends in 100 m (161 km) ultramarathon running competitions in North America were examined from race results from 1977 through 2008. A total of 32, 352 finishes accounted for by 9815 unique individuals were identified. The annual number of races and number of finishes increased exponentially over the study period. This growth in number of finishes occurred through a combination of (1) an increase in participation among runners >40 years of age from less than 40% of the finishes prior to the mid-1980s to 65-70% of the finishes since 1996, (2) a growth (p < 0.0001) in participation among women from virtually none in the late 1970s to nearly 20% since 2004, and (3) an increase in the average annual number of races completed by each individual to 1.3. While there has been considerable growth in participation, the 161 km ultramarathon continues to attract a relatively small number of participants compared with running races of shorter distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- Department of Veterans Affaris, Northern California Health Care System, and University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
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Levy A. Either/or: sports, sex, and the case of Caster Semenya. New Yorker 2009:46-59. [PMID: 21695821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Cullis S. The 30th Medical 10 run. S Afr Med J 2008; 98:738-739. [PMID: 19117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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Noakes T, Mekler J, Pedoe DT. Jim Peters' collapse in the 1954 Vancouver Empire Games marathon. S Afr Med J 2008; 98:596-600. [PMID: 18928034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
On 7 August 1954, the world 42 km marathon record holder, Jim Peters, collapsed repeatedly during the final 385 metres of the British Empire and Commonwealth Games marathon held in Vancouver, Canada. It has been assumed that Peters collapsed from heatstroke because he ran too fast and did not drink during the race, which was held in windless, cloudless conditions with a dry-bulb temperature of 28 degrees C. Hospital records made available to us indicate that Peters might not have suffered from exertional heatstroke, which classically produces a rectal temperature > 42 degrees C, cerebral effects and, usually, a fatal outcome without vigorous active cooling. Although Peters was unconscious on admission to hospital approximately 60 minutes after he was removed from the race, his rectal temperature was 39.4 degrees C and he recovered fully, even though he was managed conservatively and not actively cooled. We propose that Peters' collapse was more likely due to a combination of hyperthermia-induced fatigue which caused him to stop running; exercise-associated postural hypotension as a result of a low peripheral vascular resistance immediately he stopped running; and combined cerebral effects of hyperthermia, hypertonic hypernatraemia associated with dehydration, and perhaps undiagnosed hypoglycaemia. But none of these conditions should cause prolonged unconsciousness, raising the possibility that Peters might have suffered from a transient encephalopathy, the exact nature of which is not understood.
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Abstract
Since the 1976 New York City Marathon, the first 'urban tour' marathon, the sport has exploded on a global basis. Once limited largely to the Olympics, the Boston Marathon and several others, marathons are now held worldwide, with dozens of major cities holding races that attract upwards of 15,000 participants. The growth of women's and masters' age group (>40 years old) marathon racing has been particularly startling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amby Burfoot
- Runner's World Magazine, Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domhnall MacAuley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK.
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McCrory P. Last orders, gents... Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:879. [PMID: 16306490 PMCID: PMC1725080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Abstract
Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that possibly originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running, running is generally considered to have played no major role in human evolution because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to most quadrupeds. Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained long-distance running, and review the physiological and anatomical bases of endurance running capabilities in humans and other mammals. Judged by several criteria, humans perform remarkably well at endurance running, thanks to a diverse array of features, many of which leave traces in the skeleton. The fossil evidence of these features suggests that endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago, and may have been instrumental in the evolution of the human body form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Bramble
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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Abstract
Our aims were to improve our understanding of human performance before 1850 and to put nineteenth- and twentieth-century performances into a broader historical context. Consequently, 536 foot-races performed in Britain in the 'long' eighteenth century were identified, 53 of which were analysed in detail. The best performances at the end of the eighteenth century were compared with those at the end of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The data for the nineteenth century were marginally better than those for the eighteenth century up to 20 nm, but beyond that Thomas Carlisle's time, set in about 1740, of 2 hours for 21 miles was outstanding. Current records are shown to be better than earlier records at all distances from 5 km up to the marathon, the superiority being most pronounced from 15 km upwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Radford
- Department of Sport Science, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK.
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Abstract
Three groups of five men each were dehydrated overnight in the heat (115 degrees F) on two occasions (D1 and D2) to approximately 5.5% of their starting body weight. During the 3-week period between D1 and D2, one group (AC) was acclimatized to heat and physically conditioned, the second group (C) was physically conditioned and the third group (S) remained sedentary. The response to work after dehydration was assessed by the following criteria: pulse rate (P), rectal temperature (Tr) and maximal oxygen intake (Max. VO2). Pulse rates during and after walking and after running were elevated with dehydration. This elevation was reduced in groups AC and C at D2 as compared to D1, but not in group S. An elevation in T1 with walking also occurred with dehydration, but this elevation was not significantly different at D2 as compared with D1 in any group. Physical conditioning elicited an elevation in Max. VO2 (group AC and C), but the elevation was no greater in group AC than in group C. Dehydration was associated with an equal decrement in Max. VO2 at D1 and D2 in all groups, but the conditioned men (AC and C) maintained a relatively higher Max. VO2 than group S. Thus, physical conditioning was associated with enhanced work performance during dehydration (assessed by the above criteria), whereas acclimatization to heat did not appreciably supplement this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Buskirk
- Environmental Protection Research Division, Quartermaster Research & Engineering Command, US Army, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Turrini JM. Wes Santee, the four-minute mile, and the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Sport Hist Rev 1999; 30:56-88. [PMID: 22439216 DOI: 10.1123/shr.30.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Farrell PA, Wilmore JH, Coyle EF, Billing JE, Costill DL. Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. 1979. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25:1091-7; discussion 1089-90. [PMID: 8231751 DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199310000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and field assessments were made on eighteen male distance runners. Performance data were obtained for distances of 3.2, 9.7, 15, 19.3 km (n = 18) and the marathon (n = 13). Muscle fiber composition expressed as percent of slow twitch fibers (%ST), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), running economy (VO2 for a treadmill velocity of 268 m/min), and the VO2 and treadmill velocity corresponding to the onset of plasma lactate accumulation (OPLA) were determined for each subject. %ST (R > or equal to .47), VO2max (r > or equal to .83), running economy (r > or equal to .49), VO2 in ml/kg min corresponding to the OPLA (r > or equal to .91) and the treadmill velocity corresponding to OPLA (r > or equal to .91) were significantly (p < .05) related to performance at all distances. Multiple regression analysis showed that the treadmill velocity corresponding to the OPLA was most closely related to performance and the addition of other factors did not significantly raise the multiple R values suggesting that these other variables may interact with the purpose of keeping plasma lactates low during distance races. The slowest and fastest marathoners ran their marathons 7 and 3 m/min faster than their treadmill velocities corresponding to their OPLA which indicates that this relationship is independent of the competitive level of the runner. Runners appear to set a race pace which allows the utilization of the largest possible VO2 which just avoids the exponential rise in plasma lactate.
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