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Costa RVC, Abreu APM, Thomé SMG, Massard CL, Santos HA, Ubiali DG, Brito MF. Parasitological and clinical-pathological findings in twelve outbreaks of acute trypanosomiasis in dairy cattle in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2020; 22:100466. [PMID: 33308723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, infection in cattle was first reported in the state of Pará, in 1944, and the presence of the parasite has already been recorded in several states. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical-pathological aspects of a natural infection by T. vivax in dairy cattle in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Twelve outbreaks of the infection were diagnosed in 11 municipalities from April 2016 to October 2018. All properties had acquired cattle from states where the disease had already been recorded and it was found that needles for oxytocin administration had been shared. These outbreaks were studied by visiting the properties to perform anamnesis, clinical exams and collection of material for laboratory diagnosis. Laboratory diagnosis was performed through parasitological, molecular and histopathological techniques. Animals with confirmed diagnosis for T. vivax showed anemia, lack of appetite, decreased milk production, weight loss, weakness, abortion, diarrhea and neurological signs. The main histological lesions found were meningoencephalitis and lymphohistiocytic myocarditis. In the central nervous system, the lesions were more severe in the brain compared to the spinal cord, being progressively more severe in the rostro-dorsal direction. Also, they were more accentuated in the white matter compared to the gray matter. Due to nonspecific clinical signs, laboratory tests were key for diagnosis. Trypanosomiasis in cattle herds in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is of great concern because of its potential to cause economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata V C Costa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Abreu
- Department of Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Sandra M G Thomé
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Luiz Massard
- Department of Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson A Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel G Ubiali
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
| | - Marilene F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890000, Brazil
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Bargul JL, Jung J, McOdimba FA, Omogo CO, Adung’a VO, Krüger T, Masiga DK, Engstler M. Species-Specific Adaptations of Trypanosome Morphology and Motility to the Mammalian Host. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005448. [PMID: 26871910 PMCID: PMC4752354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes thrive in the bloodstream and tissue spaces of a wide range of mammalian hosts. Infections of cattle cause an enormous socio-economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A hallmark of the trypanosome lifestyle is the flagellate's incessant motion. This work details the cell motility behavior of the four livestock-parasites Trypanosoma vivax, T. brucei, T. evansi and T. congolense. The trypanosomes feature distinct swimming patterns, speeds and flagellar wave frequencies, although the basic mechanism of flagellar propulsion is conserved, as is shown by extended single flagellar beat analyses. Three-dimensional analyses of the trypanosomes expose a high degree of dynamic pleomorphism, typified by the 'cellular waveform'. This is a product of the flagellar oscillation, the chirality of the flagellum attachment and the stiffness of the trypanosome cell body. The waveforms are characteristic for each trypanosome species and are influenced by changes of the microenvironment, such as differences in viscosity and the presence of confining obstacles. The distinct cellular waveforms may be reflective of the actual anatomical niches the parasites populate within their mammalian host. T. vivax displays waveforms optimally aligned to the topology of the bloodstream, while the two subspecies T. brucei and T. evansi feature distinct cellular waveforms, both additionally adapted to motion in more confined environments such as tissue spaces. T. congolense reveals a small and stiff waveform, which makes these parasites weak swimmers and destined for cell adherence in low flow areas of the circulation. Thus, our experiments show that the differential dissemination and annidation of trypanosomes in their mammalian hosts may depend on the distinct swimming capabilities of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Bargul
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jamin Jung
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francis A. McOdimba
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins O. Omogo
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent O. Adung’a
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Timothy Krüger
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel K. Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Markus Engstler
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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Jackson AP, Goyard S, Xia D, Foth BJ, Sanders M, Wastling JM, Minoprio P, Berriman M. Global Gene Expression Profiling through the Complete Life Cycle of Trypanosoma vivax. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003975. [PMID: 26266535 PMCID: PMC4534299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic flagellate Trypanosoma vivax is a cause of animal trypanosomiasis across Africa and South America. The parasite has a digenetic life cycle, passing between mammalian hosts and insect vectors, and a series of developmental forms adapted to each life cycle stage. Each point in the life cycle presents radically different challenges to parasite metabolism and physiology and distinct host interactions requiring remodeling of the parasite cell surface. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies of the related parasites T. brucei and T. congolense have shown how gene expression is regulated during their development. New methods for in vitro culture of the T. vivax insect stages have allowed us to describe global gene expression throughout the complete T. vivax life cycle for the first time. We combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of each life stage using RNA-seq and mass spectrometry respectively, to identify genes with patterns of preferential transcription or expression. While T. vivax conforms to a pattern of highly conserved gene expression found in other African trypanosomes, (e.g. developmental regulation of energy metabolism, restricted expression of a dominant variant antigen, and expression of ‘Fam50’ proteins in the insect mouthparts), we identified significant differences in gene expression affecting metabolism in the fly and a suite of T. vivax-specific genes with predicted cell-surface expression that are preferentially expressed in the mammal (‘Fam29, 30, 42’) or the vector (‘Fam34, 35, 43’). T. vivax differs significantly from other African trypanosomes in the developmentally-regulated proteins likely to be expressed on its cell surface and thus, in the structure of the host-parasite interface. These unique features may yet explain the species differences in life cycle and could, in the form of bloodstream-stage proteins that do not undergo antigenic variation, provide targets for therapy. Trypanosoma vivax is a single-celled parasite that infects cattle and non-domesticated animals through the bite of the tsetse fly. The parasite causes animal trypanosomiasis, a chronic condition resulting in severe anemia, muscle wastage and ultimately death if untreated. This disease is endemic across sub-Saharan Africa but has also spread to South America and causes considerable losses in animal productivity, impeding economic development in the world’s poorest nations. To develop new ways of preventing and treating animal trypanosomiasis, we need an accurate understanding of how the parasite causes disease. In this study, we present an analysis of gene expression throughout the T. vivax life cycle that compares the abundance of gene transcripts (mRNA) and proteins in the mammalian and insect hosts. We have identified genes that are preferentially expressed in each life stage, including many that are unique to T. vivax and probably expressed on its cell surface. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of how gene expression is regulated in T. vivax and further refine a pool of T. vivax-specific genes that could be exploited to prevent and treat animal trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo J Foth
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Pathogen Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Goyard S, Dutra PL, Deolindo P, Autheman D, D'Archivio S, Minoprio P. In vivo imaging of trypanosomes for a better assessment of host-parasite relationships and drug efficacy. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:260-8. [PMID: 23892180 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The advances in microscopy combined to the invaluable progress carried by the utilization of molecular, immunological or immunochemical markers and the implementation of more powerful imaging technologies have yielded great improvements to the knowledge of the interaction between microorganisms and their hosts, notably a better understanding of the establishment of infectious processes. Still today, the intricacies of the dialog between parasites, cells and tissues remain limited. Some improvements have been attained with the stable integration and expression of the green fluorescence protein or firefly luciferase and other reporter genes, which have allowed to better approach the monitoring of gene expression and protein localization in vivo, in situ and in real time. Aiming at better exploring the well-established models of murine infections with the characterized strains of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma vivax, we revisited in the present report the state of the art about the tools for the imaging of Trypanosomatids in vitro and in vivo and show the latest transgenic parasites that we have engineered in our laboratory using conventional transfection methods. The targeting of trypanosomes presented in this study is a promising tool for approaching the biology of parasite interactions with host cells, the progression of the diseases they trigger and the screening of new drugs in vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire des Processus Infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, Département Infection et Epidemiologie, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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Guerreiro LTA, Souza SS, Wagner G, De Souza EA, Mendes PN, Campos LM, Barros L, Pires PF, Campos MLM, Grisard EC, Dávila AMR. Exploring the Genome of Trypanosoma vivax through GSS and In Silico Comparative Analysis. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 2005; 9:116-28. [PMID: 15805782 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2005.9.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the Trypanosoma vivax genome was carried out by the genome sequence survey (GSS) approach resulting in 1,086 genomic sequences. A total of 455 high-quality GSS sequences were generated, consisting of 331 non-redundant sequences distributed in 264 singlets and 67 clusters in a total of 135.5 Kb of the T. vivax genome. The estimation of the overall G+C content, and the prediction of the presence of ORFs and putative genes were carried out using the Glimmer and Jemboss packages. Analysis of the obtained sequences was carried out by BLAST programs against 12 different databases and also using the Conserved Domain Database, InterProScan, and tRNAscan-SE. Along with the existing 23 T. vivax entries in the GenBank, the 32 putative genes predicted and the 331 non-redundant GSS sequences reported herein represent new potential markers for the development of PCRbased assays for specific diagnosis and typing of Trypanosoma vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tatiana A Guerreiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Msangi AR, Whitaker CJ, Lehane MJ. Factors influencing the prevalence of trypanosome infection of Glossina pallidipes on the Ruvu flood plain of Eastern Tanzania. Acta Trop 1998; 70:143-55. [PMID: 9698260 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(98)00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the pattern of infection of Glossina pallidipes with Trypanosoma vivax and T. congolense at a site in the Coast region of eastern Tanzania, studied between November 1993 and December 1994. Of the 2315 flies dissected 114 (4.9%) were T. congolense positive, 77 (3.3%) were T. vivax positive and 2 (0.1%) were T. brucei positive. Fly age was determined by the pteridine fluorescence method. Prevalence of infection was most strongly affected by month and the linear effect of age with the interaction of month and age having an effect for T. congolense-type infections. Sex and sex by month also have some predictive capacity when data for T. congolense and T. vivax-type infections are combined. In contrast to other similar studies our results suggest that the infection rate is non-linearly related to age of the tsetse fly, with older flies having progressively more chance of infection. The potential biological factors underpinning these interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Msangi
- Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
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7
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Moloo SK, Okumu IO. A comparison of susceptibility to stocks of Trypanosoma vivax of Glossina pallidipes from allopatric populations in Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 1995; 9:202-204. [PMID: 7787230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S K Moloo
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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Woolhouse ME, Hargrove JW, McNamara JJ. Epidemiology of trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in the Zambezi Valley. Parasitology 1993; 106 ( Pt 5):479-85. [PMID: 8341584 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000076770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of trypanosome infections of Glossina pallidipes was studied at a riverine site in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe for a period of 13 months. Over 9000 flies were captured using a single trap. These flies were dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, sexed, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian category indices. Midgut infections were identified to species using recently developed DNA probes. The overall prevalence of mature infections was 5.5%, comprising 3.1% Trypanosoma vivax-type and 2.4% T. congolense-type (which included very low prevalences of T. brucei, T. simiae and another Nannomonas species). The prevalence of infection increased with age. For T. vivax-type infections in flies aged by ovarian category this relationship could be described by a simple 'catalytic' model assuming a constant per capita rate of infection. For T. congolense-type infections this model tended to over-estimate prevalence in older age classes, implying that the rate of infection decreases with age, and/or that infected flies have higher mortality rates, and/or that a significant fraction of the population is resistant to infection. Prevalences of infection also varied between months. This variation was more marked for T. vivax-type infections and was negatively correlated with both temperature and rainfall. The shape of the age-prevalence relationship, however, did not vary significantly between months. These observations are not fully explained by variation in the age-structure of the tsetse population and are consistent with temporal variation in the rate of infection (rather than in the trypanosome developmental period or in effects of infection on fly mortality). Possible causes of this variation are discussed.
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Burleigh BA, Wells CW, Clarke MW, Gardiner PR. An integral membrane glycoprotein associated with an endocytic compartment of Trypanosoma vivax: identification and partial characterization. J Cell Biol 1993; 120:339-52. [PMID: 8421052 PMCID: PMC2119522 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.120.2.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A 65-kD glycoprotein (gp65) of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax was identified using a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb 4E1) that had been raised against formalin-fixed, in vitro-propagated, uncoated forms. Intracellular localization studies utilizing the mAb in immunofluorescence on fixed, permeabilized T. vivax bloodstream forms and immunoelectron microscopy on thin sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded cells revealed labeling of vesicles and tubules in the posterior portion of the parasite. Some mAb-labeled vesicles contained endocytosed 10 nm BSA-gold after incubation of the parasites with the marker for 5-30 min at 37 degrees C, and the greatest degree of colocalization was observed after 5 min. Double labeling experiments using the mAb and a polyclonal anti-variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) antibody to simultaneously localize both gp65 and VSG demonstrated that there was little overlap in the distribution of these antigens. Thus, gp65 is associated with tubules and vesicles that are involved in endocytosis but which appear to be distinct from VSG processing pathways within the cell. Using the mAb for immunoblot analyses, gp65 was shown to be enriched in a fraction of solubilized membrane proteins eluted from either immobilized Con A or Ricinus communis agglutinin and was found to possess carbohydrate linkages cleaved by both endoglycosidase H and O-glycosidase, suggesting the presence of N- and O-linked glycans. Protease protection and crosslinking experiments suggest that gp65 is a transmembrane protein with trypsin cleavage and NH2-crosslinking sites on the lumenal face of the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Burleigh
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
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