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Cai E, Zeng R, Feng R, Zhang L, Li L, Jia H, Zheng W, Chen S, Yan M, Chang C. Discovery of N-Benzyl-4-(1-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxybutan-1-amine as a Potential Antifungal Agent against Sporidia Growth and Teliospore Germination of Sporisorium scitamineum. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3325-3333. [PMID: 38329286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The cultivation of sugar cane using perennial roots is the primary planting method, which is one of the reasons for the serious occurrence of sugar cane smut disease caused by the basidiomycetous fungus Sporisorium scitamineum in the sugar cane perennial root planting area. Consequently, it is crucial to eliminate pathogens from perennial sugar cane buds. In this study, we found that MAP kinase Hog1 is necessary for heat stress resistance. Subsequent investigations revealed a significant reduction in the expression of the heat shock protein 104-encoding gene, SsHSP104, in the ss1hog1Δ mutant. Additionally, the overexpression of SsHSP104 partially restored colony growth in the ss1hog1Δ strain following heat stress treatment, demonstrating the crucial role of SsHsp104 in SsHog1-mediated heat stress tolerance. Hence, we constructed the ss1hsp104:eGFP fusion strain in the wild type of S. scitamineum to identify small-molecule compounds that could inhibit the heat stress response, leading to the discovery of N-benzyl-4-(1-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxybutan-1-amine as a potential compound that targets the SsHog1 mediation SsHsp104 pathway during heat treatment. Furthermore, the combination of N-benzyl-4-(1-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxybutan-1-amine and warm water treatment (45 °C for 15 min) inhibits the growth of S. scitamineum and teliospore germination, thereby reducing the occurrence of sugar cane smut diseases and indicating its potential for eliminating pathogens from perennial sugar cane buds. In conclusion, these findings suggest that N-benzyl-4-(1-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxybutan-1-amine is promising as a targeted compound for the SsHog1-mediated SsHsp104 pathway and may enable the reduction of hot water treatment duration and/or temperature, thereby limiting the occurrence of sugar cane smut diseases caused by S. scitamineum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenqiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaofang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Meixin Yan
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Changqing Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrate Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Dittiger LD, Chaudhary S, Furch ACU, Mithöfer A, Schirawski J. Plant Responses of Maize to Two formae speciales of Sporisorium reilianum Support Recent Fungal Host Jump. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15604. [PMID: 37958588 PMCID: PMC10648682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Host jumps are a major factor for the emergence of new fungal pathogens. In the evolution of smut fungi, a putative host jump occurred in Sporisorium reilianum that today exists in two host-adapted formae speciales, the sorghum-pathogenic S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum and maize-pathogenic S. reilianum f. sp. zeae. To understand the molecular host-specific adaptation to maize, we compared the transcriptomes of maize leaves colonized by both formae speciales. We found that both varieties induce many common defense response-associated genes, indicating that both are recognized by the plant as pathogens. S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum additionally induced genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. In contrast, only S. reilianum f. sp. zeae induced expression of chorismate mutases that function in reducing the level of precursors for generation of the defense compound salicylic acid (SA), as well as oxylipin biosynthesis enzymes necessary for generation of the SA antagonist jasmonic acid (JA). In accordance, we found reduced SA levels as well as elevated JA and JA-Ile levels in maize leaves inoculated with the maize-adapted variety. These findings support a model of the emergence of the maize-pathogenic variety from a sorghum-specific ancestor following a recent host jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Dorian Dittiger
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.D.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Shivam Chaudhary
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.D.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Alexandra Charlotte Ursula Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburgerstr. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Department of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany; (L.D.D.); (S.C.)
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Ling H, Fu X, Huang N, Zhong Z, Su W, Lin W, Cui H, Que Y. A sugarcane smut fungus effector simulates the host endogenous elicitor peptide to suppress plant immunity. New Phytol 2022; 233:919-933. [PMID: 34716592 PMCID: PMC9298926 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The smut fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes the most prevalent disease on sugarcane. The mechanism of its pathogenesis, especially the functions and host targets of its effector proteins, are unknown. In order to identify putative effectors involving in S. scitamineum infection, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted based on the transcriptome profiles of both smut fungus and sugarcane using a customized microarray. A smut effector gene, termed SsPele1, showed strong co-expression with sugarcane PLANT ELICITOR PEPTIDE RECEPTOR1 (ScPEPR1), which encodes a receptor like kinase for perception of plant elicitor peptide1 (ScPep1). The relationship between SsPele1 and ScPEPR1, and the biological function of SsPele1 were characterized in this study. The SsPele1 C-terminus contains a plant elicitor peptide-like motif, by which SsPele1 interacts strongly with ScPEPR1. Strikingly, the perception of ScPep1 on ScPEPR1 is competed by SsPele1 association, leading to the suppression of ScPEPR1-mediated immune responses. Moreover, the Ustilago maydis effector UmPele1, an ortholog of SsPele1, promotes fungal virulence using the same strategy. This study reveals a novel strategy by which a fungal effector can mimic the plant elicitor peptide to complete its perception and attenuate receptor-activated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
- College of AgricultureYulin Normal UniversityYulin537000China
| | - Xueqin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Ning Huang
- College of AgricultureYulin Normal UniversityYulin537000China
| | - Zaofa Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Weihua Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Haitao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of AgricultureKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsPlant Immunity CenterCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Sterling RM, Santiago R, de Armas R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Increase in cytotoxic lignans production after smut infection in sugar cane plants. J Plant Physiol 2020; 244:153087. [PMID: 31816510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smut infection alters the transcription of dirigent proteins (DIR) by sugarcane plants. Here, we show that these alterations are associated to an elevated production of cytotoxic lignans. Smut-resistant sugarcane varieties display a fivefold increase in pinoresinol and also produce elevated amounts of secoisolariciresinol. Conversely, smut-sensitive varieties do not produce pinoresinol or secoisolariciresinol upon infection, synthesizing instead small amounts of matairesinol. Our data indicate that commercial pinoresinol and secoisolariciresinol seem to prevent smut teliospore germination and sporidia release from sprouted teliospores. Consistently, we observed abundant morphological alterations of sporidia incubated in the presence of these lignans. However, commercial lignans do not block the development of the pathogen in a definitive way. Additional experiments demonstrate that only the extracts from healthy or smut-exposed resistant plants inhibit sporidia growth in vitro, indicating that a specific mixture of lignans from resistant plants is necessary to constitute an effective defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto M Sterling
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto de Armas
- Department of Plant Biology, Havana University, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Legaz
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sánchez-Elordi E, de Los Ríos LM, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Polyamines levels increase in smut teliospores after contact with sugarcane glycoproteins as a plant defensive mechanism. J Plant Res 2019; 132:405-417. [PMID: 30864048 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have already highlighted the correlation between Sporisorium scitamineum pathogenicity and sugarcane polyamine accumulation. It was shown that high infectivity correlates with an increase in the amount of spermidine, spermine and cadaverine conjugated to phenols in the sensitive cultivars whereas resistant plants mainly produce free putrescine. However, these previous studies did not clarify the role of these polyamides in the disorders caused to the plant. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to clarify the effect of polyamines on the development of smut disease. In this paper, commercial polyamines were firstly assayed on smut teliospores germination. Secondly, effects were correlated to changes in endogenous polyamines after contact with defense sugarcane glycoproteins. Low concentrations of spermidine significantly activated teliospore germination, while putrescine had no activating effect on germination. Interestingly, it was observed that the diamine caused nuclear decondensation and breakage of the teliospore cell wall whereas the treatment of teliospores with spermidine did not induce nuclear decondensation or cell wall breakdown. Moreover, the number of polymerized microtubules increased in the presence of 7.5 mM spermidine but it decreased with putrescine which indicates that polyamines effects on Sporisorium scitamineum teliospore germination could be mediated through microtubules interaction. An increased production of polyamines in smut teliospores has been related to sugarcane resistance to the disease. Teliospores incubation with high molecular mass glycoproteins (HMMG) from the uninoculated resistant variety of sugarcane, Mayari 55-14, caused an increase of the insoluble fraction of putrescine, spermidine and spermine inside the teliospore cells. Moreover, the level of the soluble fraction of spermidine (S fraction) increased inside teliospores and the excess was released to the medium. The HMMG glycoproteins purified from Mayarí 55-14 plants previously inoculated with the pathogen significantly increased the levels of both retained and secreted soluble putrescine and spermidine. Polyamines levels did not increase in teliospores after incubation with HMMG produced by non resistant variety Barbados 42231 which could be related to the incapacity of these plants to defend themselves against smut disease. Thus, a hypothesis about the role of polyamines in sugarcane-smut interaction is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Morales de Los Ríos
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Estrella Legaz
- Team of Cell Interactions in Plant Symbioses, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12, José Antonio Novais Av., 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Su Y, Xiao X, Ling H, Huang N, Liu F, Su W, Zhang Y, Xu L, Muhammad K, Que Y. A dynamic degradome landscape on miRNAs and their predicted targets in sugarcane caused by Sporisorium scitamineum stress. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:57. [PMID: 30658590 PMCID: PMC6339412 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane smut is a fungal disease caused by Sporisorium scitamineum. Cultivation of smut-resistant sugarcane varieties is the most effective way to control this disease. The interaction between sugarcane and S. scitamineum is a complex network system. However, to date, there is no report on the identification of microRNA (miRNA) target genes of sugarcane in response to smut pathogen infection by degradome technology. RESULTS TaqMan qRT-PCR detection and enzyme activity determination showed that S. scitamineum rapidly proliferated and incurred significant enzyme activity changes in the reactive oxygen species metabolic pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway at 2 d and 5 d after inoculation, which was the best time points to study target gene degradation during sugarcane and S. scitamineum interaction. A total of 122.33 Mb of raw data was obtained from degradome sequencing analysis of YC05-179 (smut-resistant) and ROC22 (smut-susceptible) after inoculation. The Q30 of each sample was > 93%, and the sequence used for degradation site analysis exactly matched the sugarcane reference sequence. A total of 309 target genes were predicted in sugarcane, corresponding to 97 known miRNAs and 112 novel miRNAs, and 337 degradation sites, suggesting that miRNAs can efficiently direct cleavage at multiple sites in the predicted target mRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the predicted target genes were involved in various regulatory processes, such as signal transduction mechanisms, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, defense mechanisms, translation, posttranslational modifications, energy production and conversion, and glycerolipid metabolism. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression level of 13 predicted target genes and their corresponding miRNAs revealed that there was no obvious negative regulatory relationship between miRNAs and their target genes. In addition, a number of putative resistance-related target genes regulated by miRNA-mediated cleavage were accumulated in sugarcane during S. scitamineum infection, suggesting that feedback regulation of miRNAs may be involved in the response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the underlying response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection, and also provides a resource for miRNAs and their predicted target genes for smut resistance improvement in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xinhuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Weihua Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yuye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Khushi Muhammad
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300 Pakistan
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Contreras R, de Armas R, Benito MC, Alarcón B, de Oliveira E, Del Mazo C, Díaz-Peña EM, Santiago R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Differential expression of SofDIR16 and SofCAD genes in smut resistant and susceptible sugarcane cultivars in response to Sporisorium scitamineum. J Plant Physiol 2018; 226:103-113. [PMID: 29753910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic profiling of the stalk of a smut resistant and a susceptible sugarcane cultivars revealed the presence of dirigent and dirigent-like proteins in abundance in the pool of high molecular mass (HMMG) and mid-molecular mass (MMMG) glycoproteins, produced as part of the defensive response to the fungal smut pathogen. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that expression levels of SofDIR16 (sugarcane dirigent16) and SofCAD (sugarcane cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) were higher in the smut resistant My 55-14 cultivar than in the sensitive B 42231 cultivar prior to infection. Inoculation with fungal sporidia or water decreased the level of SofCAD transcripts in My 55-14, indicating that regulation of SofCAD expression does not take part of the specific response to smut infection. In contrast, SofDIR16 expression was almost nullified in My 55-14 after inoculation with fungal sporidia, but not after water injection. It is proposed that the decreased expression of dirigent proteins induces the formation of lignans, which are involved in the defense response of the smut resistant My 55-14 cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Contreras
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario C Benito
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Alarcón
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliandre de Oliveira
- Plataforma de Proteómica, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Mazo
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Díaz-Peña
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Geographical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María E Legaz
- Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis Team, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Peng Q, Su Y, Ling H, Ahmad W, Gao S, Guo J, Que Y, Xu L. A sugarcane pathogenesis-related protein, ScPR10, plays a positive role in defense responses under Sporisorium scitamineum, SrMV, SA, and MeJA stresses. Plant Cell Rep 2017; 36:1427-1440. [PMID: 28634719 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A pathogenesis-related gene, ScPR10 , was isolated from sugarcane and its bio-function was characterized, demonstrating that ScPR10 was involved in plant defense responses to Sporisorium scitamineum , SrMV, SA, and MeJA stresses. Plant fungal and viral diseases are the major concerns in sugarcane industry. Many anti-fungal and antivirus components, including pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, have been identified. The pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10) is the dominant group in PR families, involved in the plant defense mechanism. In this study, ScPR10 (GenBank Acc. No. KT887884), a 701-bp-length PR10 gene with a 483 bp-length open reading frame, was isolated from sugarcane. Its transient expression in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that the function role of ScPR10 is likely in the nucleus, and it increased the level of H2O2 accumulation in leaf cells. Moreover, ScPR10 could also enhance the resistance of N. benthamiana leaves to infection by Pseudomonas solanacearum and Fusarium solani var. coeruleum. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ScPR10 was not constitutively expressed in sugarcane tissues due to its high expression in the buds and scant presence in root tips. In addition, the transcript of ScPR10 could be induced by a pathogenic fungus (Sporisorium scitamineum) and a virus (Sorghum mosaic virus, SrMV) in the resistant sugarcane cultivars, while it was down-regulated in the susceptible ones. After exposure to salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ScPR10 peaked at 6 and 12 h, respectively. These results suggest that ScPR10 can play a positive role in sugarcane defense responses to S. scitamineum, SrMV, SA, and MeJA stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shiwu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Zhang N, Zhang B, Zuo W, Xing Y, Konlasuk S, Tan G, Zhang Q, Ye J, Xu M. Cytological and Molecular Characterization of ZmWAK-Mediated Head-Smut Resistance in Maize. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2017; 30:455-465. [PMID: 28358622 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0238-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Head smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Sporisorium reilianum, poses a threat to maize production worldwide. ZmWAK, a cell wall-associated receptor kinase, confers quantitative resistance to head smut disease. Here, two near-isogenic lines (NILs), susceptible line Huangzao4 and its ZmWAK-converted resistant line Huangzao4R, were used to decipher the role of ZmWAK in head smut resistance. Cytological and molecular characterization in response to S. reilianum infection was compared between two NILs. Upon S. reilianum infection, the growth of pathogen hyphae was severely arrested in the ZmWAK-converted resistant line Huangzao4R, relative to its susceptible parental line Huangzao4. Infected cells exhibited apoptosis-like features in Huangzao4R and hyphae were sequestered within dead cells, whereas pathogen invasion caused autophagy in Huangzao4, which failed to prevent hyphal spreading. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated that ZmWAK functions as a hub in the trade-off between growth and defense, whereby ZmWAK promotes cell growth in the absence of the pathogen and switches to a defense response upon S. reilianum attack. These findings shed light on an elegant regulatory mechanism governed by ZmWAK in the trade-off between growth and head smut defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- 3 Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic & Improvement, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqi Zhang
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Zuo
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexian Xing
- 2 Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Suvimon Konlasuk
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Tan
- 2 Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Ye
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Xu
- 1 National Maize Improvement Centre of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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10
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Su Y, Zhang Y, Huang N, Liu F, Su W, Xu L, Ahmad W, Wu Q, Guo J, Que Y. Small RNA sequencing reveals a role for sugarcane miRNAs and their targets in response to Sporisorium scitamineum infection. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:325. [PMID: 28438123 PMCID: PMC5404671 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum leads to a significant reduction in cane yield and sucrose content. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating plant responses to biotic stress. The present study was the first to use two sugarcane genotypes, YA05-179 (smut-resistant) and ROC22 (smut-susceptible), to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in sugarcane challenged with S. scitamineum by using high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The predicted target gene number corresponding to known differentially expressed miRNAs in YA05-179 was less than that in ROC22, however most of them were in common. Expression of differential miRNAs under S. scitamineum challenge was mostly downregulated, with similar trends in the two varieties. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the target gene classification of known miRNAs was similar to that of the newly identified miRNAs. These were mainly associated with cellular processes and metabolic processes in the biological process category, as well as combination and catalytic activity in the molecular function category. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these predicted target genes involved in a series of physiological and biochemical pathways or disease resistance-related physiological metabolism and signal transduction pathways, suggesting that the molecular interaction mechanism between sugarcane and S. scitamineum was a complex network system. These findings also showed certain predicted target genes of miR5671, miR5054, miR5783, miR5221, and miR6478 play roles in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that majority of the known miRNAs and its predicted target genes followed a negatively regulated mode. Seven out of eight predicted target genes showed identical expression after 12 h treatment and reached the highest degree of matching at 48 h, indicating that the regulatory role of miRNAs on the target genes in sugarcane was maximized at 48 h after S. scitamineum challenge. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings serve as evidence for the association of miRNA expression with the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of sugarcane smut, particularly on the significance of miRNA levels in relation to the cultivation of smut-resistant sugarcane varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yuye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Ning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Weihua Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Qibin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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11
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Marques JPR, Appezzato-da-Glória B, Piepenbring M, Massola Jr NS, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, Vieira MLC. Sugarcane smut: shedding light on the development of the whip-shaped sorus. Ann Bot 2017; 119:815-827. [PMID: 27568298 PMCID: PMC5378185 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Sugarcane smut is caused by the fungus Sporisorium scitamineum (Ustilaginales/Ustilaginomycotina/Basidiomycota), which is responsible for losses in sugarcane production worldwide. Infected plants show a profound metabolic modification resulting in the development of a whip-shaped structure (sorus) composed of a mixture of plant tissues and fungal hyphae. Within this structure, ustilospores develop and disseminate the disease. Despite the importance of this disease, a detailed histopathological analysis of the plant-pathogen interaction is lacking. Methods The whip-shaped sorus was investigated using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, histochemical tests and epifluorescence microscopy coupled with deconvolution. Key Results Sorus growth is mediated by intercalary meristem activity at the base of the sorus, where the fungus causes partial host cell wall degradation and formation of intercellular spaces. Sporogenesis in S. scitamineum is thallic, with ustilospore initials in intercalary or terminal positions, and mostly restricted to the base of the sorus. Ustilospore maturation is centrifugal in relation to the ground parenchyma and occurs throughout the sorus median region. At the apex of the sorus, the fungus produces sterile cells and promotes host cell detachment. Hyphae are present throughout the central axis of the sorus (columella). The plant cell produces callose around the intracellular hyphae as well as inside the papillae at the infection site. Conclusions The ontogeny of the whip-shaped sorus suggests that the fungus can cause the acropetal growth in the intercalary meristem. The sporogenesis of S. scitamineum was described in detail, demonstrating that the spores are formed exclusively at the base of the whip. Light was also shed on the nature of the sterile cells. The presence of the fungus alters the host cell wall composition, promotes its degradation and causes the release of some peripheral cells of the sorus. Finally, callose was observed around fungal hyphae in infected cells, suggesting that deposition of callose by the host may act as a structural response to fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo R. Marques
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nelson S. Massola Jr
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Claudia B. Monteiro-Vitorello
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
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Sánchez-Elordi E, Baluška F, Echevarría C, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Defence sugarcane glycoproteins disorganize microtubules and prevent nuclear polarization and germination of Sporisorium scitamineum teliospores. J Plant Physiol 2016; 200:111-123. [PMID: 27372179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are involved in the germination of Sporisorium scitamineum teliospores. Resistant varieties of sugar cane plants produce defence glycoproteins that prevent the infection of the plants by the filamentous fungi Sporisorium scitamineum. Here, we show that a fraction of these glycoproteins prevents the correct arrangement of MTs and causes nuclear fragmentation defects. As a result, nuclei cannot correctly migrate through the growing hyphae, causing germinative failure. Arginase activity contained in defence glycoproteins is already described for preventing fungal germination. Now, its enzymatically active form is presented as a link between the defensive capacity of glycoproteins and the MT disorganization in fungal cells. Active arginase is produced in healthy and resistant plants; conversely, it is not detected in the juice from susceptible varieties, which explains why MT depolarization, nuclear disorganization as well as germination of teliospores are not significantly affected by glycoproteins from non-resistant plants. Our results also suggest that susceptible plants try to increase their levels of arginase after detecting the presence of the pathogen. However, this signal comes "too late" and such defensive mechanism fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-Elordi
- Team of Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University. 12 José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University Bonn. 1 Kirschallee St., D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Clara Echevarría
- Team of Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University. 12 José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicente
- Team of Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University. 12 José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Estrella Legaz
- Team of Intercellular Communication in Plant Symbiosis, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University. 12 José Antonio Novais Av., 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Smut fungi are biotrophic plant pathogens that exhibit a very narrow host range. The smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum exists in two host-adapted formae speciales: S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum (SRS), which causes head smut of sorghum, and S. reilianum f. sp. zeae (SRZ), which induces disease on maize. It is unknown why the two formae speciales cannot form spores on their respective non-favoured hosts. By fungal DNA quantification and fluorescence microscopy of stained plant samples, we followed the colonization behaviour of both SRS and SRZ on sorghum and maize. Both formae speciales were able to penetrate and multiply in the leaves of both hosts. In sorghum, the hyphae of SRS reached the apical meristems, whereas the hyphae of SRZ did not. SRZ strongly induced several defence responses in sorghum, such as the generation of H2 O2 , callose and phytoalexins, whereas the hyphae of SRS did not. In maize, both SRS and SRZ were able to spread through the plant to the apical meristem. Transcriptome analysis of colonized maize leaves revealed more genes induced by SRZ than by SRS, with many of them being involved in defence responses. Amongst the maize genes specifically induced by SRS were 11 pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. Together with the microscopic analysis, these data indicate that SRZ succumbs to plant defence after sorghum penetration, whereas SRS proliferates in a relatively undisturbed manner, but non-efficiently, on maize. This shows that host specificity is determined by distinct mechanisms in sorghum and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Poloni
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Ghareeb H, Drechsler F, Löfke C, Teichmann T, Schirawski J. SUPPRESSOR OF APICAL DOMINANCE1 of Sporisorium reilianum Modulates Inflorescence Branching Architecture in Maize and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:2789-804. [PMID: 26511912 PMCID: PMC4677912 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Sporisorium reilianum causes head smut of maize (Zea mays) after systemic plant colonization. Symptoms include the formation of multiple female inflorescences at subapical nodes of the stalk because of loss of apical dominance. By deletion analysis of cluster 19-1, the largest genomic divergence cluster in S. reilianum, we identified a secreted fungal effector responsible for S. reilianum-induced loss of apical dominance, which we named SUPPRESSOR OF APICAL DOMINANCE1 (SAD1). SAD1 transcript levels were highly up-regulated during biotrophic fungal growth in all infected plant tissues. SAD1-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins expressed by recombinant S. reilianum localized to the extracellular hyphal space. Transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)-expressing green fluorescent protein-SAD1 displayed an increased number of secondary rosette-leaf branches. This suggests that SAD1 manipulates inflorescence branching architecture in maize and Arabidopsis through a conserved pathway. Using a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid library of S. reilianum-infected maize tissues, we identified potential plant interaction partners that had a predicted function in ubiquitination, signaling, and nuclear processes. Presence of SAD1 led to an increase of the transcript levels of the auxin transporter PIN-FORMED1 in the root and a reduction of the branching regulator TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 in the stalk. This indicates a role of SAD1 in regulation of apical dominance by modulation of branching through increasing transcript levels of the auxin transporter PIN1 and derepression of bud outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ghareeb
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions (H.G., J.S.) andPlant Cell Biology (C.L., T.T.), Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany (H.G., J.S.);Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12311 Cairo, Egypt (H.G.); andMicrobial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (F.D., J.S.)
| | - Frank Drechsler
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions (H.G., J.S.) andPlant Cell Biology (C.L., T.T.), Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany (H.G., J.S.);Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12311 Cairo, Egypt (H.G.); andMicrobial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (F.D., J.S.)
| | - Christian Löfke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions (H.G., J.S.) andPlant Cell Biology (C.L., T.T.), Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany (H.G., J.S.);Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12311 Cairo, Egypt (H.G.); andMicrobial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (F.D., J.S.)
| | - Thomas Teichmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions (H.G., J.S.) andPlant Cell Biology (C.L., T.T.), Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany (H.G., J.S.);Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12311 Cairo, Egypt (H.G.); andMicrobial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (F.D., J.S.)
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions (H.G., J.S.) andPlant Cell Biology (C.L., T.T.), Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany (H.G., J.S.);Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Research Centre, 12311 Cairo, Egypt (H.G.); andMicrobial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (F.D., J.S.)
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15
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Fan J, Guo XY, Li L, Huang F, Sun WX, Li Y, Huang YY, Xu YJ, Shi J, Lei Y, Zheng AP, Wang WM. Infection of Ustilaginoidea virens intercepts rice seed formation but activates grain-filling-related genes. J Integr Plant Biol 2015; 57:577-90. [PMID: 25319482 PMCID: PMC5024071 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut has become an increasingly serious disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. The typical feature of this disease is that the fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens (Uv) specifically infects rice flower and forms false smut ball, the ustiloxin-containing ball-like fungal colony, of which the size is usually several times larger than that of a mature rice seed. However, the underlying mechanisms of Uv-rice interaction are poorly understood. Here, we applied time-course microscopic and transcriptional approaches to investigate rice responses to Uv infection. The results demonstrated that the flower-opening process and expression of associated transcription factors, including ARF6 and ARF8, were inhibited in Uv-infected spikelets. The ovaries in infected spikelets were interrupted in fertilization and thus were unable to set seeds. However, a number of grain-filling-related genes, including seed storage protein genes, starch anabolism genes and endosperm-specific transcription factors (RISBZ1 and RPBF), were highly transcribed as if the ovaries were fertilized. In addition, critical defense-related genes like NPR1 and PR1 were downregulated by Uv infection. Our data imply that Uv may hijack host nutrient reservoir by activation of the grain-filling network because of growth and formation of false smut balls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liang Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Xian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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16
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Abstract
Species of the epiphytic fungus Pseudozyma are not pathogenic to plants and can be used as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. Deciphering how they induce plant defense might contribute to their use for plant protection and expand our understanding of molecular plant-pathogen interactions. Here we show that Pseudozyma aphidis isolate L12, which is known to induce jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-independent systemic resistance, can also activate local and systemic resistance in an ethylene-independent manner. We also show that P. aphidis localizes exclusively to the surface of the plant leaf and does not penetrate the mesophyll cells of treated leaves. We thus propose that P. aphidis acts via several mechanisms, and is an excellent candidate biocontrol agent.
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Santiago R, Alarcón B, de Armas R, Vicente C, Legaz ME. Changes in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activities from sugarcane cultivars inoculated with Sporisorium scitamineum sporidia. Physiol Plant 2012; 145:245-59. [PMID: 22248248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a method for determining cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in sugarcane stems using reverse phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography to elucidate their possible lignin origin. Activity is assayed using the reverse mode, the oxidation of hydroxycinnamyl alcohols into hydroxycinnamyl aldehydes. Appearance of the reaction products, coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde is determined by measuring absorbance at 340 and 345 nm, respectively. Disappearance of substrates, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol is measured at 263 and 273 nm, respectively. Isocratic elution with acetonitrile:acetic acid through an RP Mediterranea sea C18 column is performed. As case examples, we have examined two different cultivars of sugarcane; My 5514 is resistant to smut, whereas B 42231 is susceptible to the pathogen. Inoculation of sugarcane stems elicits lignification and produces significant increases of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SAD). Production of lignin increases about 29% in the resistant cultivar and only 13% in the susceptible cultivar after inoculation compared to uninoculated plants. Our results show that the resistance of My 5514 to smut is likely derived, at least in part, to a marked increase of lignin concentration by the activation of CAD and SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Santiago
- Department of Plant Biology I (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, 12 José Antonio Novais Av., Madrid 28040, Spain
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Kellner R, Vollmeister E, Feldbrügge M, Begerow D. Interspecific sex in grass smuts and the genetic diversity of their pheromone-receptor system. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002436. [PMID: 22242007 PMCID: PMC3248468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The grass smuts comprise a speciose group of biotrophic plant parasites, so-called Ustilaginaceae, which are specifically adapted to hosts of sweet grasses, the Poaceae family. Mating takes a central role in their life cycle, as it initiates parasitism by a morphological and physiological transition from saprobic yeast cells to pathogenic filaments. As in other fungi, sexual identity is determined by specific genomic regions encoding allelic variants of a pheromone-receptor (PR) system and heterodimerising transcription factors. Both operate in a biphasic mating process that starts with PR-triggered recognition, directed growth of conjugation hyphae, and plasmogamy of compatible mating partners. So far, studies on the PR system of grass smuts revealed diverse interspecific compatibility and mating type determination. However, many questions concerning the specificity and evolutionary origin of the PR system remain unanswered. Combining comparative genetics and biological approaches, we report on the specificity of the PR system and its genetic diversity in 10 species spanning about 100 million years of mating type evolution. We show that three highly syntenic PR alleles are prevalent among members of the Ustilaginaceae, favouring a triallelic determination as the plesiomorphic characteristic of this group. Furthermore, the analysis of PR loci revealed increased genetic diversity of single PR locus genes compared to genes of flanking regions. Performing interspecies sex tests, we detected a high potential for hybridisation that is directly linked to pheromone signalling as known from intraspecies sex. Although the PR system seems to be optimised for intraspecific compatibility, the observed functional plasticity of the PR system increases the potential for interspecific sex, which might allow the hybrid-based genesis of newly combined host specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Kellner
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Geobotany Laboratory, Bochum, Germany
| | - Evelyn Vollmeister
- Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute for Microbiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute for Microbiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Begerow
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Geobotany Laboratory, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Pathogen genes that shut down specific host plant immune responses are highly divergent and have evolved rapidly to accommodate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2614, Australia.
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Liou GY, Wei YH, Lin SJ, Wen CY, Lee FL. Pseudozyma pruni sp. nov., a novel ustilaginomycetous anamorphic fungus from flowers in Taiwan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:1813-7. [PMID: 19542121 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.007765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two ustilaginomycetous anamorphic strains were isolated from flowers in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined rRNA gene sequence of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2 and large-subunit D1/D2 domains indicated that the closest recognized species was Pseudozyma fusiformata. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and physiological characteristics showed that the two strains represent a novel species within the genus Pseudozyma. The name Pseudozyma pruni sp. nov. is proposed, with FIRDI 005(T) (=BCRC 34227(T) =CBS 10937(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Yuh Liou
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), PO Box 246, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan, ROC
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21
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Lao M, Arencibia AD, Carmona ER, Acevedo R, Rodríguez E, León O, Santana I. Differential expression analysis by cDNA-AFLP of Saccharum spp. after inoculation with the host pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum. Plant Cell Rep 2008; 27:1103-11. [PMID: 18379790 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A differential expression study on the Saccharum spp.-Sporisorium scitamineum pathogenic interaction was carried out in the susceptible Ja60-5 and the resistant M31/45 genotypes. Using cDNA-AFLP analysis, a total of 64 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) was found to be differentially expressed, with the majority (67.2%) of the differential TDFs up-regulated in the resistant M31/45 cultivar. The plant response against S. scitamineum infection was complex, representing major genes involved in oxidative burst, defensive response, ethylene and auxins pathways during the first 72 h post-inoculation. Results obtained suggest a key role for genes involved in the oxidative burst and the lignin pathways in the initial sugarcane defense against the S. scitamineum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lao
- National Institute for Sugarcane Research, CUJAE Km 2 1/2 Road. Boyeros, 19390 Havana City, Cuba
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22
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López-Villavicencio M, Jonot O, Coantic A, Hood ME, Enjalbert J, Giraud T. Multiple infections by the anther smut pathogen are frequent and involve related strains. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e176. [PMID: 18020704 PMCID: PMC2077905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Population models of host-parasite interactions predict that when different parasite genotypes compete within a host for limited resources, those that exploit the host faster will be selected, leading to an increase in parasite virulence. When parasites sharing a host are related, however, kin selection should lead to more cooperative host exploitation that may involve slower rates of parasite reproduction. Despite their potential importance, studies that assess the prevalence of multiple genotype infections in natural populations remain rare, and studies quantifying the relatedness of parasites occurring together as natural multiple infections are particularly scarce. We investigated multiple infections in natural populations of the systemic fungal plant parasite Microbotryum violaceum, the anther smut of Caryophyllaceae, on its host, Silene latifolia. We found that multiple infections can be extremely frequent, with different fungal genotypes found in different stems of single plants. Multiple infections involved parasite genotypes more closely related than would be expected based upon their genetic diversity or due to spatial substructuring within the parasite populations. Together with previous sequential inoculation experiments, our results suggest that M. violaceum actively excludes divergent competitors while tolerating closely related genotypes. Such an exclusion mechanism might explain why multiple infections were less frequent in populations with the highest genetic diversity, which is at odds with intuitive expectations. Thus, these results demonstrate that genetic diversity can influence the prevalence of multiple infections in nature, which will have important consequences for their optimal levels of virulence. Measuring the occurrence of multiple infections and the relatedness among parasites within hosts in natural populations may be important for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of disease, the consequences of vaccine use, and forces driving the population genetic structure of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Odile Jonot
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
| | - Amélie Coantic
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Végétale, INRA BIOGER, Thiverval Grignon, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France
- CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, France
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Morita T, Konishi M, Fukuoka T, Imura T, Kitamoto D. Physiological differences in the formation of the glycolipid biosurfactants, mannosylerythritol lipids, between Pseudozyma antarctica and Pseudozyma aphidis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 74:307-15. [PMID: 17103161 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oil is the usual carbon source for the production of biosurfactants (BS), mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL). To simplify the procedures of BS production and recovery, we investigated the extracellular production of MEL from water-soluble carbon sources instead of vegetable oils by using two representative yeast strains. The formation of extracellular MEL from glucose was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and HPLC analysis. On glucose cultivation, pure MEL were easily prepared by only solvent extraction of the culture medium, different from the case of soybean oil cultivation. The fatty acid profile of the major MEL produced from glucose was similar to that produced from soybean oil based on GC-MS analysis. The resting cells of Pseudozyma antarctica T-34 produced MEL by feeding of glucose only and gave a yield of 12 g l(-1). In contrast, Pseudozyma aphidis ATCC 32657 gave no MEL from glucose. Moreover, the extracellular lipase activities were detected at high levels during the cultivation regardless of the carbon sources. These results indicate that all the biosynthesis pathways for MEL in P. antarctica T-34 should constitutively function. In conclusion, P. antarctica T-34 thus has potential for BS production from glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotake Morita
- Bio-chemical Material Group, Research Institute for Innovations in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-2, Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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24
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Kim KW, Park EW. Ultrastructure of spined conidia and hyphae of the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. Micron 2006; 38:626-31. [PMID: 17092730 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spined conidia and hyphae of Ustilaginoidea virens were examined by light and electron microscopy. Bright-field light microscopy showed that conidia were round to elliptical and warty on the surface with diameters approximately ranging from 3 to 5 microm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the globose to irregularly rounded and ornamented conidia with prominent spines. The spines were pointed at the apex or irregularly curved, and approximately 200-500 nm long. Ultrastructure of spined conidia and hyphae revealed by transmission electron microscopy showed lipid globules and vacuoles in the cytoplasm enclosed by an electron-transparent cell wall. Conspicuous electron-dense spines were evident on the surface of conidia, and had obclavate or irregularly protruding shapes with varying heights along the conidial cell wall. Microfibrillar structures with stretching or branching patterns were evident in the spine matrix. Some conidia were interconnected by spines from the neighboring conidia by their extended outgrowth. Hyphae had concentric bodies that showed an electron-transparent core surrounded by an electron-dense layer. One or more intrahyphal hyphae were found in hyphal cytoplasm. The fungus is thought to form concentric bodies and intrahyphal hyphae as survival mechanisms against the water- and nutrient-deficient environments that may occur in the necrotic regions of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Woo Kim
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wang QM, Jia JH, Bai FY. Pseudozyma hubeiensis sp. nov. and Pseudozyma shanxiensis sp. nov., novel ustilaginomycetous anamorphic yeast species from plant leaves. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:289-93. [PMID: 16403900 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among basidiomycetous yeast strains isolated from wilting leaves of various plants in China, two groups of Pseudozyma strains were distinguished from the others by morphological and physiological characterization. Molecular taxonomic analysis based on sequencing of the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene D1/D2 domain and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region confirmed that the two groups represent two novel species. They are proposed as Pseudozyma hubeiensis sp. nov. (type strain WS 6.4T = AS 2.2493T = CBS 10077T) and Pseudozyma shanxiensis sp. nov. (type strain SH 64T = AS 2.2523T = CBS 10075T). The phylogenetic relationships of the novel species with described Pseudozyma species and related ustilagomycetous teleomorphs were analysed based on the combined sequences of ITS and D1/D2. The phenotypic diagnosis of Pseudozyma was emended because of the negative inositol assimilation reaction of P. hubeiensis sp. nov., which was closely related to the type species of the genus, Pseudozyma prolifica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Wang
- Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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26
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Sugita T, Takashima M, Poonwan N, Mekha N, Malaithao K, Thungmuthasawat B, Prasarn S, Luangsook P, Kudo T. The first isolation of ustilaginomycetous anamorphic yeasts, Pseudozyma species, from patients' blood and a description of two new species: P. parantarctica and P. thailandica. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47:183-90. [PMID: 12725287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pseudozyma is ustilaginomycetous anamorphic yeasts, and are mainly isolated from plants. We isolated three Pseudozyma strains from the blood of patients in Thailand. While one isolate was identified as P. antarctica by rDNA sequence analysis, the other two were considered to be new species and were named P. parantarctica and P. thailandica. The three isolates proved to be resistant to 5-flucytosine, and P. thailandica was also resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole. As far as we know, this is the first isolation of Pseudozyma strains from humans. The two new species are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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Abstract
Fungi belonging to Pseudozyma spp. represent a small group of yeasts that have drawn limited interest in the scientific literature. However, new research with one species of Pseudozyma, Pseudozyma flocculosa, has demonstrated the potential of this yeast as a biocontrol agent of plant-pathogenic fungi. Based on recent work, it appears that P. flocculosa, a natural inhabitant of the phyllosphere, possesses unique means of defending its ecological niche by producing unusual extracellular fatty acids that are detrimental to, among other fungi, powdery mildews, an important group of plant pathogens. Results from these studies have shown that the fatty acids naturally insert themselves into powdery mildew fungi and cause disorganization of cellular membranes and cell disintegration. Further work with insertional mutagenesis yielded mutants of P. flocculosa that represent valuable biological tools to better understand the properties of the yeast. For instance, preliminary work with mutants having lost their antagonistic properties has led to the isolation of a new metabolite with antifungal activity. Discoveries pertaining to the ecology and mode of action of P. flocculosa may lead to the study of unique metabolic or biological processes in other Pseudozyma spp. that could well release the untapped potential of these misunderstood yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Avis
- Département de Phytologie, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Sainte-Foy, QC, Canada G1K 7P4
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Abstract
The Ustilaginales are a vast and diverse group of fungi, which includes the plant pathogenic smuts that cause significant losses to crops worldwide. Members of the Ustilaginales are also valuable models for the unraveling of fundamental mechanisms controlling important biological processes. Ustilago maydis is an important fungal model system and has been well studied with regard to mating, morphogenesis, pathogenicity, signal transduction, mycoviruses, DNA recombination, and, recently, genomics. In this review we discuss the life cycles of members of the Ustilaginales and provide background on their economic impact as agricultural pests. We then focus on providing a summary of the literature with special attention to topics not well covered in recent reviews such as the use of U. maydis in mycovirus research and as a model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungicide resistance and DNA recombination and repair.
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Kumar A, Singh US, Singh A, Malik VS, Garg GK. Molecular signaling in pathogenicity and host recognition in smut fungi taking Karnal bunt as a model system. Indian J Exp Biol 2000; 38:525-39. [PMID: 11116522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Karnal bunt of wheat, incited by a phytopathogen Tilletia indica (Syn. Neovossia indica) is a floret infecting disease. In the floral tissues fungus proliferates and produces massive amount of black spores. In smut fungi, belonging to order Ustilaginales, communication between cells is necessary to regulate growth, differentiation and monokaryotic to dikaryotic transition during pathogenic and sexual development. Neighbouring cells are able to communicate with each other by direct cell to cell contact through plasma membrane bound signaling molecules or through formation of gap junctions and alternatively through secretion of chemical signals if cells are some distance away. Current research efforts toward understanding of pathogenic and sexual development in phytopathogenic fungi, offer a number of opportunities. These include the analysis of molecular signal(s) for direct contribution of sexual interactions to ability of smut and bunt pathogens to cause disease. These efforts will provide not only to explore the mechanisms of pathogenesis, but also to enhance knowledge of basic cellular biology of an economically important group of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G B Pant University of Agricultural & Technology, Pantnagar, India
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Abstract
The pathogenicity of the purified basidiospores of Filosbasidiella neoformans was determined. The basidiospores were purified by successive filtration and inoculated into white Swiss female mice via the intracranial and intravenous route. At autopsy, infection was seen with as few as fifty inoculated cells. The brain, liver and spleen were examined culturally and histologically to prove the pathogenicity of the purified basidiospores .
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Abstract
Developing Tilletia caries teliospores were studied with thin sectioning procedures. After the W1 and W2 spore walls are formed, lamellar material begins to form adjacent to the W2 wall layer. The patches of lamellar material become continuous, and additional layers are added. After the W3 wall starts to form, the lamellar material is difficult to see without special staining. The lamellar material makes it difficult to get resins to penetrate the partition layer of teliospore walls.
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Abstract
Tilletia indica teliospores were studied by use of thin sections and freeze-etch replicas. Surfaces of these spores have rodlet patterns which differ from those previously reported for spores of other fungi. The rodlets on T. indica teliospores average 240 nm in length and are not grouped into fascicles.
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Miyakawa T, Nishihara M, Tsuchiya E, Fukui S. Role of metabolism of the mating pheromone in sexual differentiation of the heterobasidiomycete Rhodosporidium toruloides. J Bacteriol 1982; 151:1184-94. [PMID: 7050081 PMCID: PMC220395 DOI: 10.1128/jb.151.3.1184-1194.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A trypsin-type endopeptidase (Kamiya et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94:855-860, 1980) responsible for the metabolism of rhodotorucine A, the farnesyl undecapeptide mating pheromone secreted by mating type A cells of Rhodosporidium toruloides, was biologically characterized. Metabolic activity was found to be present exclusively on the cell surface of the pheromone target cell. The activity was highly specific to the pheromone, and a biologically inactive analog which has the complete amino acid sequence of rhodotorucine A but lacks the farnesyl residue was not metabolized by intact cells. Pheromone metabolism was inhibited by trypsin substrates such as tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester. The presence of tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester strongly inhibited the sexual differentiation induced by the pheromone at a concentration which did not affect the vegetative growth of R. toruloides. Pheromone-induced sexual differentiation was also strongly inhibited by a metabolizable analog, rhodotorucine A S-oxide, but not by a non-metabolizable one. In mutants defective in early processes of mating, the decrease in the pheromone metabolic activity correlated well with the extent of loss of sensitivity to the pheromone. Both the pheromone metabolism and the capacity for sexual differentiation of a sterile mutant were restored concomitantly with reversion from the sterile to the fertile phenotype. These results suggested that metabolism of the mating pheromone plays an essential role in the process of sexual differentiation in R. toruloides.
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Tsuchiya E, Fukui S. Binding of rhodotorucine A, a lipopeptidyl mating hormone, to a cells of Rhodosporidium toruloides for induction of sexual differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 85:473-9. [PMID: 743290 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(78)80066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Tamura S, Takahashi N. Structure of rhodotorucine A, a novel lipopeptide, inducing mating tube formation in Rhodosporidium toruloides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:1077-83. [PMID: 708426 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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