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Ciampi Q, Pepi M, Antonini-Canterin F, Barbieri A, Barchitta A, Faganello G, Miceli S, Parato VM, Tota A, Trocino G, Abbate M, Accadia M, Alemanni R, Angelini A, Anglano F, Anselmi M, Aquila I, Aramu S, Avogadri E, Azzaro G, Badano L, Balducci A, Ballocca F, Barbarossa A, Barbati G, Barletta V, Barone D, Becherini F, Benfari G, Beraldi M, Bergandi G, Bilardo G, Binno SM, Bolognesi M, Bongiovi S, Bragato RM, Braggion G, Brancaleoni R, Bursi F, Dessalvi CC, Cameli M, Canu A, Capitelli M, Capra ACM, Carbonara R, Carbone M, Carbonella M, Carrabba N, Casavecchia G, Casula M, Chesi E, Cicco S, Citro R, Cocchia R, Colombo BM, Colonna P, Conte M, Corrado G, Cortesi P, Cortigiani L, Costantino MF, Cozza F, Cucchini U, D’Angelo M, Ros SD, D’Andrea F, D’Andrea A, D’Auria F, De Caridi G, De Feo S, De Matteis GM, De Vecchi S, Giudice CD, Dell’Angela L, Paoli LD, Dentamaro I, Destefanis P, Di Fulvio M, Di Gaetano R, Di Giannuario G, Di Gioia A, Di Martino LFM, Di Muro C, Di Nora C, Di Salvo G, Dodi C, Dogliani S, Donati F, Dottori M, Epifani G, Fabiani I, Ferrara F, Ferrara L, Ferrua S, Filice G, Fiorino M, Forno D, Garini A, Giarratana GA, Gigantino G, Giorgi M, Giubertoni E, Greco CA, Grigolato M, Marra WG, Holzl A, Iaiza A, Iannaccone A, Ilardi F, Imbalzano E, Inciardi R, Inserra CA, Iori E, Izzo A, Rosa GL, Labanti G, Lanzone AM, Lanzoni L, Lapetina O, Leiballi E, Librera M, Conte CL, Monaco ML, Lombardo A, Luciani M, Lusardi P, Magnante A, Malagoli A, Malatesta G, Mancusi C, Manes MT, Manganelli F, Mantovani F, Manuppelli V, Marchese V, Marinacci L, Mattioli R, Maurizio C, Mazza GA, Mazza S, Melis M, Meloni G, Merli E, Milan A, Minardi G, Monaco A, Monte I, Montresor G, Moreo A, Mori F, Morini S, Moro C, Morrone D, Negri F, Nipote C, Nisi F, Nocco S, Novello L, Nunziata L, Perini AP, Parodi A, Pasanisi EM, Pastorini G, Pavasini R, Pavoni D, Pedone C, Pelliccia F, Pelliciari G, Pelloni E, Pergola V, Perillo G, Petruccelli E, Pezzullo C, Piacentini G, Picardi E, Pinna G, Pizzarelli M, Pizzuti A, Poggi MM, Posteraro A, Privitera C, Rampazzo D, Ratti C, Rettegno S, Ricci F, Ricci C, Rolando C, Rossi S, Rovera C, Ruggieri R, Russo MG, Sacchi N, Saladino A, Sani F, Sartori C, Scarabeo V, Sciacqua A, Scillone A, Scopelliti PA, Scorza A, Scozzafava A, Serafini F, Serra W, Severino S, Simeone B, Sirico D, Solari M, Spadaro GL, Stefani L, Strangio A, Surace FC, Tamborini G, Tarquinio N, Tassone EJ, Tavarozzi I, Tchana B, Tedesco G, Tinto M, Torzillo D, Totaro A, Triolo OF, Troisi F, Tusa M, Vancheri F, Varasano V, Venezia A, Vermi AC, Villari B, Zampi G, Zannoni J, Zito C, Zugaro A, Di Bella G, Carerj S. Organization and Activity of Italian Echocardiographic Laboratories: A Survey of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging. J Cardiovasc Echogr 2023; 33:1-9. [PMID: 37426716 PMCID: PMC10328129 DOI: 10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_16_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging (SIECVI) conducted a national survey to understand better how different echocardiographic modalities are used and accessed in Italy. Methods We analyzed echocardiography laboratory activities over a month (November 2022). Data were retrieved via an electronic survey based on a structured questionnaire, uploaded on the SIECVI website. Results Data were obtained from 228 echocardiographic laboratories: 112 centers (49%) in the northern, 43 centers (19%) in the central, and 73 (32%) in the southern regions. During the month of observation, we collected 101,050 transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) examinations performed in all centers. As concern other modalities there were performed 5497 transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations in 161/228 centers (71%); 4057 stress echocardiography (SE) examinations in 179/228 centers (79%); and examinations with ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) in 151/228 centers (66%). We did not find significant regional variations between the different modalities. The usage of picture archiving and communication system (PACS) was significantly higher in the northern (84%) versus central (49%) and southern (45%) centers (P < 0.001). Lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed in 154 centers (66%), without difference between cardiology and noncardiology centers. The evaluation of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was evaluated mainly using the qualitative method in 223 centers (94%), occasionally with the Simpson method in 193 centers (85%), and with selective use of the three-dimensional (3D) method in only 23 centers (10%). 3D TTE was present in 137 centers (70%), and 3D TEE in all centers where TEE was done (71%). The assessment of LV diastolic function was done routinely in 80% of the centers. Right ventricular function was evaluated using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in all centers, using tricuspid valve annular systolic velocity by tissue Doppler imaging in 53% of the centers, and using fractional area change in 33% of the centers. When we divided into cardiology (179, 78%) and noncardiology (49, 22%) centers, we found significant differences in the SE (93% vs. 26%, P < 0.001), TEE (85% vs. 18%), UCA (67% vs. 43%, P < 0001), and STE (87% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). The incidence of LUS evaluation was similar between the cardiology and noncardiology centers (69% vs. 61%, P = NS). Conclusions This nationwide survey demonstrated that digital infrastructures and advanced echocardiography modalities, such as 3D and STE, are widely available in Italy with a notable diffuse uptake of LUS in the core TTE examination, a suboptimal diffusion of PACS recording, and conservative use of UCA, 3D, and strain. There are significant differences between northern and central-southern regions and echocardiographic laboratories that pertain to the cardiac unit. This inhomogeneous distribution of technology represents one of the main issues that must be solved to standardize the practice of echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Ciampi
- Cardiology Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Mauro Pepi
- Cardiology Division, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Barbieri
- Department of Biomedical, Cardiology Division, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Agata Barchitta
- Semi Intensive Care Department, Semi-Intensive Care Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sofia Miceli
- Geriatric Division, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vito Maurizio Parato
- Cardiology Division, Madonna del Soccorso Hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, AP, Italy
| | - Antonio Tota
- Cardiology Division, Polyclinic Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trocino
- Non Invasive Cardiac Imaging Department, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliana Abbate
- Cardiology Vanvitelli Division, AORN dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Accadia
- Cardiology Division, Del Mare Hospital, Ponticelli, NA, Italy
| | - Rossella Alemanni
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Anselmi
- Cardiology Division, Fracastoro Hospital, San Bonifacio, VR, Italy
| | - Iolanda Aquila
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Aramu
- Cardiology Division, San Martino Hospital, Oristano, Italy
| | - Enrico Avogadri
- Department of Cardiology, SS Trinità Hospital, Fossano, CN, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Badano
- Integrated Cardiovascular Diagnostic Division, Auxologico San Luca IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Balducci
- Pediatric Cardiology Division, Polyclinico S. Orsola-Malpighi IRCCS Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Barletta
- Cardiology 2 Department, Cardiac Vascular Thoracic Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Barone
- Cardiology Division, S. Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Francesco Becherini
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Bolognesi
- Center for Internal Medicine and Sports Cardiology, Local Health Unit of Romagna, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Stefano Bongiovi
- Cardiology Division, Immacolata Concezione Civil Hospital, Piove di Sacco, PD, Italy
| | - Renato Maria Bragato
- Echocardiography and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Division, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Gabriele Braggion
- Cardiology Division, Santa Maria Regina degli Angeli Hospital, Adria, RO, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Bursi
- Department of Health Science, Cardiology Division, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Cameli
- Cardiology Division, Polyclinic Le Scotte Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Canu
- Cardiology Division, Santissima Annunziata Hospital, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mariano Capitelli
- Internal Medicine Division, Pavullo Hospital, Pavullo Nel Frignano, MO, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Carbonara
- Cardiology Division, Maugeri Institute IRCCS, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Carbone
- Emergency Medicine Division, St Anna and St Sebastiano Hospital, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Carbonella
- Cardiology Division, SS Maria Addolorata Hospital, Eboli, SA, Italy
| | - Nazario Carrabba
- Cardiology Division, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Grazia Casavecchia
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Margherita Casula
- Cardiology Division, Nostra Signora di Bonaria Hospital, San Gavino Monreale, SU, Italy
| | - Elena Chesi
- Neonatology Division, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cicco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Unit of Internal Medicine “G. Baccelli” and Unit of Hypertension “A.M. Pirrelli”, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, AUOC Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Citro
- Echocardiography Division, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Colonna
- Cardiology Division, Polyclinic Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Cortesi
- Cardioncology Division, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabiana Cozza
- Cardiology Division, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Cucchini
- Cardiology Division, San Bassiano Hospital, Bassano Del Grappa, VI, Italy
| | - Myriam D’Angelo
- Cardiology Division, Bonino Pulejo IRCCS Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Santina Da Ros
- Division of Cardiology, Riuniti Padova Sud Hospital, Monselice, PD, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca D’Auria
- Vascular - Endovascular Surgery Division, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Caridi
- Vascular Surgery Division, University Hospital Polyclinic G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania De Feo
- Cardiology Division, P Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, VR, Italy
| | | | - Simona De Vecchi
- Cardiology Division, Major University Hospital of Charity, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Luca Dell’Angela
- Cardiology Division, Gorizia-Monfalcone Hospital, Gorizia, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Dentamaro
- Cardiology Division, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, BA, Italy
| | - Paola Destefanis
- Cardiology Division, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Maria Di Fulvio
- Cardiology-ICCU Division, Ss. Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Di Gioia
- Cardiology Division, St Giuliano Hospital, Giugliano in Campania, NA, Italy
| | | | | | - Concetta Di Nora
- Cardiology Division, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease Division, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Dodi
- Cardiology Division, San Antonino Clinic, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Sarah Dogliani
- Cardiology Division, SS. Annunziata Civil Hospital, Savigliano, CN, Italy
| | | | - Melissa Dottori
- Cardiology Division, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Epifani
- Internal Medicine Division, Camberlingo Hospital, Francavilla Fontana, BR, Italy
| | - Iacopo Fabiani
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Internal Medicine Division, University Hospital Modena Polyclinic, Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrara
- Cardiology Division, Villa Dei Fiori Clinic, Acerra, NA, Italy
| | | | - Gemma Filice
- Cardiology Division, Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Maria Fiorino
- Cardiology Division, ARNAS Civico Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Forno
- Cardiology Division, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Gigantino
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mauro Giorgi
- Cardiology Division, Molinette Hospital - Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Holzl
- Internal Medicine Division, Quisisana Clinic, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Iaiza
- Cardiac Surgery Division, San Camillo-Fornalinini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Iannaccone
- Internal Medicine Division, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Ilardi
- Cardiology Division, Federico II University Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | - Egidio Imbalzano
- Internal Medicine Division, University Hospital Polyclinic G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Emilio Iori
- Cardiology Division, New Civil Hospital, Sassuolo, MO, Italy
| | - Annibale Izzo
- Cardiology Division, St Anna and St Sebastiano Hospital, Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Laura Lanzoni
- Cardiology Division, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria IRCCS Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Leiballi
- Cardiological and Cardio Oncological Rehabilitation Department, Sacile (PN) CRO (PN) Hospital, Sacile (PN), Italy
| | | | - Carmenita Lo Conte
- Cardiology Division, St Ottone Frangipane Hospital, Ariano Irpino, AV, Italy
| | - Maria Lo Monaco
- Cardiology Division, Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonella Lombardo
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Paola Lusardi
- Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Division, Maria Pia Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Magnante
- Cardiology Division, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Malagoli
- Division of Cardiology, Nephro-Cardiovascular Department, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fiore Manganelli
- Cardiology Division, St Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesca Mantovani
- Cardiology Division, Azienda USL- IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Marchese
- Cardiology Division, St Maria della Speranza Hospital, Battipaglia, SA, Italy
| | - Lina Marinacci
- Cardiology Division, Civil Hospital, Città di Castello, PG, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattioli
- Cardiology Division, IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy
| | - Civelli Maurizio
- Cardiology Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Mazza
- Pediaric Cardiology Division, Regina Margherita Hospital - Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Mazza
- Cardiology Division, Maggiore St Andrea Hospital, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Marco Melis
- Cardiology Division, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Meloni
- Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Complications, St Camillo Hospital, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisa Merli
- Cardiology Division, Degli Infermi Hospital, Faenza, RA, Italy
| | - Alberto Milan
- Internal Medicine 4 Department, Molinette Hospital - Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Monaco
- Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Civitanova Marche, MC, Italy
| | - Ines Monte
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Polyclinic “G.Rodolico-S. Marco”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Moreo
- De Gasperis Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Mori
- Non-invasive Cardiovascular Diagnostic Division, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sofia Morini
- Cardiology Division, Riuniti della Valdichiana Hospital, Montepulciano, SI, Italy
| | - Claudio Moro
- Cardiology Division, Pio XI Hospital, Desio, MB, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Negri
- Cardiology Division, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Carmelo Nipote
- Cardiology Division, Civil Hospital, Sant’Agata di Militello, ME, Italy
| | - Fulvio Nisi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Division, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Silvio Nocco
- Cardiology Division, Sirai Hospital, Carbonia, CI, Italy
| | - Luigi Novello
- Geriatric Division, Valdagno Hospital, Arzignano, VI, Italy
| | - Luigi Nunziata
- Cardiology Division, St Maria della Pietà Hospital, Nola, NA, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Parodi
- Cardiology Division, Padre Antero Micone Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Guido Pastorini
- Cardiology Division, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì, CN, Italy
| | - Rita Pavasini
- Cardiology Division, St Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daisy Pavoni
- Cardiology Division, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Chiara Pedone
- Cardiology Division, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valeria Pergola
- Cardiology Division, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Pezzullo
- Cardiology Division, G.B. Grassi Hospital, Lido di Ostia, RM, Italy
| | - Gerardo Piacentini
- Fetal and Neonatal Cardiology Unit - Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina Gemelli Isola Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisa Picardi
- Cardiology Division, Civic Hospital, Chivasso, TO, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pinna
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Division, San Camillo-Fornalinini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Pizzuti
- Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Koelliker Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Maria Poggi
- Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine Division, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alfredo Posteraro
- Cardiology Division, St Giovanni Evangelista Hospital, Tivoli, RM, Italy
| | | | - Debora Rampazzo
- Cardiology Division, Madonna della Navicella Hospital, Chioggia, VE, Italy
| | - Carlo Ratti
- Cardiology Division, St Maria Bianca Hospital, Mirandola, MO, Italy
| | - Sara Rettegno
- Cardiology Division, Hospital, Moncalieri, TO, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ricci
- Cardiology Division, Ss. Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Ricci
- Cardiology Outpatient Clinic, Casa della Salute “Regina Margherita”, Castelfranco Emilia, MO, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Rovera
- Cardiology Division, Civic Hospital, Chivasso, TO, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Sacchi
- Medical Division, St Agostino Hospital, Castiglione del Lago, PG, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Sani
- Cardiology Division, St Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Cardiology Division, Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Virginia Scarabeo
- Cardiology Division, Camposampiero Hospital, Camposampiero, PD, Italy
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Geriatric Division, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Scillone
- Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Villa del Sole Clinic, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Scorza
- Cardiology Division, Riuniti Anzio-Nettuno Hospital, Anzio, RM, Italy
| | | | | | - Walter Serra
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Sirico
- Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease Division, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Solari
- Cardiology Division, St Giuseppe Hospital, Empoli, FI, Italy
| | | | - Laura Stefani
- Sports Medicine Division, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Strangio
- Cardiology Division, St Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiara Surace
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology Division, Marche University Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloria Tamborini
- Cardiology Division, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Tarquinio
- Internal Medicine Division, IRCCS INRCA Hospital, Osimo AN, Italy
| | | | | | - Bertrand Tchana
- Pediatric Cardiology Division, University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Monica Tinto
- Cardiology Division, Mater Salutis Hospital, Legnago, VR, Italy
| | - Daniela Torzillo
- Internal Medicine Division, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Totaro
- Cardiology Division, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Federica Troisi
- Cardiology Division, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, BA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Tusa
- Cardiology Division, St Donato Polyclinic, San Donato Milanese MI, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Internal and Emergency Medicine Division, Civil Hospital, Policoro MT, Italy
| | - Amedeo Venezia
- Geriatric Division, Miulli Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, BA, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Villari
- Cardiology Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Jessica Zannoni
- Cardiology Division, St Donato Polyclinic, San Donato Milanese MI, Italy
| | - Concetta Zito
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Polyclinic G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonello Zugaro
- Department of Cardiology, Intensive Care Unit, St Salvatore Hospital, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Polyclinic G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Cardiology Division, University Hospital Polyclinic G.Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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