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LAN LAN, TAO JING, CHEN AZHEN, XIE GUANLI, HUANG JIA, LIN JIUMAO, PENG JUN, CHEN LIDIAN. Electroacupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats via suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:75-80. [PMID: 23165960 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
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104 |
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Scutellaria barbata D. Don inhibits tumor angiogenesis via suppression of Hedgehog pathway in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9419-9430. [PMID: 22949805 PMCID: PMC3431803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, which plays a critical role during tumor development, is tightly regulated by the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway, which has been known to malfunction in many types of cancer. Therefore, inhibition of angiogenesis via modulation of the SHH signaling pathway has become very attractive for cancer chemotherapy. Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB) has long been used in China to treat various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). Our published data suggested that the ethanol extract of SB (EESB) is able to induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells and inhibit angiogenesis in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. To further elucidate the precise mechanisms of its anti-tumor activity, in the present study we used a CRC mouse xenograft model to evaluate the effect of EESB on tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Our current data indicated that EESB reduces tumor size without affecting on the body weight gain in CRC mice. In addition, EESB treatment suppresses the expression of key mediators of the SHH pathway in tumor tissues, which in turn resulted in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, EESB treatment inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), an important target gene of SHH signaling and functioning as one of the strongest stimulators of angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that inhibition of tumor angiogenesis via suppression of the SHH pathway might be one of the mechanisms by which Scutellaria barbata D. Don can be effective in the treatment of cancers.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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103 |
3
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Yan Z, Lai Z, Lin J. Anticancer Properties of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2017; 20:423-429. [PMID: 28093974 DOI: 10.2174/1386207320666170116141818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a systemic disease. Cancer occurrence is associated with several factors, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, tumor microenvironment and immune system. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used for thousands of years in China for its anti-cancer therapeutic effect. The advantage of using TCM is related to its action on multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets related to cancer, whilst causing few adverse effects. OBJECTIVE The review focuses on the most recent studies on TCM through examples that demonstrate the anticancer effects and the mechanisms. CONCLUSION The review shows a large number of works which demonstrated that TCM is useful in the treatment of various types of cancers through different mechanisms of action. The results indicate that TCM exerts its anticancer effects through apoptosis induction, proliferation inhibition, metastasis suppression, multidrug resistance reversal and immune function regulation. Moreover, TCM can improve patients' quality of life. The advantage of TCM suggests that TCM may represent a promising therapeutic approach for patients with diverse cancers.
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Review |
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103 |
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Feng X, Yang S, Liu J, Huang J, Peng J, Lin J, Tao J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive impairment through inhibition of NF-κB-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1516-22. [PMID: 23525450 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a serious mental deficit following stroke that severely affects the quality of life of stroke survivors. Nuclear factor‑κB (NF-κB)-mediated neuronal cell apoptosis is involved in the development of post-stroke cognitive impairment; therefore, it has become a promising target for the treatment of impaired cognition. Acupuncture at the Baihui (DU20) and Shenting (DU24) acupoints is commonly used in China to clinically treat post‑stroke cognitive impairment; however, the precise mechanism of its action is largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of electroacupuncture against post-stroke cognitive impairment and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms using a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Electroacupuncture at Baihui and Shenting was identified to significantly ameliorate neurological deficits and reduce cerebral infarct volume. Additionally, electroacupuncture improved learning and memory ability in cerebral I/R injured rats, demonstrating its therapeutic efficacy against post-stroke cognitive impairment. Furthermore, electroacupuncture significantly suppressed the I/R-induced activation of NF-κB signaling in ischemic cerebral tissues. The inhibitory effect of electroacupuncture on NF-κB activation led to the inhibition of cerebral cell apoptosis. Finally, electroacupuncture markedly downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Fas, two critical downstream target genes of the NF-κB pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that inhibition of NF-κB‑mediated neuronal cell apoptosis may be one mechanism via which electroacupuncture at Baihui and Shenting exerts a therapeutic effect on post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
12 |
80 |
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Cai Q, Lin J, Wei L, Zhang L, Wang L, Zhan Y, Zeng J, Xu W, Shen A, Hong Z, Peng J. Hedyotis diffusa Willd inhibits colorectal cancer growth in vivo via inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6117-6128. [PMID: 22754353 PMCID: PMC3382778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13056117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), a common oncogenic mediator, is constitutively activated in many types of human cancers; therefore it is a major focus in the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Hedyotis diffusa Willd has been used as a major component in several Chinese medicine formulas for the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the precise mechanism of its anti-tumor activity remains largely unclear. Using a CRC mouse xenograft model, in the present study we evaluated the effect of the ethanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa Willd (EEHDW) on tumor growth in vivo and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that EEHDW reduced tumor volume and tumor weight, but had no effect on body weight gain in CRC mice, demonstrating that EEHDW can inhibit CRC growth in vivo without apparent adverse effect. In addition, EEHDW treatment suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation in tumor tissues, which in turn resulted in the promotion of cancer cell apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, EEHDW treatment altered the expression pattern of several important target genes of the STAT3 signaling pathway, i.e., decreased expression of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and Bcl-2 as well as up-regulated p21 and Bax. These results suggest that suppression of the STAT3 pathway might be one of the mechanisms by which EEHDW treats colorectal cancer.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
13 |
59 |
6
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Lin J, Chen Y, Wei L, Hong Z, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Ursolic acid inhibits colorectal cancer angiogenesis through suppression of multiple signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1666-74. [PMID: 24042330 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in the development of solid tumors by supplying nutrients and oxygen to support continuous growth of tumor as well as providing an avenue for hematogenous metastasis. Tumor angiogenesis is highly regulated by multiple intracellular signaling transduction cascades such as Hedgehog, STAT3, Akt and p70S6K pathways that are known to malfunction in many types of cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, suppression of tumor angiogenesis through targeting these signaling pathways has become a promising strategy for cancer chemotherapy. Ursolic acid (UA) is a major active compound present in many medicinal herbs that have long been used in China for the clinical treatment of various types of cancer. Although previous studies have demonstrated an antitumor effect for UA, the precise mechanisms of its anti-angiogenic activity are not well understood. To further elucidate the mechanism(s) of the tumorcidal activity of UA, using a CRC mouse xenograft model, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, the human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), in the present study we evaluated the efficacy of UA against tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that administration of UA significantly inhibited tumor volume but had no effect on body weight changes in CRC mice, suggesting that UA can suppress colon cancer growth in vivo without noticeable signs of toxicity. In addition, UA treatment reduced intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) in CRC mice, decreased the total number of blood vessels in the CAM model, and dose and time-dependently inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs, demonstrating UA's antitumor angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, UA treatment inhibited the expression of critical angiogenic factors, such as VEGF-A and bFGF. Furthermore, UA suppressed the activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH), STAT3, Akt and p70S6K pathways. Collectively, our findings suggest that inhibition of tumor angiogenesis via suppression of multiple signaling pathways might be one of the mechanisms whereby UA can be effective in cancer treatment.
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Liao J, Xu T, Zheng JX, Lin JM, Cai QY, Yu DB, Peng J. Nitidine chloride inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth in vivo through the suppression of the JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:79-84. [PMID: 23613111 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is persistently activated in cancer cells and contributes to malignant progression in various types of cancer. The Janus-activated kinase (JAK) family phosphorylates STAT3 in response to stimulation by cytokines or growth factors. The JAK1-STAT3 signaling pathway plays an important role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nitidine chloride (NC) is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that has been reported as an antitumor agent due to its its inhibitory effects on topoisomerase I. Using a mouse xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this study aimed to evaluate the effects of NC on tumor growth in vivo and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The analysis of the effects of NC on apoptosis in HCC tumor xenografts in mice was carried out by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay; the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4, cyclin D1, p21 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry; and the protein expression of JAK1 and STAT3 was examined by western blot analysis. Our results revealed that treatment with NC decreased the tumor volume and tumor weight, suggesting that NC inhibits HCC cell growth in vivo. In addition, NC blocked the activation of JAK1-STAT3 in the tumor tissues, which in turn resulted in the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation. Consequently, treatment with NC downregulated the expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 and Bcl-2 and increased the level of p21 and Bax. Our data provide a molecular basis for the antitumor activity of NC.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
12 |
55 |
8
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Chen A, Lin Z, Lan L, Xie G, Huang J, Lin J, Peng J, Tao J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture at the Quchi and Zusanli acupoints exerts neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:791-6. [PMID: 22842715 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway, a critical mediator of cell survival, is suppressed in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; therefore, it is a major focus in treatment of ischemic stroke. Acupuncture has long been used in China to clinically treat stroke. However, the precise mechanism of its neuroprotective activities remains largely unknown. Using a focal cerebral I/R injured rat model, in the present study we evaluated the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of electroacupuncture and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that electroacupuncture at Quchi (LI11) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints on the contralateral paralyzed limb significantly improved neurological deficits and cerebral infarction. In addition, electroacupuncture profoundly activated PI3K/Akt signaling in ischemic cerebral tissues. Consequently, the upregulatory effect of electroacupuncture on PI3K/Akt activation resulted in the inhibition of cerebral cell apoptosis. Moreover, electroacupuncture increased the serum secretion levels of the PI3K activators BDNF and GDNF, as well as upregulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio in ischemic cerebrum. Our data suggest that electroacupuncture at Quchi and Zusanli acupoints exerts neuroprotective function in ischemic stroke via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
13 |
53 |
9
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LIN JIUMAO, WEI LIHUI, SHEN ALING, CAI QIAOYAN, XU WEI, LI HUANG, ZHAN YOUZHI, HONG ZHENFENG, PENG JUN. Hedyotis diffusa Willd extract suppresses Sonic hedgehog signaling leading to the inhibition of colorectal cancer angiogenesis. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:651-6. [PMID: 23291612 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
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49 |
10
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Xie G, Yang S, Chen A, Lan L, Lin Z, Gao Y, Huang J, Lin J, Peng J, Tao J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture at Quchi and Zusanli treats cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of ERK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1593-1597. [PMID: 23837037 PMCID: PMC3702718 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, a critical mediator of cell proliferation, is activated in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and is therefore a key target in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Acupuncture has long been used in China to clinically treat stroke. However, the precise mechanism of its neuroprotective activities remains largely unknown. In the present study, a focal cerebral I/R-injured rat model was used to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. EA significantly ameliorated neurological deficits and cerebral infarction in cerebral I/R-injured rats. Moreover, EA significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK, as well as the protein expression levels of Ras, cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4. Consequently, EA-mediated activation of the ERK pathway resulted in the stimulation of cerebral cell proliferation. The present data suggest that EA at the Quchi and Zusanli acupoints exerts a neuroprotective effect in ischemic stroke via the activation of ERK signaling.
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Journal Article |
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44 |
11
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Shen A, Chen Y, Liu L, Huang Y, Chen H, Qi F, Lin J, Shen Z, Wu X, Wu M, Li Q, Qiu L, Yu N, Sferra TJ, Peng J. EBF1-Mediated Upregulation of Ribosome Assembly Factor PNO1 Contributes to Cancer Progression by Negatively Regulating the p53 Signaling Pathway. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2257-2270. [PMID: 30862720 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein PNO1 is critical for ribosome biogenesis, but its potential role in cancer remains unknown. In this study, online data mining, cDNA, and tissue microarrays indicated that PNO1 expression was higher in colorectal cancer tissue than in noncancerous tissue, and its overexpression was associated with worse patient survival. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that PNO1 knockdown suppressed growth of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, while PNO1 overexpression promoted colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro. In colorectal cancer cells expressing wild-type p53, PNO1 knockdown enhanced expression of p53 and its downstream gene p21, and reduced cell viability; these effects were prevented by p53 knockout and attenuated by the p53 inhibitor PFT-α. Moreover, PNO1 knockdown in HCT116 cells decreased levels of 18S rRNA, of 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, and of the 80S ribosome. It also reduced global protein synthesis, increasing nuclear stress and inhibiting MDM2-mediated ubiquitination and p53 degradation. Overexpressing EBF1 suppressed PNO1 promoter activity and decreased PNO1 mRNA and protein, inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis through the p53/p21 pathway. In colorectal cancer tissues, the expression of EBF1 correlated inversely with PNO1. Data mining of online breast and lung cancer databases showed increased PNO1 expression and association with poor patient survival; PNO1 knockdown reduced cell viability of cultured breast and lung cancer cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that PNO1 is overexpressed in colorectal cancer and correlates with poor patient survival, and that PNO1 exerts oncogenic effects, at least, in part, by altering ribosome biogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies the ribosome assembly factor PNO1 as a potential oncogene involved in tumor growth and progression of colorectal cancer.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
6 |
43 |
12
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Xu Y, Yang S, Huang J, Ruan S, Zheng Z, Lin J. Tgf-β1 induces autophagy and promotes apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:781-90. [PMID: 22322529 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy in various cell types. It has been shown that TGF-β1-driven autophagy represents a novel mechanism of tubular decomposition, leading to renal interstitial fibrosis. However, the exact mechanism by which TGF-β1 regulates autophagy is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of exogenous TGF-β1 on cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEpiCs). Presence of TGF-β1 in the medium induced accumulation of autophagosomes in a time- and dose-dependent manner as seen by monitoring the marker LC3 by confocal fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. In addition, TGF-β1 induced upregulation of autophagy-related genes, Atg5, Atg7 and Beclin1. Importantly, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced expression of NADPH oxidases were found to be associated with the TGF-β1-induced autophagy. Conversely, treatment with inhibitors of NADPH oxidase markedly reversed the autophagic effects of TGF-β1. Apoptotic effects were evaluated by the TUNEL assay, measuring mitochondrial membrane potential and monitoring expression of the pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, Bim and Bcl-2, respectively. Transcriptional silencing of the above three autophagy-related genes in HRPTEpiCs caused attenuation of TGF-β1-mediated apoptosis. Similarly, when autophagy was prevented at an early stage by application of 3-methyladenine, the pro-apoptotic effects of TGF-β1 were attenuated. These observations suggest that in HRPTEpiCs TGF-β1 promotes autophagy through the generation of ROS, which contributes to its proapoptotic effect.
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41 |
13
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Chen D, Lin S, Xu W, Huang M, Chu J, Xiao F, Lin J, Peng J. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Major Constituents in Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Molecules 2015; 20:18597-619. [PMID: 26473821 PMCID: PMC6331871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shexiang Tongxin dropping pill (STP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that consists of total saponins of ginseng, synthetic Calculus bovis, bear gall, Venenum bufonis, borneol and Salvia miltiorrhiza. STP has been widely used in China and Southeast Asia for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, a qualitative analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed for identification of the major constituents in STP. Based on the retention time and MS spectra, 41 components were identified by comparison with reference compounds and literature data. Moreover, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode, we quantified 13 of the identified constituents (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rk3, cinobufagin, arenobufagin, bufalin, resibufogenin, tanshinone IIA, taurine, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid). These results suggest that this new approach is applicable for the routine analysis and quality control of STP products and provides fundamental data for further in vivo pharmacokinetical studies.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
10 |
39 |
14
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Lin J, Li Q, Chen H, Lin H, Lai Z, Peng J. Hedyotis diffusa Willd. extract suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis via IL-6-inducible STAT3 pathway inactivation in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1962-1970. [PMID: 25789077 PMCID: PMC4356405 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the inflammatory microenvironment plays a significant role in colorectal cancer (CRC). The interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-6/STAT3) signaling pathway mediates the proliferative and anti-apoptotic activities required for oncogenesis under inflammatory conditions; thus, suppressing tumor growth by targeting the IL-6/STAT3 pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy for CRC. Our previous study reported that the ethanol extract obtained from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. (EEHDW) can induce apoptosis, and inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells and tumor angiogenesis by modulating various signaling pathways; however, less is known regarding the activity of EEHDW in a cancer-promoting inflammatory environment. Therefore, the present study investigated whether EEHDW inhibits the growth of the CRC HT-29 cell line via the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Pretreatment of HT-29 cells with IL-6 led to an increase in cell viability, colony formation and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) expression. Treatment of these cells with EEHDW prior to IL-6 stimulation resulted in a significant reduction in the IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3. In addition, EEHDW treatment significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and upregulated the expression levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (P<0.05), which are important target genes of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. These findings strongly indicated that EEHDW suppresses tumor cell growth and induces the apoptosis of human CRC cells via inactivation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Journal Article |
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37 |
15
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Lin J, Chen Y, Cai Q, Wei L, Zhan Y, Shen A, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Scutellaria Barbata D Don Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Growth via Suppression of Multiple Signaling Pathways. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 13:240-8. [PMID: 24231788 DOI: 10.1177/1534735413508811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying cancer development are complex and heterogeneous, involving multiple cellular signaling transduction pathways that usually function redundantly. In addition, crosstalk between these pathways generates a complicated and robust signaling network that is regulated by compensatory mechanisms. Given the complexity of cancer pathogenesis and progression, many of the currently used antitumor agents, which typically target a single intracellular pathway, might not always be effective on complex tumor systems. Moreover, long-term use of these agents often generates drug resistance and toxicity against normal cells. Therefore, the development of novel anticancer chemotherapies is urgently needed.Scutellaria barbataD Don (SB) is a medicinal herb that has long been used in China to treat various types of cancer. We previously reported that the ethanol extract of SB (EESB) is able to induce colon cancer cell apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis via modulation of several pathways, including Hedgehog, Akt, and p53. To further elucidate the precise mechanisms of SB's antitumor activity, using a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse xenograft model in the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and molecular mechanisms of EESB against tumor growth. We found that EESB reduced tumor volume and tumor weight but had no effect on body weight gain in CRC mice, demonstrating that EESB could inhibit colon cancer growth in vivo without apparent adverse effect. In addition, EESB treatment could significantly suppress the activation of several CRC-related pathways, including STAT3, Erk, and p38 signalings in tumor tissues, and alter the expression of multiple critical target genes such as Bcl-2, Bax, Cyclin D1, CDK4, and p21. These molecular effects lead to the induction of cancer cell apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that SB possesses a broad range of antitumor activities because of its ability to affect multiple intracellular targets.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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36 |
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Shen A, Lin W, Chen Y, Liu L, Chen H, Zhuang Q, Lin J, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Pien Tze Huang inhibits metastasis of human colorectal carcinoma cells via modulation of TGF-β1/ZEB/miR-200 signaling network. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:685-90. [PMID: 25422078 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis, a complex process involving the spread of malignant tumor cells from a primary tumor site to a distant organ, is a major cause of failure of cancer chemotherapy. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step for the initiation of cancer metastasis. The processes of EMT and metastasis are highly regulated by a double-negative feedback loop consisting of TGF-β1/ZEB pathway and miR-200 family, which therefore has become a promising target for cancer chemotherapy. Pien Tze Huang (PZH), a well-known traditional Chinese formula first prescribed in the Ming Dynasty, has been demonstrated to be clinically effective in the treatment of various types of human malignancy including colorectal cancer (CRC). Our published data proposed that PZH was able to induce apoptosis, inhibit cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis, leading to the suppression of CRC growth in vitro and in vivo. To further elucidate the mode of action of PZH, in the present study we evaluated its effects on the metastatic capacities of human colorectal carcinoma HCT-8 cells and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that PZH significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of HCT-8 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PZH treatment inhibited the expression of key mediators of TGF-β1 signaling, such as TGF-β1, Smad2/3 and Smad4. Moreover, PZH treatment suppressed the expression of ZEB1 and ZEB2, two critical target genes of TGF-β1 pathway, leading to a decrease in the expression of mesenchymal marker N-cadherin and an increased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. Furthermore, PZH treatment upregulated the expression of miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-200c. Collectively, our findings in this study suggest that PZH can inhibit metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via modulating TGF-β1/ZEB/miR-200 signaling network, which might be one of the mechanisms whereby PZH exerts its anticancer function.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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35 |
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Liao N, Wu M, Pan F, Lin J, Li Z, Zhang D, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Peng J, Liu X, Liu J. Poly (dopamine) coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocluster for noninvasive labeling, tracking, and targeted delivery of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18746. [PMID: 26728448 PMCID: PMC4700528 DOI: 10.1038/srep18746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracking and monitoring of cells in vivo after transplantation can provide crucial information for stem cell therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with contrast agents is believed to be an effective and non-invasive technique for cell tracking in living bodies. However, commercial superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) applied to label cells suffer from shortages such as potential toxicity, low labeling efficiency, and low contrast enhancing. Herein, the adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were efficiently labeled with SPIONs coated with poly (dopamine) (SPIONs cluster@PDA), without affecting their viability, proliferation, apoptosis, surface marker expression, as well as their self-renew ability and multi-differentiation potential. The labeled cells transplanted into the mice through tail intravenous injection exhibited a negative enhancement of the MRI signal in the damaged liver-induced by carbon tetrachloride, and subsequently these homed ADSCs with SPIONs cluster@PDA labeling exhibited excellent repair effects to the damaged liver. Moreover, the enhanced target-homing to tissue of interest and repair effects of SPIONs cluster@PDA-labeled ADSCs could be achieved by use of external magnetic field in the excisional skin wound mice model. Therefore, we provide a facile, safe, noninvasive and sensitive method for external magnetic field targeted delivery and MRI based tracking of transplanted cells in vivo.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Cell division cycle associated 5 promotes colorectal cancer progression by activating the ERK signaling pathway. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:19. [PMID: 30808873 PMCID: PMC6391450 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5) is implicated in the development and progression of a variety of human cancers. Functional significance of CDCA5 in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, has not been investigated. Using a combination of on-line data mining, biochemistry, and molecular biology, we examined the potential oncogenic activity of CDCA5 and the underlying mechanisms. Experiments with human tissue sample showed increased CDCA5 expression in CRC vs. in noncancerous adjacent tissue, and association of CDCA5 upregulation in CRC tissues with shorter patient survival. Also, representative CRC cell-lines had higher CDCA5 expression vs. fetal colonic mucosal cells. CDCA5 knockdown using lentivirus-mediated shRNA inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in cultured HCT116 and HT-29 cells, and suppressed the growth of xenograft in nude mice. CDCA5 knockdown decreased the expression of CDK1 and CyclinB1, increased caspase-3 activity, cleaved PARP and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CDCA5 knockdown also significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and expression of c-jun. Taken together, these findings suggest a significant role in CRC progression of CRC, likely by activating the ERK signaling pathway.
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Journal Article |
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Mao Q, Min J, Zeng R, Liu H, Li H, Zhang C, Zheng A, Lin J, Liu X, Wu M. Self-assembled traditional Chinese nanomedicine modulating tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment for colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:6088-6105. [PMID: 36168633 PMCID: PMC9475452 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), mostly categorized as a low immunogenic microsatellite-stable phenotype bearing complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), is highly resistant to immunotherapy. Seeking safe and efficient alternatives aimed at modulating tumor immunosuppressive TME to improve outcome of CRC is highly anticipated yet remains challenging. Methods: Enlightened from the drug complementary art in traditional Chinese medicine, we designed a self-assembled nanomedicine (termed LNT-UA) by the natural active ingredients of ursolic acid (UA) and lentinan (LNT) through a simple nano-precipitation method, without any extra carriers, for CRC immunotherapy. Results: UA induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), while LNT further promotes dendritic cell (DC) maturation and repolarizes tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) from a protumorigenic M2 to an antitumor M1 phenotype. Co-delivery of UA and LNT by LNT-UA effectively reshapes the immunosuppressive TME and mobilizes innate and adaptive immunity to inhibit tumor progression in the CT26 CRC tumor model. Following the principle of integrative theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on overall regulation, the further combination of LNT-UA and anti-CD47 antibody (αCD47) would reinforce the antitumor immunity by promoting phagocytosis of dying tumor cells and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), leading to effective suppression of both primary and distant tumor growth with 2.2-fold longer of median survival time in the bilateral tumor model. Most notably, this combination effect is also observed in the spontaneous CRC model induced by chemical carcinogens, with much less and smaller size of tumor nodules after sequential administration of LNT-UA and αCD47 through gavage and intraperitoneal injection, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides a promising self-assembled traditional Chinese nanomedicine to improve immunotherapy for CRC, which might be applicable for future clinical translation.
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Shen AL, Hong F, Liu LY, Lin JM, Zhuang QC, Hong ZF, Peng J. Effects of Pien Tze Huang on angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 18:431-6. [PMID: 22821655 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-angiogenic effects of Pien Tze Huang in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 0 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, 0.5 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL of PZH for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was used to evaluate in vivo angiogenesis. An ECMatrix gel system was used to evaluate in vitro angiogenesis by examining the tube formation of HUVECs. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to determine HUVEC viability. Cell density of HUVECs was observed by phase-contrast microscopy. HUVEC migration was determined by wound healing method. The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in both HUVEC and human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. RESULTS PZH treatment significantly reduced the total number of blood vessels compared with the untreated control in the chicken embryos and resulted in a significant decrease in capillary tube formation and cell density of HUVECs (P<0.05). In addition, treatment with 0.25-1 mg/mL of PZH for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h respectively reduced cell viability by 9%-52%, 24%-87% or 25%-87%, compared with the untreated control cells (P<0.05). Moreover, PZH treatment decreased the migration of HUVECs. Furthermore, PZH dose-dependently suppressed the expression of VEGF-A and bFGF on both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSION PZH could inhibit angiogenesis in vivo in CAM model and in vitro on HUVECs, suggesting that inhibiting tumor angiogenesis might be one of the mechanisms by which PZH treats cancer.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Shen A, Chen Y, Hong F, Lin J, Wei L, Hong Z, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Pien Tze Huang suppresses IL-6-inducible STAT3 activation in human colon carcinoma cells through induction of SOCS3. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2125-30. [PMID: 23027374 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6/STAT3 is one of the most critical cellular signal transduction pathways known to malfunction in colorectal cancer (CRC). As a target gene of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) can be quickly induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulation but it then strongly inhibits IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation, functioning as a negative feedback regulator of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Aberrant activation of STAT3 and/or reduced expression of SOCS are strongly correlated with carcinogenesis, which therefore becomes a promising target for the development of novel anticancer chemotherapies. Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-known traditional Chinese formula that was first prescribed by a royal physician 450 years ago in the Ming Dynasty. It has been used in China and Southeast Asia for centuries as a folk remedy for various types of cancer including CRC. However, the precise mechanism of its antitumor activity remains largely unclear. In the present study, we found that PZH could significantly and dose-dependently inhibit IL-6-mediated increase of STAT3 phosphorylation levels and transcriptional activity in the human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells, resulting in the suppression of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, PZH treatment profoundly inhibited IL-6-induced upregulation of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, two key target genes of the STAT3 pathway. Moreover, PZH treatment increased the expression of SOCS3. These results suggest that PZH could effectively inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of human colon carcinoma cells via modulation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and its target genes.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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SHEN ALING, LIN JIUMAO, CHEN YOUQIN, LIN WEI, LIU LIYA, HONG ZHENFENG, SFERRA THOMASJ, PENG JUN. Pien Tze Huang inhibits tumor angiogenesis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer via suppression of multiple cellular pathways. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1701-6. [PMID: 23843018 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
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Lin JM, Wei LH, Chen YQ, Liu XX, Hong ZF, Sferra TJ, Peng J. Pien Tze Huang induced apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells is associated with regulation of the Bcl-2 family and activation of caspase 3. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:685-90. [PMID: 21910070 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] [Imported: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cellular effects of Pien Tze Huang (PZH) in the HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line. METHODS The viability of HT-29 cells was determined by MTT assay. A fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis with annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) and JC-1 staining were performed to determine cell apoptosis and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Activation of caspase 3 was evaluated by a colorimetric assay. The mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS PZH, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, reduced viability and induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells. Moreover, PZH treatment resulted in the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase 3, and an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CONCLUSION PZH inhibits the growth of HT-29 cells by inducing cancer cell apoptosis via regulation of the Bcl-2 family and activation of caspase 3, which may, in part, explain its anticancer activity.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Wei L, Lin J, Wu G, Xu W, Li H, Hong Z, Peng J. Scutellaria barbata D. Don induces G1/S arrest via modulation of p53 and Akt pathways in human colon carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1623-8. [PMID: 23354912 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] [Imported: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by an uncontrolled increase in cell proliferation. G1 to S transition is one of the two main checkpoints used by cells to control the cell cycle progress and cell proliferation. G1/S progression is highly regulated by multiple intracellular signaling transduction cascades including Akt and p53 pathways, which therefore becomes a promising target for the development of novel anticancer therapy. Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB) is a major component in many Chinese medicine formulas that have long been used in China to clinically treat various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, we reported that the ethanol extract of SB (EESB) is able to induce cancer cell apoptosis via activation of the mitochondrion-dependent pathway and inhibit tumor angiogenesis through suppression of Hedgehog signaling. To further elucidate the precise mechanisms of its antitumor activity, in the present study we evaluated the effect of EESB on the proliferation of human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. We found that EESB could inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 cells through blocking the G1/S cell cycle progression. In addition, EESB treatment profoundly promoted antiproliferative p21 expression, but inhibited the expression of pro-proliferative PCNA, cyclin D1 and CDK4 in HT-29 cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation/activation of Akt was significantly suppressed by EESB treatment, whereas that of p53 was enhanced. These results suggest that EESB could effectively induce G1/S arrest in human colon carcinoma cells via modulation of multiple cell cycle-related signaling pathways.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Li L, Wei L, Shen A, Chu J, Lin J, Peng J. Oleanolic acid modulates multiple intracellular targets to inhibit colorectal cancer growth. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2247-54. [PMID: 26459864 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] [Imported: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to drug resistance and unacceptable cytotoxicity of most currently-used cancer chemotherapies, naturally occurring products have gained attention in the field of anticancer treatment. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoic acid and a principal active compound in many medicinal herbs that have long been used to clinically treat various types of human malignancies. Using a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse xenograft model and the cell line HT-29, we evaluated the effect of OA on tumor growth in vivo and in vitro, and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms in the present study. We found that OA significantly inhibited tumor growth in volume and weight in CRC xenograft mice. In addition, OA treatment led to the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. OA significantly reduced the expression of Bcl-2, Cyclin D1 and CKD4, whereas Bax and p21 expression was profoundly increased after OA treatment. Furthermore, OA significantly suppressed the activation of Akt, p70S6K and MAPK signalings, but promoted p53 pathway activation. Collectively, findings from this study suggest that OA possesses a broad range of anticancer effects via modulation of multiple intracellular targets.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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