Living donor liver transplant in acute on chronic liver failure grade 3: Who not to transplant

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Liver transplantation(LT)offers definitive treatment for acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF) patients. This study was done to analyze and compare the outcomes of living donor LT(LDLT) in patients with ACLF versus Chronic liver disease(CLD) and within the grades of ACLF. Factors affecting mortality in patients with ACLF and ACLF grade3 (ACLF3) following LDLT were also derived.

METHODS

Records of adult LDLT between 1/2/2017 and 30/9/2021 were analyzed. ACLF was classified based on EASL-CLIF definition. Post-transplant outcomes of ACLF were compared with CLD and within ACLF grades. Post LDLT mortality predictors were identified in ACLF and ACLF3 patients.

RESULTS

Out of 853 patients who had LT in that period; 704 patients with CLD and 103 with ACLF [of which 54 (52.42%) had ACLF3] underwent LDLT. The one month and one-year post LDLT mortality was 8.81% and 9.80% in CLD; 19.42% and 31.06% in ACLF; and 25.92% and 38.89% in ACLF3 respectively. On log regression analysis, use of grafts from older donors and pre-operative respiratory failure in recipients was associated with poor survival in ACLF, while respiratory failure was a predictor of poor survival in ACLF3 following LDLT.

CONCLUSION

Outcomes following LDLT are poorer in ACLF as compared to after CLD. Higher donor age and preoperative respiratory failure with PF Ratio<200 were associated with poor survival post LDLT in ACLF and ACLF3.

LTSI Consensus Guidelines: Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation in Adult Liver Transplant Recipients

The relationship between chronic liver disease and respiratory symptoms and hypoxia is well recognized. Over the last century, three pulmonary complications specific to chronic liver disease (CLD) have been characterized: hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, and hepatic hydrothorax. Apart from that coexisting pulmonary disease like chronic obstructive lung disease and interstitial lung disease also complicate the outcomes after liver transplantation (LT). Assessment for evaluation of underlying pulmonary disorders is essential to improve outcomes in patients with CLD, posted for LT. This consensus guideline of the Liver Transplant Society of India (LTSI) provides a comprehensive review of pulmonary issues in CLD, related and unrelated to underlying liver disease and gives recommendations for pulmonary screening in specific clinical scenarios in adults with chronic liver disease planned for LT. This document also aims to standardize the strategies for preoperative evaluation of these pulmonary issues in this subset of patients. Proposed recommendations were based on selected single case reports, small series, registries, databases, and expert opinion. The paucity of randomized, controlled trials in either of these disorders was noted. Additionally, this review will highlight the lacunae in our current evaluation strategy, challenges faced, and will provide direction to potentially useful futuristic preoperative evaluation strategies.

Normative cutoffs of muscle mass, muscle strength, and frailty for healthy Indian population

BACKGROUND

Population-derived cutoffs for low skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle strength, and frailty among Indians are lacking. Studies describing sarcopenia and frailty among patients with chronic liver diseases have used cutoffs derived from Caucasian populations giving erroneous results.

AIMS

We aimed to derive gender-specific cutoffs for low skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle strength from healthy Indians.

METHODS

Healthy Indian population consisted of two groups. Group 1 (Gp I) included 242 healthy liver donors and group 2 (Gp II) 272 healthy health care workers. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated from computed tomography (CT) abdomen performed prior to donor hepatectomy only in Gp I. Liver frailty index (LFI) was computed using the online calculator, after recording hand grip strength (HGS), chair stand-up test (CSUT), and balance test in both groups. HGS was measured using the Smedley handgrip dynamometer. CSUT was noted as time to complete 5 chair stand-ups with subjects' arms folded across the chest. Gender-specific cutoffs of SMI and HGS were derived as <5th percentile of the distribution values and as >95th percentile for CSUT and LFI values.

RESULTS

The SMI was measured from Gp I subjects (n=242; 120 males [mean age 31.13] and 122 females [mean age 36.60]). The HGS, CSUT, and LFI were measured in Gp I and Gp II subjects (n=514; 272 males [mean age 34.30] and 242 females [mean age 37.52]). The cutoffs for SMI, HGS, CSUT, and LFI were <27.72 cm²/m², <25.63 kg, >10 s, and >3.49, respectively for healthy males. The corresponding cutoffs for healthy females were <24.4 cm²/m², <16.7 kg, > 10 s, and >3.68, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We derived gender-specific cutoffs for SMI, HGS, CSUT, and LFI from healthy adult Indian population, which can be used to detect sarcopenia and frailty among patients with liver diseases, as well as other conditions.

Good outcomes of living donor liver transplant in primary sclerosing cholangitis: an experience from North India

BACKGROUND

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease. In the absence of effective medical therapy, liver transplant is the definitive treatment for advanced stage. However, recurrence of PSC after liver transplant is of concern which can lead to graft failure and may require retransplant. There are limited data on outcomes of living donor liver transplant (LDLT) in PSC. Also, in LDLT as donors are genetically related there can be an increased risk of recurrence. We conducted this retrospective study to analyze the outcomes of LDLT in PSC at a tertiary liver transplant center in north India.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 3213 transplant recipients who underwent LDLT from January 2006 to May 2021. Of these 26 (0.80%) patients had PSC as indication for liver transplantation (PSC = 24, PSC-AIH overlap = 2). Data analysis was done to look for baseline demographics, clinical details, transplant outcomes, PSC recurrence, and survival.

RESULTS

Mean age of study group was 42 (± 13.8) years and 19 patients (73.1%) were males. All patients had decompensated cirrhosis at the time of transplant. Mean CTP score and MELD score were 9.5 (± 1.8) and 18.9 (± 7.1), respectively. Sixteen patients received modified right lobe graft, seven extended right lobe graft and five patients received left lateral graft. Median graft weight and mean graft to recipient weight ratio (GRWR) were 633.5 (IQR 473.5-633.5) grams and 1.23 (± 0.42), respectively. Most common biliary anastomosis was hepaticojejunostomy, done in 19 (73.1%) while duct to duct anastomosis was performed in 7 (26.9%) patients. Median follow-up was 96 (36-123) months. One patient had ulcerative colitis and none had cholangiocarcinoma. Two (7.7%) patients had bile leak during early post-transplant period. Three (11.1%) patients developed graft rejection and were managed successfully with steroid pulses. Three patients died during early post-transplant period while seven deaths occurred during long-term follow-up including one death due to COVID-19. Five (21.73%) patients had recurrence of PSC of which two patients had graft loss including one after retransplantation. The one year graft and patient survival rate was 88.5%.

CONCLUSION

LDLT can be performed in PSC with good long-term outcomes with a risk of PSC recurrence in about one-fifth patients.

Living donor liver transplant outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: does a decrease in case volume impact the overall outcomes?

Background

High-volume centers (HVCs) are classically associated with better outcomes. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a decrease in the regular liver transplantation (LT) activity at our center. This study analyzed the effect of the decline in LT on posttransplant patient outcomes at our HVC.

Methods

We compared the surgical outcomes of patients who underwent LT during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown (April 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020) with outcomes in the pre-pandemic calendar year (April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020).

Results

During the 6 months of pandemic lockdown, 60 patients underwent LT (43 adults and 17 children) while 228 patients underwent LT (178 adults and 50 children) during the pre-pandemic calendar year. Patients in the pandemic group had significantly higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores (24.39±9.55 vs. 21.14±9.17, P=0.034), Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores (11.46±2.32 vs. 10.25±2.24, P=0.03), and incidence of acute-on-chronic liver failure (30.2% vs. 10.2%, P=0.002). Despite performing LT in sicker patients with COVID-19-related challenges, the 30-day (14% vs. 18.5%, P=0.479), 3-month (16.3% vs. 20.2%, P=0.557), and 6-month mortality rates (23.3% vs. 28.7%, P=0.477) were lower, but not statistically significant when compared to the pre-pandemic cohort.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown the number of LT procedures performed at our HVC declined by half because prevailing conditions allowed LT in very sick patients only. Despite these changes, outcomes were not inferior during the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic calendar year. Greater individualization of patient care contributed to non-inferior outcomes in these sick recipients.

"SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Liver Transplant Recipients - Immunosuppression is the Silver Lining?"

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 is associated with higher mortality among patients who have comorbidities. However, evidences related to COVID-19 among post liver transplant recipients are scarce and evolving.

METHODS

Adult Indian patients who had undergone liver transplantation at our centre since 2006 and were under regular follow-up, were contacted either telephonically or on email. Data were recorded related to symptoms and diagnosis of COVID-19, need for hospitalization, and need for ICU stay and mortality.

RESULTS

Eighty one (3.71%) of the 2182 adult Liver transplant (LT) recipients on regular follow-up reported SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1st April 2020 and 31^st May 2021. Mean age was 51.3(±9.8) years, and 74(91.4%) were males. Thirty five (43.2%) patients had one or more comorbidities. Twenty one (25.9%) patients were transplanted less than 1 year ago. Forty four (54.3% ) patients had mild disease only while 23(28.4%) patients had severe COVID-19 disease. Of the 81 patients 14 patients died and overall mortality was 17.3.

CONCLUSION

Uncomplicated liver transplant recipients without comorbidities who acquire SARS-CoV-2 do not have poor outcome.

Correlation between thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry values in adult liver transplant recipients

Background and Aims:

Viscoelastic haemostatic assays (VHA) namely Thromboelastogram (TEG) and Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) are used for global assessment of coagulopathy and guiding transfusion during living donor liver transplant (LDLT).We conducted a study to compare the interchangeability of the values obtained from these devices in patients with End stage liver disease (ESLD) undergoing LDLT.

Methods:

In 76 patients undergoing LDLT, ROTEM and TEG were performed and assessed for interchangeability using Spearman Correlation. The direction and strength of correlation between equivalent parameters was calculated using Inter Class Correlation (ICC) and Bland Altman analysis.

Results:

The correlation ρ between CT (clotting time) of ROTEM and R of TEG was 0.16 (P = 0.19).The ICC was 0.15, with 95% confidence interval (CI) of -0.38-0.48 (P = 0.25).The ρ of CFT (ROTEM) with K (TEG) was 0.425 (P=<0.001). The ICC was0.49 with 95% CI of 0.17-0.69, P = 0.003.Alpha of ROTEM correlated with Angle of TEG with ρ of 0.475 (P=<0.001). The ICC was 0.61, with 95% CI of 0.36-0.76, P=<0.001.Maximum Clot firmness (MCF) correlated with maximum amplitude (MA) with ρ=0.76 (P=<0.001).The ICC was 0.86, with 95% CI of 0.77-0.92, P=<0.001. Lysis index (L30) of ROTEM correlated clot lysis (CL30) of TEG with ρ of 0.16 (P = 0.18).However, the ICC was 0.45, with 95% CI of 0.11-0.66, P = 0.08. The correlation between CT of ROTEM and R of TEG as well as L30 of ROTEM and CL30 of TEG was not significant.The strongest correlation was found between MCF and MA (P < 0.001). However the MCF/MA showed an agreement of only 86% (ICC = 0.86).

Conclusion:

Values from ROTEM and TEG were not found to be interchangeable.

Correlation of early ROTEM parameters with conventional coagulation tests in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing liver transplant

Background and Aims:

Viscoelastic tests such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) provide a quick and holistic assessment of coagulation status to guide transfusion during liver transplant (LT). Conventional coagulation tests (CCTs) measure single parameters in isolation, and also the results are delayed hampering management of patients during surgery. We evaluated the correlation of early ROTEM-derived parameters with CCTs and also assessed the ability of ROTEM-derived parameters to predict thrombocytopaenia and hypofibrinogenaemia during LT in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD).

Methods:

This retrospective study was carried out in 100 patients with decompensated ESLD undergoing LT. Correlation between CCTs and ROTEM parameters was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curves with area under the curve were used to determine the cut-off values of A5 andA10 on EXTEM and FIBTEM.

Results:

The values of A5_EXTEM and A10_EXTEM highly correlated with fibrinogen levels and platelet count, whereas A5_FIBTEM and A10_FIBTEM correlated well with fibrinogen levels. A5_EXTEM<21 mm and A10_EXTEM<28 mm correlated with a platelet count <75,000 mm⁻³, whereas A5_EXTEM<18 mm and A10_EXTEM<25 mm correlated with a platelet count <50,000 mm⁻³. Fibrinogen levels <100 mg/dL better correlated with A5_FIBTEM<5 mm, A10_FIBTEM<6 mm, A5_EXTEM<21 mm and A10_EXTEM<30 mm.

Conclusion:

Early ROTEM parameters A5 and A10 of both EXTEM and FIBTEM had an excellent correlation with thrombocytopaenia and hypofibrinogenaemia and may potentially guide early transfusion of relevant blood products during LT.

Perioperative anesthetic management of a combined right atrial thrombectomy with living donor liver transplantation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with vascular invasion is usually considered inoperable. We describe a case of HCC with vascular invasion and right atrial thrombus that was successfully down staged. Patient underwent combined right atrial thrombectomy and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in the same setting. Perioperative anesthesia management and perioperative concerns of two major combined procedures are discussed.

Comparison of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine or fentanyl for sedation in endoscopic ultrasonography

Background

We evaluated whether the addition of a small dose of ketamine or fentanyl would lead to a reduction in the total dose of propofol consumed without compromising the safety and recovery of patients having endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS).

Methods

A total of 210 adult patients undergoing elective EUS under sedation were included in the study. Patients were randomized into three groups. Patients were premedicated intravenously with normal saline in group 1, 50 µg fentanyl in group 2, and 0.5 mg/kg ketamine in group 3. All patients received intravenous propofol for sedation. Propofol consumption in mg/kg/h was noted. The incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, desaturation, and coughing was noted. The time to achieve a Post Anesthesia Discharge Score (PADS) of 10 was also noted.

Results

There were 68 patients in group 1, 70 in group 2, and 72 in group 3. The amount of propofol consumed was significantly higher in group 1 (9.25 [7.3–13.2]) than in group 2 (8.8 [6.8–12.2]) and group 3 (7.6 [5.7–9.8]). Patient hemodynamics and oxygenation were well maintained and comparable in all groups. The time to achieve a PADS of 10 was significantly higher in group 3 compared to the other two groups.

Conclusions

The use of 50 µg fentanyl or 0.5 mg/kg ketamine in a single dose during EUS reduces the dose of propofol required for sedation. However, unlike the addition of fentanyl, the addition of ketamine increased the time to recovery. Thus, 50 µg fentanyl is a good additive to propofol infusion for sedation during EUS to reduce the requirement for propofol without affecting the time to recovery.

Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure With Fixed Pupils: Are We Fixed?

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is fraught with the social and ethical dilemma of excising a part of the liver from a healthy first-degree relative. When LDLT is to be done for an acute liver failure (ALF), identification of a suitable donor is a race against time. Herein, we describe a unique challenge faced by the transplant team of whether to proceed with donor hepatectomy from a son, when the recipient (HBV-related ALF) developed non-reactive fully dilated pupils on the table, prior to beginning the surgery. The patient ultimately underwent a LDLT despite fixed dilated pupils by virtue of further workup, which suggested that cerebral blood flow was maintained despite clinical evidence of brainstem herniation.

The safety of ultrasound guided central venous cannulation in patients with liver disease

Background:

Central venous cannulation (CVC) is frequently required during the management of patients with liver disease with deranged conventional coagulation parameters (CCP). Since CVC is known to be associated with vascular complications, it is standard practice to transfuse Fresh-Frozen Plasma or platelets to correct CCP. These CCP may not reflect true coagulopathy in liver disease. Additionally CVC when performed under ultrasound guidance (USG-CVC) in itself reduces the incidence of complications.

Aim:

To assess the safety of USG-CVC and to evaluate the incidence of complications among liver disease patients with coagulopathy.

Setting and Design:

An audit of all USG-CVCs was performed among adult patients with liver disease in a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods:

Data was collected for all the adult patients (18-60 years) of either gender suffering from liver disease who had required USG-CVC. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was done to identify possible risk factors for complications.

Results:

The mean age of the patients was 42.1 ± 11.6 years. Mean international normalized ratio was 2.17 ± 1.16 whereas median platelet count was 149.5 (range, 12-683) × 10⁹/L. No major vascular or non-vascular complications were recorded in our patients. Overall incidence of minor vascular complications was 18.6%, of which 13% had significant ooze, 10.3% had hematoma formation and 4.7% had both hematoma and ooze. Arterial puncture and multiple attempts were independent risk factors for superficial hematoma formation whereas low platelet count and presence of ascites were independent risk factors for significant oozing.

Conclusion:

Ultrasound guidance -CVC in liver disease patients with deranged coagulation is a safe and highly successful modality.

Perioperative monitoring in liver transplant patients

Liver transplant (LT) is a major surgical undertaking involving major fluid shifts, hemodynamic instability and metabolic derangements in a patient with preexisting liver failure and multisystemic derangements. Monitoring and organ support initiated in the preoperative phase is continued intraoperatively and into the postoperative phase to ensure an optimal outcome. As cardiovascular events are the leading cause of non-graft related death among LT recipients, major emphasis is placed on cardiovascular monitoring. The other essential monitoring are the continuous assessment of coagulapathy, extent of metabolic derangements, dyselectrolytemis and intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. The type and extent of monitoring differs with need according to preexisting child status of the patient and the extent of systemic derangements. It also varies among transplant centers and is mainly determined by individual or institutional practices.