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Akter R, Morshed MN, Awais M, Kong BM, Oh SW, Oh JH, Alrefaei AF, Yang DC, Yang DU, Ali S. Exploring the synergistic potential of pomegranate fermented juice compounds against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity through computational docking and experimental analysis in human neuroblastoma cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34993. [PMID: 39157308 PMCID: PMC11327604 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the neuroprotective potential of fermented pomegranate (PG-F) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. The fermentation process, involving probiotics, transforms the hydrolyzable tannins in pomegranate juice into ellagic acid (EA) and gallic acid (GA), which are believed to contribute to its health benefits. Molecular docking simulations confirmed the stable interactions between EA, GA, and proteins associated with the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways. PG-F significantly enhanced the viability of H2O2-treated cells, as evidenced by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, cell morphology observations, and Hoechst 33342 staining. PG-F mitigated the H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulated antioxidant gene expression. The PG-F treatment also attenuated the H2O2-induced imbalance in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and reduced the cleaved caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 levels, suppressing the apoptotic pathways. Further insights showed that PG-F inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and facilitated the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), highlighting its role in modulating the key signaling pathways. A combined treatment with equivalent concentrations of EA and GA, as found in PG-F, induced remarkable cellular protection. Drug combination analysis using the Chou-Talalay method revealed a synergistic effect between EA and GA, emphasizing their combined efficacy. In conclusion, PG-F has significant neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity by modulating the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways. The synergistic action of EA and GA suggests the therapeutic potential of PG-F in alleviating oxidative stress-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Akter R, Son JS, Ahn JC, Morshed MN, Lee GJ, Kim MJ, An JT, Kong BM, Song JH, Yang DC, Awais M, Yang DU. Korean Black Goat Extract Exerts Estrogen-like Osteoprotective Effects by Stimulating Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Suppressing Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7247. [PMID: 39000355 PMCID: PMC11241464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis, characterized by an imbalance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-driven bone formation, presents substantial health implications. In this study, we investigated the role of black goat extract (BGE), derived from a domesticated native Korean goat, estrogen-like activity, and osteoprotective effects in vitro. BGE's mineral and fatty acid compositions were analyzed via the ICP-AES method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. In vitro experiments were conducted using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, and RAW264.7 osteoclasts. BGE exhibits a favorable amount of mineral and fatty acid content. It displayed antimenopausal activity by stimulating MCF-7 cell proliferation and augmenting estrogen-related gene expression (ERα, ERβ, and pS2). Moreover, BGE positively impacted osteogenesis and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells through Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation, leading to heightened expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2, osteoprotegerin, and collagen type 1. Significantly, BGE effectively suppressed osteoclastogenesis by curtailing osteoclast formation and activity in RAW264.7 cells, concurrently downregulating pivotal signaling molecules, including receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6. This study offers a shred of preliminary evidence for the prospective use of BGE as an effective postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment.
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Mohammad S, Karim MR, Iqbal S, Lee JH, Mathiyalagan R, Kim YJ, Yang DU, Yang DC. Atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology, microbiota, and metabolome - A comprehensive review. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127595. [PMID: 38218095 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition that commonly occurs in children. Genetics, environment, and defects in the skin barrier are only a few of the factors that influence how the disease develops. As human microbiota research has advanced, more scientific evidence has shown the critical involvement of the gut and skin bacteria in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Microbiome dysbiosis, defined by changed diversity and composition, as well as the development of pathobionts, has been identified as a potential cause for recurring episodes of atopic dermatitis. Gut dysbiosis causes "leaky gut syndrome" by disrupting the epithelial lining of the gut, which allows bacteria and other endotoxins to enter the bloodstream and cause inflammation. The same is true for the disruption of cutaneous homeostasis caused by skin dysbiosis, which enables bacteria and other pathogens to reach deeper skin layers or even systemic circulation, resulting in inflammation. Furthermore, it is now recognized that the gut and skin microbiota releases both beneficial and toxic metabolites. Here, this review covers a range of topics related to AD, including its pathophysiology, the microbiota-AD connection, commonly used treatments, and the significance of metabolomics in AD prevention, treatment, and management, recognizing its potential in providing valuable insights into the disease.
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Morshed MN, Akter R, Karim MR, Iqbal S, Kang SC, Yang DC. Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2320-2342. [PMID: 38534764 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.
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Morshed MN, Karim MR, Akter R, Iqbal S, Mathiyalagan R, Ahn JC, Yang DC, Song JH, Kang SC, Yang DU. Potential of Gut Microbial Metabolites in Treating Osteoporosis and Obesity: A Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Approach. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e942899. [PMID: 38509819 PMCID: PMC10938863 DOI: 10.12659/msm.942899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbial metabolites demonstrate significant activity against metabolic diseases including osteoporosis (OP) and obesity, but active compounds, targets, and mechanisms have not been fully identified. Hence, the current investigation explored the mechanisms of active metabolites and targets against OP and obesity by using network pharmacology approaches. MATERIAL AND METHODS The gutMGene database was used to collect gut microbial targets-associated metabolites; DisGeNET and OMIM databases were used to identify targets relevant to OP and obesity. A total of 63 and 89 overlapped targets were considered the final OP and obesity targets after creating a Venn diagram of metabolites-related targets and disease-related targets. Furthermore, the top 20% of degrees, betweenness, and closeness were used to form the sub-network of protein-protein interaction of these targets. Finally, the biotransformation-increased receptors and biological mechanisms were identified and validated using ADMET properties analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. RESULTS GO, KEGG pathway analysis, and protein-protein interactions were performed to establish metabolites and target networks. According to the enrichment analysis, OP and obesity are highly linked to the lipid and atherosclerosis pathways. Moreover, ADMET analysis depicts that the major metabolites have drug-likeliness activity and no or less toxicity. Following that, the molecular docking studies showed that compound K and TP53 target have a remarkable negative affinity (-8.0 kcal/mol) among all metabolites and targets for both diseases. Finally, the conformity of compound K against the targeted protein TP53 was validated by 250ns MD simulation. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we summarized that compound K can regulate TP53 and could be developed as a therapy option for OP and obesity.
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Karim MR, Iqbal S, Mohammad S, Morshed MN, Haque MA, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC, Kim YJ, Song JH, Yang DU. Butyrate's (a short-chain fatty acid) microbial synthesis, absorption, and preventive roles against colorectal and lung cancer. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:137. [PMID: 38436734 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, is a source of energy for colonocytes. Butyrate is essential for improving gastrointestinal (GI) health since it helps colonocyte function, reduces inflammation, preserves the gut barrier, and fosters a balanced microbiome. Human colonic butyrate producers are Gram-positive firmicutes, which are phylogenetically varied. The two most prevalent subgroups are associated with Eubacterium rectale/Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Now, the mechanism for the production of butyrate from microbes is a very vital topic to know. In the present study, we discuss the genes encoding the core of the butyrate synthesis pathway and also discuss the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase, instead of butyrate kinase, which usually appears to be the enzyme that completes the process. Recently, butyrate-producing microbes have been genetically modified by researchers to increase butyrate synthesis from microbes. The activity of butyrate as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) has led to several clinical trials to assess its effectiveness as a potential cancer treatment. Among various significant roles, butyrate is the main energy source for intestinal epithelial cells, which helps maintain colonic homeostasis. Moreover, people with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have distinct gut microbiota from healthy adults and frequently have dysbiosis of the butyrate-producing bacteria in their guts. So, with an emphasis on colon and lung cancer, this review also discusses how the microbiome is crucial in preventing the progression of certain cancers through butyrate production. Further studies should be performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of how these specific butyrate-producing bacteria can control both colon and lung cancer progression and prognosis.
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Karim MR, Morshed MN, Iqbal S, Mohammad S, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC, Kim YJ, Song JH, Yang DU. A Network Pharmacology and Molecular-Docking-Based Approach to Identify the Probable Targets of Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Microbial Metabolites against Kidney Cancer and Inflammation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1678. [PMID: 38002360 PMCID: PMC10669250 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A large and diverse microbial population exists in the human intestinal tract, which supports gut homeostasis and the health of the host. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-secreting microbes also generate several metabolites with favorable regulatory effects on various malignancies and immunological inflammations. The involvement of intestinal SCFAs in kidney diseases, such as various kidney malignancies and inflammations, has emerged as a fascinating area of study in recent years. However, the mechanisms of SCFAs and other metabolites produced by SCFA-producing bacteria against kidney cancer and inflammation have not yet been investigated. (2) Methods: We considered 177 different SCFA-producing microbial species and 114 metabolites from the gutMgene database. Further, we used different online-based database platforms to predict 1890 gene targets associated with metabolites. Moreover, DisGeNET, OMIM, and Genecard databases were used to consider 13,104 disease-related gene targets. We used a Venn diagram and various protein-protein interactions (PPIs), KEGG pathways, and GO analyses for the functional analysis of gene targets. Moreover, the subnetwork of protein-protein interactions (through string and cytoscape platforms) was used to select the top 20% of gene targets through degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality. To screen the possible candidate compounds, we performed an analysis of the ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties of metabolites and then found the best binding affinity using molecular docking simulation. (3) Results: Finally, we found the key gene targets that interact with suitable compounds and function against kidney cancer and inflammation, such as MTOR (with glycocholic acid), PIK3CA (with 11-methoxycurvularin, glycocholic acid, and isoquercitrin), IL6 (with isoquercitrin), PTGS2 (with isoquercitrin), and IGF1R (with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine, isoquercitrin), showed a lower binding affinity. (4) Conclusions: This study provides evidence to support the positive effects of SCFA-producing microbial metabolites that function against kidney cancer and inflammation and makes integrative research proposals that may be used to guide future studies.
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Xu F, Valappil AK, Mathiyalagan R, Tran TNA, Ramadhania ZM, Awais M, Yang DC. In Vitro Cultivation and Ginsenosides Accumulation in Panax ginseng: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3165. [PMID: 37687411 PMCID: PMC10489967 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of in vitro tissue culture for herbal medicines has been recognized as a valuable source of botanical secondary metabolites. The tissue culture of ginseng species is used in the production of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, polysaccharides, and especially ginsenosides, which are utilized in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This review paper focuses on the in vitro culture of Panax ginseng and accumulation of ginsenosides. In vitro culture has been applied to study organogenesis and biomass culture, and is involved in direct organogenesis for rooting and shooting from explants and in indirect morphogenesis for somatic embryogenesis via the callus, which is a mass of disorganized cells. Biomass production was conducted with different types of tissue cultures, such as adventitious roots, cell suspension, and hairy roots, and subsequently on a large scale in a bioreactor. This review provides the cumulative knowledge of biotechnological methods to increase the ginsenoside resources of P. ginseng. In addition, ginsenosides are summarized at enhanced levels of activity and content with elicitor treatment, together with perspectives of new breeding tools which can be developed in P. ginseng in the future.
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Boopathi V, Nahar J, Murugesan M, Subramaniyam S, Kong BM, Choi SK, Lee CS, Ling L, Yang DU, Yang DC, Mathiyalagan R, Chan Kang S. In silico and in vitro inhibition of host-based viral entry targets and cytokine storm in COVID-19 by ginsenoside compound K. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19341. [PMID: 37809955 PMCID: PMC10558348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged as an epidemic, causing a respiratory disease with multiple severe symptoms and deadly consequences. ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 play crucial and synergistic roles in the membrane fusion and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE-2 receptor for viral entry, while TMPRSS2 proteolytically cleaves the S protein into S1 and S2 subunits, promoting membrane fusion. Therefore, ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 are potential drug targets for treating COVID-19, and their inhibition is a promising strategy for treatment and prevention. This study proposes that ginsenoside compound K (G-CK), a triterpenoid saponin abundant in Panax Ginseng, a dietary and medicinal herb highly consumed in Korea and China, effectively binds to and inhibits ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 expression. We initially conducted an in-silico evaluation where G-CK showed a high affinity for the binding sites of the two target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we evaluated the stability of G-CK using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns, followed by MM-PBSA calculations. The MD simulations and free energy calculations revealed that G-CK has stable and favorable energies, leading to strong binding with the targets. Furthermore, G-CK suppressed ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expression in A549, Caco-2, and MCF7 cells at a concentration of 12.5 μg/mL and in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 6.5 μg/mL, without significant cytotoxicity.ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression were significantly lower in A549 and RAW 264.7 cells following G-CK treatment. These findings suggest that G-CK may evolve as a promising therapeutic against COVID-19.
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Balusamy SR, Perumalsamy H, Huq MA, Yoon TH, Mijakovic I, Thangavelu L, Yang DC, Rahimi S. A comprehensive and systemic review of ginseng-based nanomaterials: Synthesis, targeted delivery, and biomedical applications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1374-1410. [PMID: 36939049 DOI: 10.1002/med.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Among 17 Panax species identified across the world, Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng), Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) are highly recognized for the presence of bioactive compound, ginsenosides and their pharmacological effects. P. ginseng is widely used for synthesis of different types of nanoparticles compared to P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. The use of nano-ginseng could increase the oral bioavailability, membrane permeability, and thus provide effective delivery of ginsenosides to the target sites through transport system. In this review, we explore the synthesis of ginseng nanoparticles using plant extracts from various organs, microbes, and polymers, as well as their biomedical applications. Furthermore, we highlight transporters involved in transport of ginsenoside nanoparticles to the target sites. Size, zeta potential, temperature, and pH are also discussed as the critical parameters affecting the quality of ginseng nanoparticles synthesis.
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Awais M, Akter R, Boopathi V, Ahn JC, Lee JH, Mathiyalagan R, Kwak GY, Rauf M, Yang DC, Lee GS, Kim YJ, Jung SK. Discrimination of Dendropanax morbifera via HPLC fingerprinting and SNP analysis and its impact on obesity by modulating adipogenesis- and thermogenesis-related genes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1168095. [PMID: 37621738 PMCID: PMC10446900 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1168095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendropanax morbifera (DM), a medicinal plant, is rich in polyphenols and commonly used to treat cancer, inflammation, and thrombosis. However, to date, no study has been conducted on DM regarding the enormous drift of secondary metabolites of plants in different regions of the Republic of Korea and their effects on antiobesity, to explore compounds that play an important role in two major obesity-related pathways. Here, we present an in-depth study on DM samples collected from three regions of the Republic of Korea [Jeju Island (DMJ), Bogildo (DMB), and Jangheung (DMJG)]. We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and multivariate component analyses to analyze polyphenol contents (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and rutin), followed by discrimination of the samples in DMJG using single nucleotide polymorphism and chemometric analysis. In silico and in vitro evaluation of major compounds found in the plant extract on two major anti-obesity pathways (adipogenesis and thermogenesis) was carried out. Furthermore, two extraction methods (Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction) were used to understand which method is better and why. Upon quantifying plant samples in three regions with the polyphenols, DMJG had the highest content of polyphenols. The internal transcribed region (ITS) revealed a specific gel-based band for the authentication of DMJG. PCA and PLS-DA revealed the polyphenol's discriminative power of the region DMJG. The anti-obesity effects of plant extracts from the three regions were related to their polyphenol contents, with DMJG showing the highest effect followed by DMJ and DMB. Ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded a high number of polyphenols compared to that of the Soxhlet method, which was supported by scanning electron microscopy. The present work encourages studies on plants rich in secondary metabolites to efficiently use them for dietary and therapeutic purposes.
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Tran TNA, Son JS, Awais M, Ko JH, Yang DC, Jung SK. β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040484. [PMID: 37106671 PMCID: PMC10136122 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of bioactive compounds isolated from Panax ginseng. Conventional major ginsenosides have a long history of use in traditional medicine for both illness prevention and therapy. Bioconversion processes have the potential to create new and valuable products in pharmaceutical and biological activities, making them both critical for research and highly economic to implement. This has led to an increase in the number of studies that use major ginsenosides as a precursor to generate minor ones using β-glucosidase. Minor ginsenosides may also have useful properties but are difficult to isolate from raw ginseng because of their scarcity. Bioconversion processes have the potential to create novel minor ginsenosides from the more abundant major ginsenoside precursors in a cost-effective manner. While numerous bioconversion techniques have been developed, an increasing number of studies have reported that β-glucosidase can effectively and specifically generate minor ginsenosides. This paper summarizes the probable bioconversion mechanisms of two protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) types. Other high-efficiency and high-value bioconversion processes using complete proteins isolated from bacterial biomass or recombinant enzymes are also discussed in this article. This paper also discusses the various conversion and analysis methods and their potential applications. Overall, this paper offers theoretical and technical foundations for future studies that will be both scientifically and economically significant.
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Jin Y, Rupa EJ, Nahar J, Ling L, Puja AM, Akter R, Yang DC, Kang SC, Zhang H. Hydroponic Ginseng ROOT Mediated with CMC Polymer-Coated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Cellular Apoptosis via Downregulation of BCL-2 Gene Expression in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020906. [PMID: 36677964 PMCID: PMC9861826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The unique and tailorable physicochemical features of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized from green sources make them attractive for use in cancer treatment. Hydroponic-cultured ginseng-root-synthesized ZnO-NPs (HGRCm-ZnO NPs) were coated with O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) polymer, which stabilized and enhanced the biological efficacy of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The flower-shaped nanoparticles were crystalline in nature with a particle size of 28 nm. To evaluate if these NPs had anti-lung cancer activity, analysis was performed on a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). HGRCm-ZnO nanoparticles showed less toxicity to normal keratinocytes (HaCaTs), at concentrations up to 20 µg/mL, than A549 cancer cells. Additionally, these NPs showed dose-dependent colony formation and cell migration inhibition ability, which makes them more promising for lung cancer treatment. Additionally, Hoechst and propidium iodide dye staining also confirmed that the NP formulation had apoptotic activity in cancer cells. Further, to evaluate the mechanism of cancer cell death via checking the gene expression, HGRCm ZnO NPs upregulated the BAX and Caspase 3 and 9 expression levels but downregulated Bcl-2 expression, indicating that the nanoformulation induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, these preliminary results suggest that HGRCm ZnO NPs can be a potential candidate for future lung cancer treatment.
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Ahn JC, Mathiyalagan R, Nahar J, Ramadhania ZM, Kong BM, Lee DW, Choi SK, Lee CS, Boopathi V, Yang DU, Kim BY, Park H, Yang DC, Kang SC. Transcriptome expression profile of compound-K-enriched red ginseng extract (DDK-401) in Korean volunteers and its apoptotic properties. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999192. [PMID: 36532751 PMCID: PMC9751427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng and ginsenosides have been reported to have various pharmacological effects, but their efficacies depend on intestinal absorption. Compound K (CK) is gaining prominence for its biological and pharmaceutical properties. In this study, CK-enriched fermented red ginseng extract (DDK-401) was prepared by enzymatic reactions. To examine its pharmacokinetics, a randomized, single-dose, two-sequence, crossover study was performed with eleven healthy Korean male and female volunteers. The volunteers were assigned to take a single oral dose of one of two extracts, DDK-401 or common red ginseng extract (DDK-204), during the initial period. After a 7-day washout, they received the other extract. The pharmacokinetics of DDK-401 showed that its maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) occurred at 184.8 ± 39.64 ng/mL, Tmax was at 2.4 h, and AUC0-12h was 920.3 ± 194.70 ng h/mL, which were all better than those of DDK-204. The maximum CK absorption in the female volunteers was higher than that in the male volunteers. The differentially expressed genes from the male and female groups were subjected to a KEGG pathway analysis, which showed results in the cell death pathway, such as apoptosis and necroptosis. In cytotoxicity tests, DDK-401 and DDK-204 were not particularly toxic to normal (HaCaT) cells, but at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, DDK-401 had a much higher toxicity to human lung cancer (A549) cells than DDK-204. DDK-401 also showed a stronger antioxidant capacity than DDK-204 in both the DPPH and potassium ferricyanide reducing power assays. DDK-401 reduced the reactive oxygen species production in HaCaT cells with induced oxidative stress and led to apoptosis in the A549 cells. In the mRNA sequence analysis, a signaling pathway with selected marker genes was assessed by RT-PCR. In the HaCaT cells, DDK-401 and DDK-204 did not regulate FOXO3, TLR4, MMP-9, or p38 expression; however, in the A549 cells, DDK-401 downregulated the expressions of MMP9 and TLR4 as well as upregulated the expressions of the p38 and caspase-8 genes compared to DDK-204. These results suggest that DDK-401 could act as a molecular switch for these two cellular processes in response to cell damage signaling and that it could be a potential candidate for further evaluations in health promotion studies.
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Murugesan M, Mathiyalagan R, Boopathi V, Kong BM, Choi SK, Lee CS, Yang DC, Kang SC, Thambi T. Production of Minor Ginsenoside CK from Major Ginsenosides by Biotransformation and Its Advances in Targeted Delivery to Tumor Tissues Using Nanoformulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193427. [PMID: 36234555 PMCID: PMC9565578 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For over 2000 years, ginseng (roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine. Ginsenosides are bioactive compounds present in ginseng responsible for the pharmacological effects and curing various acute diseases as well as chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Structurally, ginsenosides consist of a hydrophobic aglycone moiety fused with one to four hydrophilic glycoside moieties. Based on the position of sugar units and their abundance, ginsenosides are classified into major and minor ginsenosides. Despite the great potential of ginsenosides, major ginsenosides are poorly absorbed in the blood circulation, resulting in poor bioavailability. Interestingly, owing to their small molecular weight, minor ginsenosides exhibit good permeability across cell membranes and bioavailability. However, extremely small quantities of minor ginsenosides extracted from ginseng plants cannot fulfill the requirement of scientific and clinical studies. Therefore, the production of minor ginsenosides in mass production is a topic of interest. In addition, their poor solubility and lack of targetability to tumor tissues limits their application in cancer therapy. In this review, various methods used for the transformation of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenoside compound K (CK) are summarized. For the production of CK, various transformation methods apply to major ginsenosides. The challenges present in these transformations and future research directions for producing bulk quantities of minor ginsenosides are discussed. Furthermore, attention is also paid to the utilization of nanoformulation technology to improve the bioavailability of minor ginsenoside CK.
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Akter R, Chan Ahn J, Nahar J, Awais M, Ramadhania ZM, Oh SW, Oh JH, Kong BM, Rupa EJ, Lee DW, Yang DC, Chan kang S. Pomegranate juice fermented by tannin acyl hydrolase and Lactobacillus vespulae DCY75 enhance estrogen receptor expression and anti-inflammatory effect. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1010103. [PMID: 36249796 PMCID: PMC9558905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolics are phytochemicals in plants, fruits, and vegetables have potential health-promoting efficacies. However, mostly available as a complex form. So, to increase the contents and nutritional value of the phenolic compounds, fermentation is most readily used in the food industry. Especially, the hydrolyzable tannins present in the pomegranate that can be liberated into monomolecular substances, which enhances biological activity. Thus, this study aims to convert hydrolyzable tannins to ellagic acid by fermentation using Tannin acyl hydrolase (TAH) and a novel bacteria strain Lactobacillus vespulae DCY75, respectively to investigate its effect on Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) mRNA expression along with inflammation inhibition. As a result, the fermentation enhanced the ellagic acid content up to 70% by the synergetic effect of TAH and DCY75. Furthermore, fermented pomegranate (PG-F) increased cellular proliferation as well as upregulated the gene expression of estrogen regulators such as ERα, ERβ, and pS2 in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), which commonly used to evaluate estrogenic activity. Moreover, to study the inflammation associated with low estrogen in menopause, we have analyzed the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 cells. The PG-F juice did not exert any cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells and inhibited NO production along with the downregulation of a major pro-inflammatory cytokine iNOS which indicates the anti-inflammatory potential of it. To sum it up, the fermented commercial pomegranate juice using a novel bacteria strain increased the amount of ellagic acid that the value added bioactive of pomegranate and it has significantly increased the estrogenic activity via upregulating estrogen related biomarkers expression and reduced the risk of related inflammation via NO/iNOS inhibition. This study could be a preliminary study to use fermented pomegranate as a potential health functional food after further evaluation.
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Phan VHG, Murugesan M, Huong H, Le TT, Phan TH, Manivasagan P, Mathiyalagan R, Jang ES, Yang DC, Li Y, Thambi T. Cellulose Nanocrystals-Incorporated Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Controlled Release, 3D Printing, and Breast Cancer Treatment Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42812-42826. [PMID: 36112403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In situ-gel-forming thermoresponsive copolymers have been widely exploited in controlled delivery applications because their critical gel temperature is similar to human body temperature. However, there are limitations to controlling the delivery of biologics from a hydrogel network because of the poor networking and reinforcement between the copolymer networks. This study developed an in situ-forming robust injectable and 3D printable hydrogel network based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) incorporated amphiphilic copolymers, poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide (PCLA). In addition, the physicochemical and mechanical properties of injectable hydrogels were controlled by physically incorporating CNCs with amphiphilic PCLA copolymers. CNCs played an unprecedented role in physically reinforcing the PCLA copolymers' micelle network via intermicellar bridges. Apart from that, the free-flowing closely packed rod-like CNCs incorporated PCLA micelle networks at low temperature transformed to a stable viscoelastic hydrogel network at physiological temperature. CNC incorporated PCLA copolymer sols effectively coordinated with hydrophobic doxorubicin and water-soluble lysozyme by a combination of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interaction and controlled the release of biologics. As shown by the 3D printing results, the biocompatible PCLA hydrogels continuously extruded during printing had good injectability and maintained high shape fidelity after printing without any secondary cross-linking steps. The interlayer bonding between the printed layers was high and formed stable 3D structures up to 10 layers. Subcutaneous injection of free-flowing CNC incorporated PCLA copolymer sols to BALB/c mice formed a hydrogel instantly and showed controlled biodegradation of the hydrogel depot without induction of toxicity at the implantation sites or surrounding tissues. At the same time, the in vivo antitumor effect on the MDA-MB-231 tumor xenograft model demonstrated that DOX-loaded hydrogel formulation significantly inhibited the tumor growth. In summary, the CNC incorporated biodegradable hydrogels developed in this study exhibit a prolonged release with special release kinetics for hydrophobic and hydrophilic biologics.
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Phan VHG, Mathiyalagan R, Nguyen MT, Tran TT, Murugesan M, Ho TN, Huong H, Yang DC, Li Y, Thambi T. Ionically cross-linked alginate-chitosan core-shell hydrogel beads for oral delivery of insulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:262-271. [PMID: 36150568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Here, core-shell hydrogel beads for oral insulin delivery at intestine was reported, which was a target site for insulin absorption. The core-shell hydrogel beads were prepared using naturally derived alginate and chitosan polysaccharides by simple dropping technique. In order to effectively control leakage of insulin from core-shell hydrogel beads, insulin was embedded into the layered double hydroxides (LDHs). LDH/insulin-loaded complexes were firstly coated with chitosan, and then coated with alginate to generate core-shell hydrogel beads. The biocompatibility and angiogenic response of core-shell hydrogel beads were evaluated by direct contact of the beads with chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane, which indicates safety of the core-shell beads. The beads successfully retained the insulin within the core-shell structure at pH 1.2, indicating that insulin had a good protective effect in harsh acidic environments. Interestingly, insulin release starts at the simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) and continue to release for 24 h in a sustained manner.
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Ying Z, Awais M, Akter R, Xu F, Baik S, Jung D, Yang DC, Kwak GY, Wenying Y. Discrimination of Panax ginseng from counterfeits using single nucleotide polymorphism: A focused review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903306. [PMID: 35968150 PMCID: PMC9366256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Discrimination of plant species, cultivars, and landraces is challenging because plants have high phenotypic and genotypic resemblance. Panax ginseng is commonly referred to as Korean ginseng, which contains saponins with high efficacy on cells, and has been reported to be worth billions in agroeconomic value. Korean ginseng's increasing global agroeconomic value includes additional species and cultivars that are not Korean ginseng but have physical characteristics close to it. This almost unidentifiable physical characteristic of Korean ginseng-like species is discriminated via molecular markers. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), found across the plant species in abundance, is a valuable tool in the molecular mapping of genes and distinguishing a plant species from adulterants. Differentiating the composition of genes in species is quite evident, but the varieties and landraces have fewer differences in addition to single nucleotide mismatch. Especially in the exon region, there exist both favorable and adverse effects on species. With the aforementioned ideas in discriminating ginseng based on molecular markers, SNP has proven reliable and convenient, with advanced markers available. This article provides the simplest cost-effective guidelines for experiments in a traditional laboratory setting to get hands-on SNP marker analysis. Hence, the current review provides detailed up-to-date information about the discrimination of Panax ginseng exclusively based on SNP adding with a straightforward method explained which can be followed to perform the analysis.
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Piao X, Mohanan P, Anandhapadmanaban G, Ahn JC, Park JK, Yang DC, Kwak GY, Wang Y. Authentication of Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis and ssp. mongolica Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism at Ribosomal DNA and Their Vitamin Content Analysis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141843. [PMID: 35890477 PMCID: PMC9315697 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hippophae rhamnoides widely known as sea buckthorn berries (SB) are rich in vitamins and phytonutrients. The subspecies ssp. sinensis and ssp. mongolica are highly valued for their medicinal properties and vitamin contents, hence domesticated widely across Eurasia and Southeast Asia. Due to the frequent usage of these two subspecies, accurate identification is required to prevent economically motivated adulteration. In this study, we report the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based molecular markers to easily distinguish these two subspecies at 45S nrDNA region. From the determined 45S rDNA region, we designed two primers (5′ sinensis and 5′ mongolica) and developed a multiplex PCR profile. The developed primers effectively distinguished the sea buckthorn subspecies in commercial products as well. Along with the development of subspecies specific primers, we have profiled vitamin contents from H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis and ssp. mongolica and found ascorbic acid and riboflavin contents were high in both ssp. sinensis and spp. mongolica, yet the content of folic acid was high only in ssp. mongolica. Thus, we provide species specific primers and vitamin profile as an effective authentication of H. rhamnoides.
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Zhang R, Rupa EJ, Zheng S, Nahar J, Yang DC, Kang SC, Wang Y. Panos-Fermented Extract-Mediated Nanoemulsion: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects on RAW 264.7 Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010218. [PMID: 35011448 PMCID: PMC8746678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on developing Panos nanoemulsion (P-NE) and enhancing the anti-inflammatory efficacy for the treatment of inflammation. The effects of P-NE were evaluated in terms of Nitric oxide (NO production) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced RAW 264.7 cells, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using Human Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Sea buckthorn oil, Tween 80, and span 80 were used and optimize the process. Panos extract (P-Ext) was prepared using the fermentation process. Further high-energy ultra-sonication was used for the preparation of P-NE. The developed nanoemulsion (NE) was characterized using different analytical methods. Field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) analyzed the spherical shape and morphology. In addition, stability was analyzed by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, where particle size was analyzed 83 nm, and Zeta potential −28.20 ± 2 (mV). Furthermore, 90 days of stability was tested using different temperatures conditions where excellent stability was observed. P-NE are non-toxic in (HaCaT), and RAW264.7 cells up to 100 µg/mL further showed effects on ROS and NO production of the cells at 50 µg/mL. The qPCR analysis demonstrated the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators for (Cox 2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, NF-κB, Ikkα, and iNOS) gene expression. The prepared NE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating its potential as a safe and non-toxic nanomedicine.
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Pu J, Akter R, Rupa EJ, Awais M, Mathiyalagan R, Han Y, Kang J, Yang DC, Kang SC. Role of Ginsenosides in Browning of White Adipose Tissue to Combat Obesity: A Narrative Review on Molecular Mechanism. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:231-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xu XY, Yi ES, Kang CH, Liu Y, Lee YG, Choi HS, Jang HB, Huo Y, Baek NI, Yang DC, Kim YJ. Whitening and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation properties of the biotransformed green ginseng berry of new cultivar K1, ginsenoside Rg2 enriched, on B16 and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:631-641. [PMID: 34764718 PMCID: PMC8569260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Main bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions of ripened red ginseng berry (Panax ginseng Meyer) have been frequently reported. Yet, the research gap targeting the beneficial activities of transformed green ginseng berries has not reported elsewhere. Methods Ginsenosides of new green berry cultivar K-1 (GK-1) were identified by HPLC-QTOF/MS. Ginsenosides bioconversion in GK-1 by bgp1 enzyme was confirmed with HPLC and TLC. Then, mechanisms of GK-1 and β-glucosidase (bgp1) biotransformed GK-1 (BGK-1) were determined by Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western blot. Results GK-1 possesses highest ginsenosides especially ginsenoside-Re amongst seven ginseng cultivars including (Chunpoong, Huangsuk, Kumpoong, K-1, Honkaejong, Gopoong, and Yunpoong). Ginseng root’s biomass is not affected with the harvest of GK-1 at 3 weeks after flowering period. Then, Re is bio-converted into a promising pharmaceutical effect of Rg2 via bgp1. According to the results of cell assays, BGK-1 shows decrease of tyrosinase and melanin content in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone challenged-murine melanoma B16 cells. BGK-1 which is comparatively more effective than GK-1 extract shows significant suppression of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and inflammatory target genes, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion These results reported effective whitening and anti-inflammatory of BGK-1 as compared to GK-1.
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Abid S, Kaliraj L, Rahimi S, Kim YJ, Yang DC, Kang SC, Balusamy SR. Synthesis and characterization of glycol chitosan coated selenium nanoparticles acts synergistically to alleviate oxidative stress and increase ginsenoside content in Panax ginseng. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118195. [PMID: 34119162 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is synthesis of glycol chitosan coated selenium nanoparticles (GC-Se NPs) and evaluation of oxidative stress and ginsenoside accumulation in P. ginseng C. A. Meyer. We synthesized (Se NPs and GC-Se NPs) and characterized using various spectroscopic analyses. The highest concentration (20 mg L-1) of GC-Se NPs induced moderate ROS (O2- and H2O2) accumulation and upregulation of PgSOD and PgCAT showing good biocompatibility and less toxicity at the highest concentration. Furthermore, ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway genes (PgHMGR, PgSS, PgSE, PgDDS) also showed significant upregulation upon 20 mg L-1 GC-Se NPs treatment. At 20 mg L-1 GC-Se NPs treatment, ginsenoside accumulated upto 217.47 mg/mL and 169.86 mg/mL mainly due to the increased proportion of Rb1 and Re ginsenosides. Altogether, our results suggested that ecofriendly conjugation of GC with Se NPs could be used as a bio fortifier to enhance the ginsenoside profile and to increase the quality of ginseng roots.
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Rupa EJ, Li JF, Arif MH, Yaxi H, Puja AM, Chan AJ, Hoang VA, Kaliraj L, Yang DC, Kang SC. Cordyceps militaris Fungus Extracts-Mediated Nanoemulsion for Improvement Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235733. [PMID: 33291776 PMCID: PMC7730259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce and optimize a Cordyceps militaris-based oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion (NE) encapsulated in sea buckthorn oil (SBT) using an ultrasonication process. Herein, a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80) and chitosan cosurfactant were used as emulsifying agents. The Cordyceps nanoemulsion (COR-NE) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field-emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM). The DLS analyses revealed that the NE droplets were 87.0 ± 2.1 nm in diameter, with a PDI value of 0.089 ± 0.023, and zeta potential of -26.20 ± 2. The small size, low PDI, and stable zeta potential highlighted the excellent stability of the NE. The NE was tested for stability under different temperature (4 °C, 25 °C, and 60 °C) and storage conditions for 3 months where 4 °C did not affect the stability. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed. The results suggested that the NE was not toxic to RAW 264.7 or HaCaT (human keratinocyte) cell lines at up to 100 µL/mL. Anti-inflammatory activity in liposaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells was evident at 50 µg/mL and showed inhibition of NO production and downregulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Further, the NE exhibited good antioxidant (2.96 ± 0.10 mg/mL) activity and inhibited E. coli and S. aureus bacterial growth. Overall, the COR-NE had greater efficacy than the free extract and added significant value for future biomedical and cosmetics applications.
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