Protein kinase inhibitors in the management of cancer: therapeutic opportunities from natural compounds

Kinase is an enzyme that helps in the phosphorylation of the targeted molecules and can affect their ability to react with other molecules. So, kinase influences metabolic reactions like cell signaling, secretory processes, transport of molecules, etc. The increased activity of certain kinases may cause various types of cancer, i.e. leukemia, glioblastoma, and neuroblastomas. So, the growth of particular cancer cells can be prevented by the inhibition of the kinase responsible for those cancers. Natural products are the key resources for the development of new drugs where approximately 60% of anti-tumor drugs are being developed with the same including specific kinase dwellers. This study comprised molecular interactions of various molecules (obtained from natural sources) as kinase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. It is expected that by analyzing the skeleton behavior, the process of action, and the body-related activity of these organic products, new cancer-avoiding molecules can be developed.

Impact of comorbidities in severely injured patients with blunt chest injury: A population-based retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

Blunt chest injuries result in up to 10 % of major trauma admissions. Comorbidities can complicate recovery and increase the mortality rate in this patient cohort. A better understanding of the association between comorbidities and patient outcomes will facilitate enhanced models of care for particularly vulnerable groups of patients, such as older adults.

AIMS

i) compare the characteristics of severely injured patients with blunt chest injury with and without comorbidities and ii) examine the relationship between comorbidities and key patient outcomes: prolonged length of stay, re-admission within 28 days, and mortality within 30 days in a cohort of patients with blunt chest injury admitted after severe trauma.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study using linked data from the NSW Trauma Registry and NSW mortality and hospitalisation records between 1st of January 2012 and 31st of December 2019.

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounding factors, patients with severe injuries, chest injuries, and comorbidities were found to have a 34 % increased likelihood of having a prolonged length of stay (OR = 1.34, 95 %I = 1.17-1.53) compared to patients with no comorbidities. There was no difference in 30-day mortality for patients with a severe chest injury who did or did not have comorbidities (OR = 1.05, 95 %CI = 0.80-1.39). No significant association was found between comorbidities and re-admission within 28 days.

CONCLUSION

Severely injured patients with blunt chest injury and comorbidities are at risk of prolonged length of stay.

Synthesis, In vivo, and In silico Evaluation of New Pyrazoline- Benzothiazole Conjugates as Orally Administered Antiepileptic Agents

New 2-(4-benzothiazol-2-yl-phenoxy)-1-(3,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethanones (9a-o) have been designed and synthesized. The antiepileptic potential of the synthesized compounds has been tested by following standard animal screening models which include maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) models. The study concluded that compounds 9c, 9d, 9f, 9i, 9n, and 9o possessed good antiepileptic potential when compared with standard drugs like carbamazepine and phenytoin. The results of the rotarod performance test also established them without any neurotoxicity. The motor impairment test yielded that the synthesized compounds are also good antidepressants. In-silico studies have been performed to determine the eligibility of synthesized compounds as orally administered molecules and interactions with the target proteins. The result of in-silico studies reinforced results obtained by in vivo study of the synthesized compounds along with their possible mechanism of antiepileptic action i.e. via inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor.

1H, 15N and13C resonance assignments of S2A mutant of human carbonic anhydrase II

In preparation for a detailed exploration of the structural and functional aspects of the Ser2Ala mutant of human carbonic anhydrase II, we present here almost complete sequence-specific resonance assignments for 1H, 15N, and 13C. The mutation of serine to alanine at position 2, located in the N-terminal region of the enzyme, significantly alters the hydrophilic nature of the site, rendering it hydrophobic. Consequently, there is an underlying assumption that this mutation would repel water from the site. However, intriguingly, comparative analysis of the mutant structure with the wild type reveals minimal discernible differences. These assignments serve as the basis for in-depth studies on histidine dynamics, protonation states, and its intricate role in protein-water interactions and catalysis.

Magnetic exchange interactions and non-Debye relaxation in spin-3/2 frustrated Kagomé magnet Co3V2O8

We report the experimental determination of the magnetic exchange parameter (J/kB= 2.88 ± 0.02 K) for the Spin-3/2 ferromagnetic (FM) Kagomé lattice system: Co3V2O8using the temperature dependence of dc-magnetic susceptibilityχ(T) data by employing the fundamental Heisenberg linear chain model. Our results are quite consistent with the theoretically reported nearest neighbor dominant FM exchange coupling strengthJex-NN∼2.45 K. Five different magnetic phase transitions (6.2-11.2 K) and spin-flip transitions (9.6-7.7 kOe) have been probed using the∂(χT)/∂Tvs.T, heat capacity (CP-T) and differential isothermal magnetization curves. Among such sequence of transitions, the prominent ones being incommensurate antiferromagnetic (AFM) state at 11.2 K, commensurate AFM state at 8.8 K, and commensurate FM state across 6.2 K. All the successive magnetic phase transitions have been mapped onto a single H-T plane through which one can easily distinguish the above-mentioned different phases. The magnetic contribution of theCP-TnearTN(11.2 K) has been analyzed using the power-law expressionCM=A|T-TN|-αresulting in the critical exponentα= 0.18 ± 0.01 (0.15 ± 0.003) forTTN), respectively for the Co3V2O8. It is interesting to note that non-Debye type dipole relaxation is quite prominent in Co3V2O8and was evident from the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts analysis of complex modulus and impedance spectra (0⩽β⩽1). Mott's variable-range hopping of charge carriers process is evident through the resistivity analysis (ρac-T-1/4) in the temperature range 275 ∘C-350 ∘C. Moreover, the frequency-dependent analysis ofσac(ω) follows Jonscher's power law yielding two distinct activation energies (Ea∼0.37 and 2.29 eV) between the temperature range 39 ∘C-99 ∘C and 240 ∘C-321 ∘C.

NMR insights into β-Lactamase activity of UVI31+ Protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

β-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) confer resistance against β-lactam group-containing antibiotics in bacteria and higher eukaryotes, including humans. Pathogenic bacterial resistance against β-lactam antibiotics is a primary concern for potential therapeutic developments and drug targets. Here, we report putative β-lactamase activity, sulbactam binding (a β-lactam analogue) in the low μM affinity range, and site-specific interaction studies of a 14 kDa UV- and dark-inducible protein (abbreviated as UVI31+, a BolA homologue) from Chlamydomonas reinhartii. Intriguingly, the solution NMR structure of UVI31 + bears no resemblance to other known β-lactamases; however, the sulbactam binding is found at two sites rich in positively charged residues, mainly at the L2 loop regions and the N-terminus. Using NMR spectroscopy, ITC and MD simulations, we map the ligand binding sites in UVI31 + providing atomic-level insights into its β-lactamase activity. Current study is the first report on β-lactamase activity of UVI31+, a BolA analogue, from C. reinhartii. Furthermore, our mutation studies reveal that the active site serine-55 is crucial for β-lactamase activity.

Tracking collective emotions in 16 countries during COVID-19: a novel methodology for identifying major emotional events using Twitter

Using messages posted on Twitter, this study develops a new approach to estimating collective emotions (CEs) within countries. It applies time series methodology to develop and demonstrate a novel application of CEs to identify emotional events that are significant at the societal level. The study analyzes over 200 million words from over 10 million Twitter messages posted in 16 countries during the first 120 days of the COVID-19 pandemic. Daily levels of collective anxiety and positive emotions were estimated using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count's (LIWC) psychologically validated lexicon. The time series estimates of the two collective emotions were analyzed for structural breaks, which mark a significant change in a series due to an external shock. External shocks to collective emotions come from events that are of shared emotional relevance, and this study develops a new approach to identifying them. In the COVID-19 Twitter posts used in the study, analysis of structural breaks showed that in all 16 countries, a reduction in collective anxiety and an increase in positive emotions followed the WHO's declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Announcements of economic support packages and social restrictions also had similar impacts in some countries. This indicates that the reduction of uncertainty around the evolving COVID-19 situation had a positive emotional impact on people in all the countries in the study. The study contributes to the field of CEs and applied research in collective psychological phenomena.

Nonlinear impact of electrolyte solutions on protein dynamics

Halophilic organisms have adapted to multi-molar salt concentrations, their cytoplasmic proteins functioning despite stronger attraction between hydrophobic groups. These proteins, of interest in biotechnology because of decreasing fresh-water resources, have excess acidic amino acids.   It has been suggested that conformational fluctuations -- critical for protein function -- decrease in the presence of a stronger hydrophobic effect, and that an acidic proteome would counteract this decrease. However, our understanding of the salt- and acidic amino acid dependency of enzymatic activity is limited. Here, using solution NMR relaxation and molecular dynamics simulations for in total 14 proteins, we show that salt concentration has a limited and moreover non-monotonic impact on protein dynamics. The results speak against the conformational-fluctuations model, instead indicating that maintaining protein dynamics to ensure protein function is not an evolutionary driving force behind the acidic proteome of halophilic proteins.

Microsecond Timescale Conformational Dynamics of a Small-Molecule Ligand within the Active Site of a Protein

The possible internal dynamics of non-isotope-labeled small-molecule ligands inside a target protein is inherently difficult to capture. Whereas high crystallographic temperature factors can denote either static disorder or motion, even moieties with very low B-factors can be subject to vivid motion between symmetry-related sites. Here we report the experimental identification of internal μs timescale dynamics of a high-affinity, natural-abundance ligand tightly bound to the enzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) even within a crystalline lattice. The rotamer jumps of the ligand's benzene group manifest themselves both, in solution and fast magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR 1 H R1ρ relaxation dispersion, for which we obtain further mechanistic insights from molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. The experimental confirmation of rotameric jumps in bound ligands within proteins in solution or the crystalline state may improve understanding of host-guest interactions in biology and supra-molecular chemistry and may facilitate medicinal chemistry for future drug campaigns.

Proteomic-miRNA Biomics Profile Reveals 2D Cultures of Human iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells More Sensitive than 3D Spheroid System Against the Experimental Exposure to Arsenic

The iPSC-derived 3D models are considered to be a connective link between 2D culture and in vivo studies. However, the sensitivity of such 3D models is yet to be established. We assessed the sensitivity of the hiPSC-derived 3D spheroids against 2D cultures of neural progenitor cells. The sub-toxic dose of Sodium Arsenite (SA) was used to investigate the alterations in miRNA-proteins in both systems. Though SA exposure induced significant alterations in the proteins in both 2D and 3D systems, these proteins were uncommon except for 20 proteins. The number and magnitude of altered proteins were higher in the 2D system compared to 3D. The association of dysregulated miRNAs with the target proteins showed their involvement primarily in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative and ER stress, transcription and translation mechanism, cytostructure, etc., in both culture systems. Further, the impact of dysregulated miRNAs and associated proteins on these functions and ultrastructural changes was compared in both culture systems. The ultrastructural studies revealed a similar pattern of mitochondrial damage, while the cellular bioenergetics studies confirm a significantly higher energy failure in the 2D system than to 3D. Such a higher magnitude of changes could be correlated with a higher amount of internalization of SA in 2D cultures than in 3D spheroids. Our findings demonstrate that a 2D culture system seems better responsive than a 3D spheroid system against SA exposure.

Role of gene therapy in treatment of cancer with craniofacial regeneration-current molecular strategies, future perspectives, and challenges: a narrative review

Gene therapy involves the introduction of foreign genetic material into host tissue to alter the expression of genetic products. Gene therapy represents an opportunity to alter the course of various diseases. Hence, genetic products utilizing safe and reliable vectors with improved biotechnology will play a critical role in the treatment of various diseases in the future. This review summarizes various important vectors for gene therapy along with modern techniques for potential craniofacial regeneration using gene therapy. This review also explains current molecular approaches for the management and treatment of cancer using gene therapy. The existing literature was searched to find studies related to gene therapy and its role in craniofacial regeneration and cancer treatment. Various databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for English language articles using the keywords "gene therapy," "gene therapy in present scenario," "gene therapy in cancer," "gene therapy and vector," "gene therapy in diseases," and "gene therapy and molecular strategies."

ITPA polymorphisms do not predict additional risk beyond TPMT and NUDT15 for thiopurine-induced cytopenia in inflammatory bowel disease

INTRODUCTION AND AIM

Thiopurine-related leukopenia is associated with polymorphisms in the thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X type motif 15 (NUDT15) genes. However, those polymorphisms explain only a fraction of thiopurine-related leukopenia. Our aim was to study the role of an inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) polymorphism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and thiopurine-related leukopenia that was unexplained by the TPMT and NUDT15 polymorphisms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We enrolled consecutive IBD patients on thiopurines (azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine) from January 2019-March 2020, at a tertiary care center in North India. The presence of the ITPA (C.94C > A) polymorphism was evaluated in all patients, along with its association with thiopurine-related leukopenia.

RESULTS

Of the 33 patients (from a total of 119 patients) that developed leukopenia, 8 had the TPMT (n = 1) or NUDT15 (n = 7) polymorphism. Of the remaining 111 patients, their mean age was 36.36 ± 13.54 years and 57 (51.3%) were males. Twenty-five (21.01%) had unexplained leukopenia. The ITPA polymorphism was detected in 4 (16%) patients in the unexplained leukopenia group and 24 (27.9%) patients in the non-leukopenia group (p = 0.228). The odds ratio for predicting leukopenia with the ITPA polymorphism was 0.4921 (95% CI 0.1520-1.5830, p = 0.234).

CONCLUSION

The ITPA (C.94C > A) polymorphism was frequently detected in the study population but was not predictive for leukopenia in patients with IBD on thiopurine therapy.

Metagenomics in the fight against zoonotic viral infections: A focus on SARS-CoV-2 analogues

Zoonotic viral infections continue to pose significant threats to global public health, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 served as a stark reminder of the potential for zoonotic transmission of viruses from animals to humans. Understanding the origins and dynamics of zoonotic viruses is critical for early detection, prevention, and effective management of future outbreaks. Metagenomics has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating the virome of diverse ecosystems, shedding light on the diversity of viral populations, their hosts, and potential zoonotic spillover events. We provide an in-depth examination of metagenomic approaches, including, NGS metagenomics, shotgun metagenomics, viral metagenomics, and single-virus metagenomics, highlighting their strengths and limitations in identifying and characterizing zoonotic viral pathogens. This review underscores the pivotal role of metagenomics in enhancing our ability to detect, monitor, and mitigate zoonotic viral infections, using SARS-CoV-2 analogues as a case study. We emphasize the need for continued interdisciplinary collaboration among virologists, ecologists, and bioinformaticians to harness the full potential of metagenomic approaches in safeguarding public health against emerging zoonotic threats.

Endoscopic and chemopreventive management of familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant syndrome predisposing affected individuals to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers through a high burden of polyposis. Colorectal cancer rates reach 100% by the age of 45, making early colectomy a mainstay of treatment. While most patients undergo colectomy at an early age, ongoing screening and surveillance of the upper gastrointestinal tract and rectal pouch must continue throughout adulthood. Endoscopic therapy of gastric, duodenal, ampullary and rectal pouch polyps is critical to reduce morbidity and cancer related mortality. Management of these lesions is not uniform, and is dependent on their location, size, histology, and risk of malignant potential. Medical therapies targeting pathways that reduce the malignant progression of pre-cancerous lesions have been studied for many years. While studies on the use of aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) in chemoprevention have shown encouraging results in Lynch syndrome and primary colorectal cancer, the potential benefits of these medications have not been duplicated in FAP cohorts. While data remains limited on chemoprevention in FAP, a number of randomized trials are currently underway examining targeted therapies with the potential to slow the progression of the disease. This review aims to provide an in-depth review of the literature on current endoscopic options and chemopreventive therapies targeting FAP. While the endoscopic management has robust data for its use, chemoprevention in FAP is still in its infancy. The complementary use of chemopreventive agents and endoscopic therapy for FAP patients is quickly becoming a growing and exciting area of research.

Synthesis and in silico studies of some new pyrrolidine derivatives and their biological evaluation for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity

BACKGROUND

An array of commercially viable intermediate molecules necessary for the synthesis of a variety of bioactive molecules are chemically synthesized by pyrrolidine and its derivatives, which play a significant role in drug design and development process.

AIM

The aim of the present research work was to explore the synthesis of some new pyrrolidine derivatives and to perform their in silico studies and finally evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to synthesis new pyrrolidine derivatives, examine how they affected the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes computationally, and to screen their in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity on laboratory animals.

METHOD

The new pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized by condensing N-(3-acetylphenyl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide with substituted aniline in ethanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of glacial acetic acid. The structures of novel pyrrolidine derivatives were characterised using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Several molecular properties of the newly synthesized derivatives were calculated in order to evaluate the nature of the drug-like candidate. A specific reference cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme was used to dock the newly synthesized pyrrolidine derivatives.

RESULTS

From the observed data, it was noted that amongst all newly synthesized compounds, A-1 and A-4 exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, respectively.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of findings of present research, it was concluded that A-1 and A-4 might be utilized as a promising new lead compound for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs) development.

In silico analysis of Diosmetin as an effective chemopreventive agent against prostate cancer: molecular docking, validation, dynamic simulation and pharmacokinetic prediction-based studies

Prostate cancer is the second most dangerous cancer type worldwide. While various treatment options are present i.e. agonists and antagonists, their utilization leads to adverse effects and due to this resistance developing, ultimately the outcome is remission. So, to overcome this issue, we have undertaken an in-silico investigation to identify promising and unique flavonoid candidates for combating prostate cancer. Using GOLD software, the study assessed the effectiveness of 560 natural secondary polyphenols against CDKN2. Protein Data Bank was used to retrieve the 3D crystal structure of CDKN2 (PDB Id: 4EK3) and we retrieved the structure of selected secondary polyphenols from the PubChem database. The compound Diosmetin shows the highest GOLD score with the selected Protein i.e. CDKN2 which is 58.72. To better understand the 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional interactions, the interacting amino acid residues were visualised using Discovery Studio 3.5 and Maestro 13.5. Using Schrodinger-Glide, the Diosmetin and CDKN2 were re-docked, and decoy ligands were docked to CDKN2, which was used to further ascertain the study. The ligands with the highest Gold score were forecasted for pharmacokinetics characteristics, and the results were tabulated and analysed. Utilising the Gromacs software and Desmond packages, 100 ns of Diosmetin molecular dynamics simulations were run to evaluate the structural persistence and variations of protein-ligand complexes. Additionally, our investigation revealed that Diosmetin had a better binding affinity with CDKN2 measuring 58.72, and it also showed remarkable stability across a 100-ns simulation. Thus, following in-vitro and in-vivo clinical studies, diosmetin might lead to the Prostate regimen.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Pyrazoline and Analogs: Substrate-Based Synthetic Strategies

Among the many reports published on strategies applicable to synthesizing pyrazolines and its analogs, The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition offers a remarkably wide range of utility. Many 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions used for the synthesis of pyrazolines provide better selectivity, eco-friendly, and less expensive chemical processes. In the presented study, we have reviewed various recently adopted strategies for the synthesis of pyrazoline, which followed the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions mechanism and classified them based on starting materials such as nitrile imines, diazo compounds, different zwitter ions, chalcones, and isoprene units. The manuscript also focused on the synthesis of pyrazolines starting from Seyferth-Gilbert reagents (SGR) and Psilostachyin (PSH) reagents. We hope this work will help those engaged or have plans to research pyrazoline or its analogs, as synthetic protocols based on starting material are rarely available for pyrazolines. Thus, this article holds a valuable complement to the development of newer pyrazoline and its derivatives.

Oxidized Low-density Lipoproteins and Lipopolysaccharides Augment Carotid Artery Plaque Vulnerability in Hypercholesterolemic Microswine

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor. This study aims to compare the potency of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) to induce plaque formation and increase plaque vulnerability in the carotid artery of hypercholesterolemic Yucatan microswine. Atherosclerotic lesions at the common carotid artery junction and ascending pharyngeal artery were induced in hypercholesterolemic Yucatan microswine at 5-6 months of age with balloon angioplasty. LPS or oxLDL were administered intraluminally at the site of injury after occluding the arterial flow temporarily. Pre-intervention ultrasound (US), angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were done at baseline and just before euthanasia to assess post-op parameters. The images from the US, OCT, and angiography in the LPS and the oxLDL-treated group showed increased plaque formation with features suggestive of unstable plaque, including necrotic core, thin fibrous caps, and a signal poor region more with oxLDL compared to LPS. Histomorphology of the carotid artery tissue near the injury corroborated the presence of severe lesions in both LPS and oxLDL-treated pigs but more in the oxLDL group. Vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells treated with LPS and oxLDL showed increased folds changes in mRNA transcripts of the biomarkers of inflammation and plaque vulnerability compared to untreated cells. Collectively, the results suggest that angioplasty-mediated intimal injury of the carotid arteries in atherosclerotic swine with local administration of LPS or ox-LDL induces vulnerable plaques compared to angioplasty alone and oxLDL is relatively more potent than LPS in inducing vulnerable plaque.

Hybrid tumor of central giant cell granuloma and trabecular juvenile ossifying fibroma of the mandible: A rare event in the oral cavity with a review on pathogenesis

ABSTRACT

Hybrid tumors are rare lesions having features of multiple diseases in one lesion. A hybrid tumor of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and central ossifying fibroma (COF) shows the presence of microscopically large areas with CGCG character and large areas with COF features inside a single clinical lesion, separated by a transition zone. A rare type of COF is juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF)-trabecular variant in the mandible. We present a unique and rare case of a hybrid tumor of the CGCG-JOF-trabecular variant in the mandible of a 14-year-old female which initially diagnosed with CGCG. The ambiguous pathogenesis of hybrid tumors and giant cells is reviewed. The goal of this article is to highlight the importance of careful clinical, radiological, and histopathological examination of each case to prevent misdiagnoses and recurrences. Similar and other cases must be reported in order to better understand the interrelationship between these hybrid lesions and their biological behavior.

Epigenetic CpG duplex marks probed by an evolved DNA reader via a well-tempered conformational plasticity

5-methylcytosine (mC) and its TET-oxidized derivatives exist in CpG dyads of mammalian DNA and regulate cell fate, but how their individual combinations in the two strands of a CpG act as distinct regulatory signals is poorly understood. Readers that selectively recognize such novel 'CpG duplex marks' could be versatile tools for studying their biological functions, but their design represents an unprecedented selectivity challenge. By mutational studies, NMR relaxation, and MD simulations, we here show that the selectivity of the first designer reader for an oxidized CpG duplex mark hinges on precisely tempered conformational plasticity of the scaffold adopted during directed evolution. Our observations reveal the critical aspect of defined motional features in this novel reader for affinity and specificity in the DNA/protein interaction, providing unexpected prospects for further design progress in this novel area of DNA recognition.

Role of Molecular Targeted Therapeutic Drugs in Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Review Article

Breast cancer is a multifactor, multistage, and heterogeneous disease. Systemic treatment of breast cancer has changed significantly over the last decade. With a better knowledge of the pathogenesis, researchers and scientists have discovered numerous signaling pathways and synonymous therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Because of the molecular nature of breast cancer, which makes it difficult to understand, previous attempts to treat or prevent it have failed. However, recent decades have provided effective therapeutic targets for treatment. In this review, literature or information on various targeted therapy for breast cancer is discussed. English language articles were explored in numerous directory or databases like PubMed, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. The important keywords used for searching databases are "Breast cancer," "Targeted therapy in breast cancer," "Therapeutic drugs in breast cancer," and "Molecular targets in breast cancer."

Role of Molecular Targeted Therapeutic Drugs in Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Review Article

Glioblastoma is remarkably periodic primary brain tumor, characterizing an eminently heterogeneous pattern of neoplasms that are utmost destructive and threatening cancers. An enhanced and upgraded knowledge of the various molecular pathways that cause malignant changes in glioblastoma has resulted in advancement of numerous biomarkers and the interpretation of various agents that pointedly target tumor cells and microenvironment. In this review, literature or information on various targeted therapy for glioblastoma is discussed. English language articles were scrutinized in plentiful directory or databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The important keywords used for searching databases are "Glioblastoma," "Targeted therapy in glioblastoma," "Therapeutic drugs in glioblastoma," and "Molecular targets in glioblastoma."

Role of Gene Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review Article

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an immensely heterogeneous disease characterized by the clonal growth of promyelocytes or myeloblasts in bone marrow as well as in peripheral blood or tissue. Enhancement in the knowledge of the molecular biology of cancer and recognition of intermittent mutations in AML contribute to favorable circumstances to establish targeted therapies and enhance the clinical outcome. There is high interest in the development of therapies that target definitive abnormalities in AML while eradicating leukemia-initiating cells. In recent years, there has been a better knowledge of the molecular abnormalities that lead to the progression of AML, and the application of new methods in molecular biology techniques has increased that facilitating the advancement of investigational drugs. In this review, literature or information on various gene mutations for AML is discussed. English language articles were scrutinized in plentiful directories or databases like PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The important keywords used for searching databases is "Acute myeloid leukemia", "Gene mutation in Acute myeloid leukemia", "Genetic alteration in Acute myeloid leukemia," and "Genetic abnormalities in Acute myeloid leukemia."

Current concepts in the management of radial head fractures: a national survey and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to report on current practice in the management of radial head fractures (RHFs) in the United Kingdom and to review the literature to identify areas for future investigation.

METHODS

A 12-question online survey was sent to 500 surgeon members of the British Elbow and Shoulder Society in 2021. Questions focused on clinical assessment, indications for surgical treatment and willingness to participate in future studies. Descriptive statistical analysis summarised the responses.

RESULTS

The response rate was 20.4% (n = 102). For minimally displaced RHFs, non-operative management with immediate mobilisation was reported by 90.2% (n = 92) as opposed to 9.8% (n = 10) for initial immobilisation in plaster or brace. The most cited indication for radial head arthroplasty as opposed to fixation was increased patient age or low functional demand in 69.9% of responses (n = 71). In total, 41.2% (n = 42) indicated the need for a future randomised controlled trial (RCT) concerning the management of RHF. Only five RCTs were returned by the literature review.

DISCUSSION

There is considerable variability in the management of RHF among an experienced cohort of surgeons. With the interest declared by the participating surgeons, there is a call for a well-designed sufficiently powered RCT.

Synthetic Approaches, Biological Activities, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Pyrazolines and Related Derivatives

It has been established that pyrazolines and their analogs are pharmacologically active scaffolds. The pyrazoline moiety is present in several marketed molecules with a wide range of uses, which has established its importance in pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors, as well as in industry. Due to its broad-spectrum utility, scientists are continuously captivated by pyrazolines and their derivatives to study their chemistry. Pyrazolines or their analogs can be prepared by several synthesis strategies, and the focus will always be on new greener and more economical ways for their synthesis. Among these methods, chalcones, hydrazines, diazo compounds, and hydrazones are most commonly applied under different reaction conditions for the synthesis of pyrazoline and its analogs. However, there is scope for other molecules such as Huisgen zwitterions, different metal catalysts, and nitrile imine to be used as starting reagents. The present article consists of recently reported synthetic protocols, pharmacological activities, and the structure-activity relationship of pyrazoline and its derivatives, which will be very useful to researchers.