Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on overall percutaneous coronary interventions from the France-PCI registry: Comparative analysis of the years 2019 and 2020

Introduction

In 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted the health system and a drop in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) was observed.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a full year of elective and urgent PCIs, from the national France-PCI registry.

Method

The primary endpoint was to compare the number of PCIs performed in 2019 (before the pandemic), and 2020 (during the pandemic).

Results

Between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020, in the 20 participating centers, 22,807 consecutive PCIs were included. The total number of PCIs was reduced by −11.5% between 2019 and 2020 (12,102 versus 10,705; P < 0.001), mainly due to a reduction in elective interventions (−21.9%; P < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in PCIs for stable angina (P < 0.001) and silent ischemia (P < 0.001). For urgent PCIs, the decrease was less, mainly driven by a non-ST+ acute coronary syndromes (ACS) reduction (−5.7%; P = 0.01), as well as a decrease of early ST-Elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) < 24 Hours (−7.1%; P = 0.02). There was also a significant increase in the number of late STEMIs > 24H (+23.4%; P = 0.002). Following the decrease in ACS during the first lockdown from March to May 2020, there was an unexpected significant increase in urgent interventions (“rebound effect”) out of step with the rest of the year (P = 0.002) (Fig. 1A). Nevertheless, there was no increase in elective PCIs after the first lockdown in comparison with the rest of the year 2020 (P = 0.67) (Fig. 1B). In 2020, patients were significantly younger (P = 0.001), with less prior history of coronary artery disease (P = 0.001), and prasugrel was more often prescribed after PCIs (P = 0.001). In 2020, the radial approach was more often performed (P = 0.001), as well as an “Ad-hoc” PCI (P = 0.01), and the median fluoroscopy time was lengthened (P < 0.001). For STEMIs < 24H, there was more frequently anterior localizations (P = 0.03), and ground medical transport was the majority (P = 0.03). The time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact was significantly lengthened (P = 0.01), and a non-significant increase in total ischemic time (P = 0.08) was found. Finally, there was no significant increase in intra-hospital cardiovascular events during the pandemic in 2020.

Conclusion

We show an extraordinary reduction in elective and urgent PCIs, as well as a never described paradoxical increase in urgent PCIs after the first lockdown, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

[stent thrombosis : A won battle ? (data from the France PCI registry)]

GOAL

The aim of the study is to assess the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of definite stent thrombosis (ST) at 1 year in the France PCI multicenter prospective registry.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Only patients who underwent coronary angioplasty with at least one stent implantation between 1^st January 2014 and 31 December 2019 were included. The population was separated into 2 groups: the "ST" group with stent thrombosis and the "control" group without stent thrombosis.

RESULTS

35,435 patients were included. 256 patients (0.72%) presented a ST at 1 year. The rate of ST decreased significantly in acute coronary syndrome (1.5% in 2014 vs. 0.73% in 2019; p = 0.05) but not in chronic coronary syndrome (0.46% in 2014 vs 0.40%; p = 0.98). The risk factors are young age (65.8 years vs 68.2; p = 0.002), clinical context (35.27% vs 16.68%; p = 0.0001), diabetes (35.2 % vs 26.4%; p = 0.002), renal failure (11.7% vs 8%; p = 0.009) and history of coronary angioplasty (28.63% vs 21.86%; p = 0.009) and peripheral arterial disease (14.5% vs 10.1%; p = 0.021), LV dysfunction (37% vs 27.5%; p = 0.003), mean length (39.6 mm vs 31, 7mm; p <0.0001) and the mean number of stents per procedure (1.9 vs 1.6; p <0.0001), a TIMI flow ≤1 pre procedure (21.5% vs 12.4%; p <0.0001) and an intrastent restenosis (11% vs 6%; p <0.0001). The 1-year mortality of the ST group was significantly higher than that of the control group (19.14% vs 5.82%; p <0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Since 2014, the incidence of ST at 1 year has been decreasing but remains stuck at a floor level of 0.54% in 2019. The battle for ST seems to have been partly won and its risk factors well identified, but its mortality is still high.

[COVID-19 and STEMI]

The COVID-19 pandemic had an unexpected impact on cardiovascular emergencies, particularly STEMI. The France PCI registry and other studies around the world have highlighted a significant decrease in myocardial infarctions arriving at hospital. This decrease is mainly related to patients' fear of coming to the hospital and being contaminated. Although the STEMI revascularisation time targets (<120min) are often difficult to achieve in normal times, they were almost impossible to achieve in periods of lockdown because of the many obstacles. Longer delays and longer total ischemic time have led to excess mortality, especially in the regions most affected by the epidemic. Recommendations for the management of STEMI during the COVID-19 period have thus been issued by the scientific societies. STEMI in patients with COVID-19 often have an uncommon clinical presentation, and the absence of coronary obstruction on angiography is frequent. Their prognosis is very poor. Only public information campaigns and an organisation adapted to the management of coronary emergencies during epidemics can try to limit their effects and avoid aggravating an already fragile health situation in the future.

P1739Does helicopter transport delay prehospital transfer for STEMI patients in rural areas? Findings from the CRAC France PCI registry

Background

Whether helicopter transportation for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients in France is the faster alternative is not known. Data from United States and Europe are controversial and studies have been limited to small series of patients

Purpose

The aim of this study was to analyse delays in emergency medical system (EMS) transfer of STEMI patients from home to the nearest percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centre (primary transfer) or from non-PCI centres to PCI centres (secondary transfer) according to transport modalityin a rural French region.

Methods and results

Data from the prospective multicentre CRAC France PCI registrywere analysed for 1911 STEMI patients: 410 transferred by helicopter (HEMS) and 1501 by ground transport (GEMS). The primary endpoint was the percentage of transfers with first medical contact (FMC) to primary PCI (PPCI) within the 90-min recommended in guidelines. The secondary endpoint was time FMC–PPCI. With HEMS,FMC-PPCI <90 min was less frequently achieved than with GEMS (9.8% vs 37.2%; odds ratio 5.49; 95% confidence interval [3.90; 7.73]; p<0.0001). Differences were greatest for transfers <50 km (13.7% vs 44.7%; p<0.0001) and for primary transfers (22.4% vs 49.6%; p<0.0001). Median time from FMC to PPCI and from symptom onset to PPCI (total ischemic time) were significantly higher in HEMS group than in GEMS group (respectively 137 min vs 103 min; p<0.0001 and 261min vs 195 min; p<0,0001). There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the HEMS and GEMS groups (6.9% vs 6.6%; p=0.88).

STEMI patients FMC-PPCI < 90 min

Conclusion

Helicopter transport of STEMI patients was 5 times less effective than ground transport in maintaining the 90-min FMC-PPCI time recommended in guidelines, particularly for transfer distances <50 km.

Acknowledgement/Funding

Regional health agency of CVL, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbot, Biosensor, Terumo, Biotronik, Lilly Daichii Sankyo, Hexacath and Braun.

[Left main PCI: Current treatment]

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of left main coronary artery has become a strong alternative to coronary artery bypass surgery in selected patients. The treatment decision must be validated by the Heart Team. Several PCI techniques of distal left main PCI have been described but the KISSS (Keep it simple, swift and safe) principle recommended by the European Bifurcation Club must be kept in mind. Provisional stenting is the first-line technique. A two-stent strategy may be needed in the presence of≥2.5mm side branch diameter and significant ostial stenosis as well as in presumably difficult rewiring. In all cases, POT (Proximal Optimisation Technique) is mandatory. Intracoronary imaging can be of great help in perfecting the result or even to improve outcomes.

[Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: CRAC register experience]

PURPOSE

To compare the clinical, angiographic, therapeutic and prognostic characteristics of nonagenarians presenting with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome with those of patients under 90 years of age.

METHODS

We used the CRAC register database including 6 catheterization laboratories in the Center Val-de-Loire region. Only patients with positive-troponin non-ST elevation ACS included in the registry from 2014 to 2017 were selected for epidemiological and procedural data. Regarding antiplatelet therapy, hospital and one-year follow-up data, only patients in the 2014-2015 period were analyzed.

RESULTS

From January 1st, 2014 to December 31st, 2017, 5.964 patients with a positive-troponin non-ST ACS, including 133 nonagenarians (2.2%) were included in the CRAC registry. Arterial hypertension and the history of coronary angioplasty were more common among nonagenarians. They present more multivessel and left main disease. The use of the bare metal stent was predominant in 2014-2015 and then became marginal in 2016-2017. Clopidogrel was the most widely used anti platelet and more than one in two nonagenarians remain on dual therapy after 12 months. One-year stroke and hospital and one-year mortality were higher in this age group.

CONCLUSIONS

Nonagenarians with a positive-troponin non-ST elevation ACS have more severe coronary artery disease and a poorer prognosis than those younger than 90 years of age.

Recovery of Voice After Reconstruction of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Adjuvant Nimodipine

Background

Transection injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) has been associated with permanent vocal fold palsy, and treatment has been limited to voice therapy or local treatment of vocal folds. Microsurgical repair has been reported to induce a better function. The calcium channel antagonist nimodipine improves functional recovery after experimental nerve injury and also after cranial nerve injury in patients. This study aims to present voice outcome in patients who underwent repair of the RLN and received nimodipine during regeneration.

Methods

From 2002–2016, 19 patients were admitted to our center with complete unilateral injury to the RLN and underwent microsurgical repair of the RLN. After nerve repair, patients received nimodipine for 2–3 months. Laryngoscopy was performed repeatedly up to 14 months postoperatively. The Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was administered, and patients’ maximum phonation time (MPT) was recorded during the follow-up.

Results

All patients recovered well after surgery, and nimodipine was well tolerated with no dropouts. None of the patients suffered from atrophy of the vocal fold, and some patients even showed a small ab/adduction of the vocal fold on the repaired side with laryngoscopy. During long-term follow-up (>3 years), VHI and MPT normalized, indicating a nearly complete recovery from unilateral RLN injury.

Conclusions

In this cohort study, we report the results of the first 19 consecutive cases at our center subjected to reconstruction of the RLN and adjuvant nimodipine treatment. The outcome of the current strategy is encouraging and should be considered after iatrogenic RLN transection injuries.

[Stent thrombosis: what's up in 2017?]

Stent thrombosis (ST) is still a dreadful and threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a high risk of morbi-mortality. Nevertheless, it becomes exceptional (0.6% at 1 year and 0.15%/year later) thanks to improvement of stents and use of new P2Y12 inhibitors. Endo-coronary imaging and especially Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) change radically its understanding with revealing quiet systematic morphologic endoluminal abnormalities (97% of the cases). OCT becomes an essential tool in practice (ESC recommendation class IIa) and allows a therapeutic strategy optimization. Its prevention is based on mechanical causes correction and a personalized adaptation of anti-platelet treatment.

[Prevalence and factors related to therapeutic adherence among black African outpatients with stable coronary artery disease in a cardiology department of Dakar in Senegal]

INTRODUCTION

The management of coronary artery disease has made important progress. Adherence to therapeutic measures is a great challenge for improving the long-term prognosis. In this work, we evaluate factors related to therapeutic adherence in black African patients with stable coronary artery disease.

METHODOLOGY

We conducted a survey over three months (February-May 2008) in three cardiology departments in Dakar. We studied the regularity of drug intake, the adherence to the dietary advices and the appointments for consultation as well as the factors related to adherence. Good adherence was defined by a compliance rate greater or equal to 80% and a compliance rate less than 40% defined poor adherence.

RESULTS

We included 105 patients (61 men) with a mean age of 60.67±11.29 years. Good compliance was noted in 56.2% of cases for drug treatment, 42% for dietary advices and 65% for appointments for consultation. A history of acute coronary events (P=0.04), a good knowledge of the disease (P=0.03) and a healthcare (P=0.02) were the factors related to a good adherence to drug treatment, whereas ischemic cardiomyopathy was a factor for poor adherence (P=0.002). Knowledge of coronary disease was the only factor correlated with good adherence to lifestyle (P=0.014).

CONCLUSION

Therapeutic adherence remains unsatisfactory in Black African patients with stable coronary artery disease, hence the importance of patient education to reach a good adherence for therapeutic, because better adherence improves long-term prognosis of coronary artery disease.

[Pulmonary embolism mimicking acute anterior myocardial infarction: diagnostic trap]

Pulmonary embolism remains the major malingerer of acute chest disease. The clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations may deviate to a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. We report a case of bilateral pulmonary embolism in a patient of 50 years. The electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in anteroseptal and lateral leads. The diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction was selected and a fibrinolysis achieved. Getting out under beta-blocker therapy, antiplatelet, statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after 10 days hospitalization, the patient was readmitted one month later for a massive pulmonary embolism. Coronary angiography performed after the second hospitalization was normal.

Phase II study of temozolomide and celecoxib in the treatment of metastatic melanoma

18015

Background: There is increasing evidence that the expression of Cyclo-oxygenase 2 correlates with development and progression of malignant melanoma. Celecoxib (C) has demonstrated some kind of activity in monotherapy in melanoma. Temozolomide (T) has consistent activity in melanoma, either as monotherapy or in combination. We designed a phase II study to determine the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of Celecoxib and Temozolomide in advanced melanoma as first line of therapy Methods: From January 2004 to October 2005, 13 patients with metastatic melanoma were enrolled in the study. There were 4 males and 9 females. The median age was 59 years. Patients received Temozolomide 200/mg/mq day po for 5 days every 4 weeks and Celecoxib 400 mg BID for 10 days every 4 weeks. Results: Among 12 evaluable patients there were 4 partial responses (30.8%), no complete response or disease stabilization. Progression occurred in 8 patients (61.5%). The median TTP was 3.14 months and the median survival was 9.06 months. The median number of cycles was 2, only 2 patients completed four cycles of treatment. Most commonly seen toxicities were nausea/vomiting (46%), fatigue (93%), thrombocytopenia (15.3%), leukopenia (7.6%). Two patients discontinued the treatment due to grade 4 thrombocytopenia. Conclusions: The combination of Temozolomide and Celecoxib is safe, manageable and provides clinical benefit, but its activity is not superior to standard therapy.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Ki-67/MIB-1 as prognostic factor for locoregional recurrence after adjuvant radiation therapy in early breast cancer: A population-based study

20074

Background: Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to decrease the risk of locoregional recurrence (LRR) in women with infiltrating early breast cancer, with or without an associated systemic treatment. RT is more effective on high proliferating cells and we could evaluate the proliferative activity of any cancer through Ki-67/ MIB-1 antibodies. Adjuvant RT for breast cancer could show a greater efficacy to prevent LRR in the higher proliferating cancers. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analisys on all the 5004 cases of infiltrating early breast cancer diagnosed in the Province of Modena between 1989 and 2004 and registered in the Modena Cancer Registry. Beneath them we were able to find data about 1885 women who underwent adjuvant RT. We analyzed the data concerning this population on the basis of number of LRR and Ki-67 labeling index. Since the lack of a worldwide agreed Ki-67 cut off value representing an high proliferation rate of cell activity, we examinate our data in an univariate analisys establishing for the Ki-67 three different cut offs values ( 20%, 30% and 50%). Results: Between 1885 women who underwent RT, 91 ( 4.8%) had a LRR. Median follow-up was 6 years (range 1–15 years). Using a cut off for the Ki-67 of 20% to fix an high cell proliferation, 67 women had a Ki-67 < 20% and 24 ≥ 20%. The p-value was 0.176. Increasing the cut off to the 30%, 75 women had a Ki-67 < 30% and 16≥ 30%. The p-value was 0.048. Finally, considering the Ki-67 value to 50%, 87 women had a value < 50% and 4 ≥ 50%, with a p-value of 0.992. In our analisys, it doesn’t seem that an increasing Ki-67 value would be correlated with a higher LRR. We are considering in a further analisys the weight of the different sistemic therapies on our results. Conclusions: The Ki-67 expression doesn’t seem to be considered a statistically significant prognostic factor for LRR in early breast cancer after adjuvant RT.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Circadian variations of rectal cell proliferation in patients affected by advanced colorectal cancer

The circadian rhythm of the rectal cell proliferation was studied in five patients affected by advanced colon cancer. Biopsies were taken from apparently normal mucosa at 10 cm from the anal verge, every 6 h in a 24-h period. Fragments were incubated for 1 h in a culture medium containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd). As compared with the mean 24 h values, the percentage of BrdUrd-labelled cells in the crypts (Labelling Index, LI) was lower in the specimens collected at 10.00 PM (P = 0.02) The LI in such biopsies was also lower than the LI observed at the baseline time, 10.00 AM (P = 0.001) The results suggest that the rectal cell proliferation in patients with advanced colon cancer fluctuates during the day. The study of the rhythmicity of the intestinal cells may be useful to modulate the infusion of antiproliferative agents to prevent damage of the normal colorectal mucosa.

Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis: critical analysis of long-term prospective programme

BACKGROUND

Patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis are at increased risk of colorectal cancer. In the literature, no agreement has yet been reached regarding prevention strategies. Our report sums up a prospective study started in 1980.

METHODS

A total of 65 patients affected by ulcerative colitis for more than seven years were admitted to a regular colonoscopic and biopsy follow-up programme.

RESULTS

Some 20 years after the beginning of the study, 23 (35.3%) patients have been operated upon, 2 patients have died but not from cancer 29 (44.66%) patients have abandoned the programme. Only 11 (16.9%) patients have remained under colonoscopic surveillance.

CONCLUSION

These results cast some doubts on the significance of such a programme and on its long-term feasibility.

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus

This article presents a brief history of normal-pressure hydrocephalus, its clinical presentation, and different theories on its pathophysiology. The different diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, and its treatment are presented.

Effect of radiographic contrast agents on leukocyte metabolic response

BACKGROUND

The use of radiographic contrast media in the setting of possible bowel ischemia and potential perforation is known to carry a risk of morbidity and mortality. However, studies of the effect of available contrast media on host immunological defense mechanisms are lacking. We have examined the effect of barium and of two water-soluble contrast agents of differing iodine concentration and osmolality, Conray 30 and Cysto Conray II, on leukocyte phagocytosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples were incubated with the contrast media alone (termed the "resting state"), and in combination with a standard phagocytic challenge (Zymosan polysaccharide extract) and with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, to determine the effect of contrast media upon leukocyte phagocytic response. Incubation with saline was used as control. In the case of barium, the "resting state" and standard challenge experiments were repeated at nine dilutions, ranging from 1:1 to 1:1000. The leukocyte phagocytic response was measured in two ways: CO2 generation (an index of metabolic activity) and chemiluminescence (an index of generation of reactive oxygen species and bacterial killing).

RESULTS

Barium, at clinical dilutions, causes a significant increase of baseline "resting state" phagocytic activity, which in turn leads to significant blunting of subsequent response to phagocytic challenge and adversely affects the response to all bacteria tested. There is no baseline activation of leukocytes by the water-soluble media, although there was some inhibition (rather than activation) of leukocyte metabolic activity. The effect of the water-soluble media on bacteria was more complex (although inhibition is minor compared to barium).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate that barium is a significant activator of phagocytic cells, which results in deactivation of phagocytic response when challenged; these data serve to explain the enhanced adverse effect of barium in cases of fecal peritonitis.

Physician understanding of patient resuscitation preferences: insights and clinical implications

OBJECTIVE

To describe physician understanding of patient preferences concerning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to assess the relationship of physician understanding of patient preferences with do not resuscitate (DNR) orders and in-hospital CPR.

DESIGN

We evaluated physician understanding of patient CPR preference and the association of patient characteristics and physician-patient communication with physician understanding of patient CPR preferences. Among patients preferring to forego CPR, we compared attempted resuscitations and time to receive a DNR order between patients whose preference was understood or misunderstood by their physician.

PATIENTS/SETTING

Seriously ill hospitalized adult patients were enrolled in the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for the Outcomes of Treatments. GENERAL RESULTS: Physicians understood 86% of patient preferences for CPR, but only 46% of patient preferences to forego CPR. Younger patient age, higher physician-estimated quality of life, and higher physician prediction of 6-month survival were independently associated with both physician understanding when a patient preferred to receive CPR and physician misunderstanding when a patient preferred to forego CPR. Physicians who spoke with patients about resuscitation and had longer physician-patient relationships understood patients' preferences to forego CPR more often. Patients whose physicians understood their preference to forego CPR more often received DNR orders, received them earlier, and were significantly less likely to undergo resuscitation.

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians often misunderstand seriously ill, hospitalized patients' resuscitation preferences, especially preferences to forego CPR. Factors associated with misunderstanding suggest that physicians infer patients' preferences without asking the patient. Patients who prefer to forego CPR but whose wishes are not understood by their physician may receive unwanted treatment.