1
|
Wu SQ, Liu BR, Yang Z, Zheng L, Wang XC, Yang XY, Jia LL, Hu JJ. [Research progress on the effects of exposure to major persistent organic pollutants during pregnancy on the functional development of nervous system in children]. ZHONGHUA YU FANG YI XUE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE] 2024; 58:917-923. [PMID: 38955742 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20231028-00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have the characteristics of resistance to environmental degradation, bioaccumulation and long-distance migration potential. Maternal exposure to POPs during pregnancy can enter the fetal blood circulation through the placental barrier, and have a potential impact on the functional development of the nervous system of the offspring. This in turn leads to the occurrence and development of neurological defects and diseases in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the effects of exposure to three major POPs (organochlorine compounds, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) during pregnancy on the functional development of the nervous system (social emotions, cognition, language, exercise, and adaptability) in children, and to provide reference for subsequent studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu DB, Wang H, Wang YZ, Yu C, Lin SX, Wu SQ, Cao ZH, Zhang QL. [Staged and segmented two hybrid surgeries for total repair of Debakey type Ⅰ aortic dissection: a series of 10 cases]. ZHONGHUA WAI KE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF SURGERY] 2024; 62:424-431. [PMID: 38548612 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20230711-00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the efficacy and experience of staged and segmented two hybrid surgeries for total repair of Debakey type Ⅰ aortic dissection (TIAD). Methods: This study was a retrospective case series. The clinic data of 10 patients with acute TIAD who were admitted to the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University or the First People's Hospital of Lanzhou, between January 2016 and August 2022, were retrospectively studied. Ten patients underwent hybrid surgeries in two hospitalizations (stages), including 7 males and 3 females with an age of (60±7) years (range: 49 to 71 years). In stage 1, the first type Ⅱ hybrid arch repair was performed to treat the ascending, total arch, and descending thoracic aorta for acute TIAD without circulatory arrest. In stage 2, the second hybrid surgery including infrarenal abdominal aorta replacement, visceral arteries bypass and endovascular thoracoabdominal aortic repair was performed to treat residual thoracoabdominal aortic dissection after the first hybrid operation (segmented). Basic data, preoperative concomitant diseases, high-risk factors, surgical approaches and postoperative complications of all important organs, as well as CT imaging were analyzed. Results: There was no death in the 20 hybrid surgical procedures. In stage 1 type Ⅱ hybrid surgery, 4 cases underwent reconstruction of the aortic sinutubular junction, while Bentall and David surgery was performed for 3 cases, respectively. A patient received coronary artery bypass grafting. Then all patients were sequentially treated with arch debranching and thoracic aortic endovascular repair. Postoperative complications included renal insufficiency (4/10), hemofiltration (1/10), hypoxemia (4/10), neurologic event (1/10) and type Ⅱ endoleak (1/10). Complete false lumen thrombosis occurred in 9/10 of the patients. All complications recovered successfully at discharge and the average hospital stay was (21±4) days (range: 16 to 28 days) in the first hospitalization. At stage 2, the second hybrid surgery was successfully performed in all patients. No paraplegia, hepatic or renal insufficiency, or endoleak occurred. However, branch graft embolism of the left renal artery was found in one patient 3 days after laparotomy, as well as of superior mesenteric artery in another. Superior mesenteric artery occlusion was successfully treated by endovascular recanalization. Complete false lumen thrombosis occurred in all patients. Although all patients had different degrees of intestinal dysfunction, they were gradually relieved at discharge, and the average hospital stay was (19±2)days (range:16 to 21 days) in the second hospitalization. During follow-up, CT angiography showed aortic remodeling in all patients. Conclusion: Staged and segmented two hybrid surgeries are safe and feasible for total repair of Debakey type Ⅰ aortic dissection and are associated with acceptable early and midterm outcomes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang YP, Li ZS, Cao XR, Wu SQ, Zhu ZZ. Monolayer MSi 2P 4 (M = V, Nb, and Ta) as Highly Efficient Sulfur Host Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27833-27841. [PMID: 35671171 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high capacity and low cost of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, their commercialization is greatly blocked by multiple bottlenecks including the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), poor conductivity of sulfur, and sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, we propose novel two-dimensional MSi2P4 (M = V, Nb, and Ta) monolayers as promising sulfur hosts to improve the Li-S battery performance. Our calculations show that MSi2P4 monolayers offer moderate binding strengths to the polysulfides, which are expected to effectively inhibit the LiPS shuttling and dissolution. Moreover, the conductive properties of the MSi2P4 systems are well maintained after LiPS adsorption, eliminating the insulating nature of sulfur species. Remarkably, MSi2P4 monolayers exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity for the sulfur reduction reaction and the Li2S decomposition reaction, which considerably lowers the energy barriers of LiPS conversions during discharge and charge, thus ensuring the fast redox kinetics and high sulfur utilization of Li-S batteries. This study pioneers the application of MSi2P4 monolayers as highly efficient sulfur host materials for Li-S batteries and affords insights for further development of advanced Li-S batteries.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang CH, Liu ZG, Zhang MC, Sun XG, Xu JJ, Liang LY, Lin X, Wang JS, Tian L, Wu SQ, Liu Y, Zhong TL. [Efficacy of a recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel for the treatment of moderate dry eye: a multicenter randomized double-blind parallel controlled clinical trial]. [ZHONGHUA YAN KE ZA ZHI] CHINESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021; 57:930-938. [PMID: 34865452 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20201130-00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of a recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (rb-bFGF) gel and a gel matrix in the treatment of moderate dry eye. Methods: It was a prospective random double-blind controlled study. One hundred patients diagnosed as moderate dry eye in Eye Institute and Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University and Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from August 2015 to April 2019 were divided into two groups: experimental group and control group. Two groups of patients were allocated to receive either a rb-bFGF gel or a gel matrix 4 times per day for 4 weeks. Subjective symptoms, break-up time of the tear film (BUT), Schirmer Ⅰ test (SⅠt) and corneal fluorescein sodium staining were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Bulbar impression cytology was evaluated at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment. Irritation of the rb-bFGF gel and the gel matrix was estimated after treatment. T test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for quantitative data, and Chi-square test was used for enumerative data. Results: Eighty-four subjects were included for statistical analyses after the exclusion of 16 subjects who were lost for followup, with an age of 43±14 years. There were 42 cases in the experimental group and the control group, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in demographic baseline characteristics before treatment (P>0.05). The total score of subjective symptoms was 7.17±3.60 and 5.95±3.25 at 2 and 4 weeks after therapy in the experimental group, which were lower than 9.48±3.88 before treatment (t=6.226, 6.563; both P<0.05); in the control group, it was 7.01±3.25 and 6.32±3.85 at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, with a significant reduction in comparison with that before treatment (9.15±3.58; t=4.693, 4.726; both P<0.05). The median (lower quartile, upper quartile) BUT was 4.00 (2.40, 5.00) s and 4.64 (3.00, 5.00) s at 2 and 4 weeks after therapy in the experimental group, which were longer than 3.72 (2.00, 4.39) s before treatment (Z=-2.485, -3.152; both P<0.05). The BUT was 4.41 (2.79, 5.12) s at 2 weeks after therapy in the control group, which was of no statistical difference compared with 3.89 (2.09, 4.25) s before treatment (Z=-1.953, P>0.05). The BUT was 5.21 (3.00, 5.02) s at 4 weeks after therapy in the control group, which was longer than that before treatment (Z=-2.485, P<0.05). The SⅠt score was 7.31 (3.75, 10.00) mm and 8.50 (4.00, 11.00) mm at 2 and 4 weeks after therapy in the experimental group, which were significantly higher than 6.69 (2.00, 8.13) mm before treatment (Z=-2.031, -2.236; both P<0.05); in the control group, it was 6.82 (2.00, 8.25) mm and 6.86 (3.00, 9.25) mm at 2 and 4 weeks after therapy, which were not significantly increased compared with 6.50 (2.00, 7.75) mm before treatment (Z=-0.179, -1.161; both P>0.05). The corneal fluorescein sodium staining points were 5.00 (2.00, 5.00) and 3.71 (0.00, 5.00) at 2 and 4 weeks after therapy in the experimental group, which were significantly lower than 7.10 (5.00, 7.00) before treatment (t=-2.895, -4.639; both P<0.05); those in the control group were 5.52 (0.00, 7.00) and 6.19 (0.75, 6.25) at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, with a significant reduction in comparison with 8.90 (5.00, 10.50) before treatment (t=-2.776, -1.991; both P<0.05). The differences in the average total score of subjective symptoms, BUT, SIt, and corneal fluorescein sodium staining points between both groups were not statistically significant at each time point. The impression cytology grade was decreased from 1.72 (1.00, 2.00) before treatment to 0.94 (0.00, 2.00) at 4 weeks after therapy in the experimental group (Z=-2.803, P<0.05). The staining grade of conjunctival imprinted cells in the control group was 1.42 (1.00, 2.00) at 4 weeks, which showed no statistical significance compared with 1.56 (1.00, 2.00) before treatment (Z=1.195, P>0.05). The impression cytology grade was significantly reduced in the experimental group compared with the control group at 4 weeks after treatment (Z=-3.308, P<0.05). The number of goblet cells was 10.90 (5.00, 20.00) at 4 weeks after therapy in the experimental group, which was significantly higher than 6.30 (5.00, 8.00) before treatment (Z=-2.383, P<0.05); in the control group, it was 8.36 (4.00, 12.00) at 4 weeks after treatment, with no significant increase in comparison with that before treatment [7.55 (5.00, 11.00)] (Z=-0.095, P>0.05). The number of goblet cells was not significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group at 4 weeks after treatment (Z=-1.162, P>0.05). Most patients indicated that the drug was non-irritating, and no patient had intolerable irritation affecting daily lives at 4 weeks after therapy; there was no difference between the two groups (Z=-0.290, P>0.05). Conclusions: Both the rb-bFGF gel and the gel matrix can effectively improve the symptoms and signs of moderate dry eye. However, compared with the gel matrix, the rb-bFGF gel shows obvious advantages in promoting conjunctival epithelial cell repair and increasing the number of goblet cells. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 930-938).
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu L, Wu SQ, Zhu X, Xu R, Ai K, Zhang L, Zhao XK. Analysis of ceRNA network identifies prognostic circRNA biomarkers in bladder cancer. Neoplasma 2019; 66:736-745. [PMID: 31169020 DOI: 10.4149/neo_2019_190107n25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer remains a very challenging disease to treat with the high rates of recurrence and progression associated with current therapies. Although the association between bladder cancer pathology and circRNAs remains undetermined, circRNAs signatures may be useful as prognostic and predictive factors and clinical tools for assessing disease state and outcome. This study investigates if these circRNAs can be used as biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis. Using bioinformatics method to analysis GEO databases (GSE37815, GSE39093, GSE97239, and GSE92675) for differentially expressed RNAs in bladder cancer and normal bladder tissues were screened from. The related volcanic maps and the interaction network maps of differentially expressed RNAs were drawn, and the mRNA-miRNA and miRNA-circRNA interaction were predicted to establish mRNA-miRNA-circRNA competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. The differential circRNAs related to prognosis of bladder cancer patients were screened based on the influence of miRNA interacting with the circRNA above on survival rate. The expression of miRNA (hsa-mir-214), circRNA (hsa_circ_0076704, hsa_circ_0081963, hsa_circ_0001361) in bladder cancer tissues, adjacent tissues, bladder cancer cells and normal bladder epithelial cells were validated by qRT-PCR. Kaplan Meier curve analysis confirmed the relationship between circRNA (hsa_circ_0076704) and overall survival and prognosis of bladder cancer patients. Through database screening and analysis, we found 19231 differentially expressed genes, 847 differentially expressed miRNAs, 7282 differentially expressed circRNAs. The establishment of ceRNA network consisted of 28 DERNAs (differentially- expressed RNAs), 12 Demi-RNAs and 12 DEcircRNAs. Further prognostic analysis showed that circRNA interacted miRNA hsa-miR-106b, hsa-miR-145 and hsa-miR-214 were associated with overall survival in patients with bladder cancer (P < 0.05). Among them, hsa_circ_0076704, hsa_circ_0081963 and hsa_circ_0001361 are potential circRNA related to OS in bladder cancer and expressed in bladder cancer. The expression of hsa-mir-214 was contrary. Further Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed that hsa_circ_0076704 had significant prognostic value (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hsa_circ_0076704 is independent prognostic factor for bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yao LY, Guo YC, Zhan XJ, Sun ZF, Wu SQ, Wei YX. [Assessment of the brain volume alterations in patients with hyposmia based on voxel-based morphometry]. ZHONGHUA ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2018; 53:414-418. [PMID: 29902843 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the brain volume alterations in patients with hyposmia using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and to correlate these alterations with the degree and duration of hyposmia. Methods: Forty patients with hyposmia from Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital since 2013 to 2016 and forty age and sex matched normal subjects were recruited in this study. Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test was performed to evaluate the olfactory function of all subjects. We acquired T1-weighted magnetic resonance images from all subject on a 3T scanner. VBM was performed using VBM8 toolbox and SPM8 in a Matlab environment. Independent sample t test analysis was used to compare the volume of gray and white matter between the controls and patients. In addition, the Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was used for the correlation between the voxel value of cerebral volume alterations area and the degree and duration of hyposmia on patients (threshold discrimination identification, TDI). Results: Compared with the controls, patients showed significantly decreased volume in the gray matter of right orbitofrontal cortex (number of voxel in clusters was 226, t=-4.46, P<0.001, uncorrected). There was negative correlation between decreased gray matter volume of the right orbitofrontal cortex with significantly decreased area and the TDI results (r=-0.40, P=0.01), but positive correlation with duration of hyposmia (r=0.37, P=0.02). Conclusions: The patients with hyposmia show gray matter atrophy of the right orbitofrontal cortex. The duration may be an important risk factor for decreased gray matter in patients with hyposmia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu P, Wu SQ, Lv X, Zhao X, Ye Z, Lin Z, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Fe-Si networks in Na2FeSiO4 cathode materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:23916-22. [PMID: 27523264 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05135a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of adaptive genetic algorithm search, motif-network search scheme and first-principles calculations, we have systematically studied the low-energy crystal structures of Na2FeSiO4. We show that the low-energy crystal structures with different space group symmetries can be classified into several families based on the topologies of their Fe-Si networks. In addition to the diamond-like network which is shared by most of the low-energy structures, another three robust Fe-Si networks are also found to be stable during the charge/discharge process. The electrochemical properties of representative structures from these four different Fe-Si networks in Na2FeSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 are investigated and found to be strongly correlated with the Fe-Si network topologies. Our studies provide a new route to characterize the crystal structures of Na2FeSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 and offer useful guidance for the design of promising cathodes for Na/Li ion batteries.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao MG, Xu J, Yang QF, Guo ZP, Zhang KB, Li XB, Wu SQ, Zhou W. [High-Content siRNA Screen of the Kinome Identifies Kinases Involved in Git2-Induced Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2017; 51:696-703. [PMID: 28900089 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898417040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) programs are involced in the metastatic process. More and more evidence confirms that EMT is vital for the initiation and dissemination of cancer cells whereas MET is critical for successful metastatic colonization of a secondary organ. The regulating mechanism of EMT mediated cancer progression and metastasis has been deeply investigated. However, what processes are dependent on MET in metastatic cascades remains unclear. Here, we created a cell based high-content siRNA screen using the breast cancer cell line 4TO7 to search for kinases that were involved in Git2-induced MET. Our results revealed that 58 kinases including transferase, phosphorylation regulators, ATP/nucleotide partners potentially participate in Git2-induced MET. Our preliminary data is expected to facilitate elucidation of the mechanism on how MET is initiated during cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu SQ, Ma SZ, Zhang C, Li DQ, Gao CZ. Effects of human parathyroid hormone on bone morphogenetic protein signal pathway following spinal fusion in diabetic rats. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2017; 31:111-117. [PMID: 28337879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. Thus, it is crucial to study the signal mechanisms responsible for enhancement of bone mass in diabetes. Administration of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) has been reported to prevent osteoblast apoptosis and have anabolic effects on bone in animals and humans. In the present study, we examined the effects of hPTH on expression of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP-2) and its receptor BMPR2 in diabetic rats following spinal fusion. Our data show that hPTH amplified BMP-2 and BMPR2 in bone tissues of non-diabetic rats, but not in diabetic rats. Our data further demonstrate that hPTH plays a role in regulating BMP-2 and BMPR2 via mTOR-PI3K signal pathway. We suggest specific signaling pathways by which hPTH regulates BMP-2 via mTOR-PI3K mechanism in bone formation following spinal fusion. Notably, our data indicate under diabetic conditions this signal pathway is impaired, thereby likely affecting bone formation after spinal fusion. The subsequent induction of BMP-2 and BMPR2 are likely a part of the protective effects aimed at attenuating pathological bone damage as a result of diabetes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liang HR, Fu XZ, Li NQ, Liu LH, Lin Q, Li YG, Peng YA, Huang ZB, Wu SQ. The distribution of different virulence grass carp reovirus strains in some neglected tissues. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:763-770. [PMID: 28092614 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is the causative agent of hemorrhagic disease in infected grass carp. During an outbreak, a mortality rate of up to 85% can be experienced, thus leading to substantial economic losses. The current understanding of disease pathogenesis is limited, with the distribution and dynamics of replication amongst different GCRV strains in vivo largely unknown. We determined distribution of different GCRV strains in infected grass carp, especially in some neglected tissues, such as the gill, brain, blood and so on. The results showed elevated viral RNA copy numbers in the blood, with some tissues such as the kidney, heart, brain, and bladder exhibiting even higher viral loads following infection with the virulent GCRV-CL strain. Even more interesting is that the brain exhibited the highest viral load, with a copy number of 800,000 following GCRV-CL infection. Overall, this study provides further insight into GCRV viral load distributions following infection and potentially identified some new viral tropism sites to provide a foundation for further studies aimed at characterizing GCRV viral pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ji GY, Wang Y, Wu SQ, Liu QQ, Wu JC, Zhang MM, Sandford AJ, He JQ. Association between TXNRD1 polymorphisms and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a prospective study. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2016; 15:gmr8296. [PMID: 27706680 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15038296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) is a serious adverse reaction to anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), encoded by the TXNRD1 gene, is an important enzyme involved in oxidant challenge. TXNRD1 plays a key role in regulating cell growth and transformation, and protects cells against oxidative damage. We investigated the association between TXNRD1 polymorphisms and ATDH susceptibility. In this prospective study, 280 newly diagnosed TB patients were followed-up for 3 months after beginning anti-TB therapy. Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag-SNPs) of TXNRD1 were selected using Haploview 4.2 based on the HapMap database of the Chinese Han in Beijing (CHB) panel. Genotyping was performed using the MassARRAY platform. Of the 280 patients enrolled in this study, 33 were lost to follow-up, 24 had ATDH, and 223 were free from ATDH. After adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, and body mass index, there were no significant differences in the allele and genotype frequency distributions of TXNRD1 SNPs between the ATDH and non-ATDH groups (all P > 0.05). The haplotype analysis showed that haplotype TCAGCC was associated with an increased risk of ATDH susceptibility [P = 0.024, OR (95%CI) = 6.273 (1.023-38.485)]. Further stratified analyses showed that the haplotype TCAGCC was associated with ATDH susceptibility in female subjects [P = 0.036, OR (95%CI) = 5.711 (0.917-35.560)] and non-smokers [P = 0.029, OR (95%CI) = 6.008 (0.971-37.158)]. Our results suggest that TXNRD1 variants may favor ATDH susceptibility in females and non-smokers. Further studies are required to verify this association.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhong YW, Di FL, Liu C, Zhang XC, Bi JF, Li YL, Wu SQ, Dong H, Liu LM, He J, Shi YM, Zhang HF, Zhang M. Hepatitis B virus basal core promoter/precore mutants and association with liver cirrhosis in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:379.e1-379.e8. [PMID: 26577140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated 168 children and analysed the virological characterization and association with disease progression in children with hepatitis B virus (HBV) basal core promoter/precore (BCP/PC) mutants. Among 168 patients with HBV infection (aged 0.5-18 years old, mean 10.1), 86 of them had HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and 82 had HBV-related chronic hepatitis B (CHB). A direct sequencing method was employed to determine the HBV genotypes and the mutations in BCP/PC regions. In all, 133 of them were infected with genotype C viruses (79.17%); only 35 patients (20.83%) were infected with genotype B viruses. Both LC patients and CHB patients had significantly higher ratios of genotype C when compared with the ratios of genotype B (83.7%-16.3% versus 74.4%-25.6%). For patients with CHB, the prevalence of BCP/PC wild-type viruses was 52.4%; but this was only 4.7% in patients with LC. The C1653T, T1753C, A1762T/G1764A and G1896A mutations had a significantly higher prevalence in patients with LC. Among all the patients with genotype B viruses, those with LC had lower HBV DNA levels and higher G1899A mutation frequency than patients with CHB. Among all the patients with genotype C viruses, the patients with LC had higher prevalence of C1653T, A1762T/G1764A and G1896A mutation frequency, higher hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) -negative rates, lower viral load, lower elevated alanine aminotransferase and lower anti-HBe positive rates than CHB patients. The HBV BCP/PC variants were more common in HBeAg-negative LC patients than in the CHB group (BCP, 53.4% versus 15.6%; PC, 18.6% versus 3.7%, respectively, p < 0.001). Patients with HBV genotype C viruses, high viral load and C1653T, A1762T/G1764A, G1896A mutant viruses, were more susceptible to developing LC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lei MM, Wu SQ, Shao XB, Li XW, Chen Z, Ying SJ, Shi ZD. Creating leptin-like biofunctions by active immunization against chicken leptin receptor in growing chickens. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 50:55-64. [PMID: 25447880 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, immunization against chicken leptin receptor (cLEPR) extracellular domain (ECD) was applied to investigate leptin regulation and LEPR biofunction in growing chicken pullets. A recombinant protein (cLEPR ECD) based on the cLEPR complemenary DNA sequence corresponding to the 582nd to 796th amino acid residues of cLEPR mature peptide was prepared and used as antigen. Immunization against cLEPR ECD in growing chickens increased anti-cLEPR ECD antibody titers in blood, enhanced proportions of phosphorylated janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and served as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein in liver tissue. Chicken live weight gain and abdominal fat mass were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), but feed intake was stimulated by cLEPR ECD immunization (P < 0.05). The treatment also upregulated the gene expression levels of lepR, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC2), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in liver, abdominal fat, and breast muscle (P < 0.05) but decreased fasn expression levels (P < 0.01). Apart from that of lepR, the expression of appetite-regulating genes, such as orexigenic genes, agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), were upregulated (P < 0.01), whereas the anorexigenic gene proopiomelanocortin (POMC) was downregulated in the hypothalamic tissue of cLEPR-immunized pullets (P < 0.01). Blood concentrations of metabolic molecules, such as glucose, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein, were significantly decreased in cLEPR-immunized pullets but those of cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein increased. These results demonstrate that antibodies to membrane proximal cLEPR ECD enhance cLEPR signal transduction, which stimulates metabolism and reduces fat deposition in chickens.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu SQ, Ji M, Wang CZ, Nguyen MC, Zhao X, Umemoto K, Wentzcovitch RM, Ho KM. An adaptive genetic algorithm for crystal structure prediction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:035402. [PMID: 24351274 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/3/035402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a genetic algorithm (GA) for structural search that combines the speed of structure exploration by classical potentials with the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) calculations in an adaptive and iterative way. This strategy increases the efficiency of the DFT-based GA by several orders of magnitude. This gain allows a considerable increase in the size and complexity of systems that can be studied by first principles. The performance of the method is illustrated by successful structure identifications of complex binary and ternary intermetallic compounds with 36 and 54 atoms per cell, respectively. The discovery of a multi-TPa Mg-silicate phase with unit cell containing up to 56 atoms is also reported. Such a phase is likely to be an essential component of terrestrial exoplanetary mantles.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng WW, Wang Q, Wang YY, Xu DH, Wu SQ. A one-step molecular biology method for simple and rapid detection of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella reovirus (GCRV) HZ08 strain. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:1545-1555. [PMID: 23639153 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Six reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) primers designed against conserved regions of segment 6 (s6) gene were used for the detection of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella reovirus (GCRV) HZ08 subtype. The entire amplification could be completed within 40 min at 62·3° C. The RT-LAMP showed higher sensitivity than reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RNA detection limit was 10 copies µl⁻¹ for RT-LAMP assay and 100 copies µl⁻¹ for conventional RT-PCR. In specificity tests, no cross-reactivity was detected in other viruses from common aquatic animals. In addition, the reaction results can be visualized by using calcein fluorescent dye. Furthermore, a total of 86 samples were tested by RT-LAMP, RT-PCR and virus isolation. The results demonstrated that all 54 specimens identified as positive by virus isolation were also positive when detected by RT-LAMP. Seven out of 54 samples, however, were misidentified by RT-PCR. The RT-LAMP method is more accurate than conventional RT-PCR. The results indicate that RT-LAMP has potential as a simple and rapid diagnosis technique for the detection of GCRV HZ08 subtype infection.
Collapse
|
16
|
Li KB, Chang OQ, Wang F, Liu C, Wang Q, Liang FL, Ma BY, Wu SQ. Identification of a transparent mutant tiger barb Puntius tetrazona and its use for in vivo observation of a Pleistophora sp. (Microsporidia) infection. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:2393-2404. [PMID: 22650423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A transparent mutant tiger barb Puntius tetrazona was identified and characterized by its transparent body, which allows clear visualization of internal organs. Hybridization of this mutant with the albino variant produces a transparent and albinoid double phenotype, and the transparency of this mutant is controlled by a recessive allele. Light microscopic and ultrastructural examinations show that in contrast to normal individuals, transparent mutants lack iridophores, and light penetrates unimpeded through the body. Pleistophora sp. infection was observed in vivo, allowing live observation of parasite dissemination and the consequent pathological alterations in the fish body as well as the simultaneous acquisition of data on the dynamics and spatial pattern of pathogenic invasion. It is superior to common fish models, as dynamic experimental data can be obtained from individual fish.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Q, Zeng WW, Li KB, Chang OQ, Liu C, Wu GH, Shi CB, Wu SQ. Outbreaks of an iridovirus in marbled sleepy goby, Oxyeleotris marmoratus (Bleeker), cultured in southern China. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:399-402. [PMID: 21488907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
18
|
Toegel S, Pabst M, Wu SQ, Grass J, Goldring MB, Chiari C, Kolb A, Altmann F, Viernstein H, Unger FM. Phenotype-related differential alpha-2,6- or alpha-2,3-sialylation of glycoprotein N-glycans in human chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:240-8. [PMID: 19800998 PMCID: PMC2818349 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sialic acids frequently occur at the terminal positions of glycoprotein N-glycans present at chondrocyte surfaces or in the cartilage matrix. Sialic acids are transferred to glycoproteins in either alpha-2,3 or alpha-2,6 linkage by specific sialyltransferases (SiaTs) and can potentially affect cell functions and cell-matrix interactions. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between the expression of the human chondrocyte phenotype and the sialylation of chondrocyte glycoprotein N-glycans. METHODS The transcription of 5 SiaT was quantified using real-time Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. N-glycan analysis was performed using LC-ESI-MS. Primary human chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer or alginate beads and compared to the chondrocyte cell lines C-28/I2 and SW1353. In addition, effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on primary cells were assessed. RESULTS Primary human chondrocytes predominantly express alpha-2,6-specific SiaTs and accordingly, alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid residues in glycoprotein N-glycans. In contrast, the preponderance of alpha-2,3-linked sialyl residues and, correspondingly, reduced levels of alpha-2,6-specific SiaTs are associated with the altered chondrocyte phenotype of C-28/I2 and SW1353 cells. Importantly, a considerable shift towards alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids and alpha-2,3-specific SiaT mRNA levels occurred in primary chondrocytes treated with IL-1beta or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). CONCLUSION The expression of the differentiated chondrocyte phenotype is linked to the ratio of alpha-2,6- to alpha-2,3-linked sialic acids in chondrocyte glycoprotein N-glycans. A shift towards altered sialylation might contribute to impaired cell-matrix interactions in disease conditions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Toegel S, Wu SQ, Piana C, Unger FM, Wirth M, Goldring MB, Gabor F, Viernstein H. Comparison between chondroprotective effects of glucosamine, curcumin, and diacerein in IL-1beta-stimulated C-28/I2 chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1205-12. [PMID: 18321735 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of glucosamine (GlcN), curcumin, and diacerein in immortalized human C-28/I2 chondrocytes at the cellular and the gene expression level. This study aimed to provide insights into the proposed beneficial effects of these agents and to assess the applicability of the C-28/I2 cell line as a model for the evaluation of chondroprotective action. METHODS Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-stimulated C-28/I2 cells were cultured in the presence of GlcN, curcumin, and diacerein prior to the evaluation of parameters such as viability, morphology and proliferation. The impact of GlcN, curcumin, and diacerein on gene expression was determined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR). RESULTS At the transcriptional level, 5 mM GlcN and 50 microM diacerein increased the expression of cartilage-specific genes such as aggrecan (AGC) and collagen type II (COL2), while reducing collagen type I (COL1) mRNA levels. Moreover, the IL-1beta-mediated shift in gene expression pattern was antagonized by GlcN and diacerein. These effects were associated with a significant reduction in cellular proliferation and the development of chondrocyte-specific cell morphology. In contrast, curcumin was not effective at lower concentrations but even damaged the cells at higher amounts. CONCLUSIONS Both GlcN and diacerein promoted a differentiated chondrocytic phenotype of immortalized human C-28/I2 chondrocytes by altering proliferation, morphology, and COL2/COL1 mRNA ratios. Moreover, both agents antagonized inhibitory effects of IL-1beta by enhancing AGC and COL2 as well as by reducing COL1 mRNA levels.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang HR, Yan YS, Zhang QW, Zheng J, Liu JM, Feng YY, Wu SQ, Wu JH. [Sero-epidemiological study on the human T-cell leukaemia virus type I/II infection in the east coastal areas of Fujian province]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2004; 25:428-30. [PMID: 15231172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the seroprevalence of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I/II (HTLV-I/II) infection in adult population in the east coastal areas of Fujian and to explore the possible risk factors of HTLV-I/II. METHODS A total number of 3259 blood samples from drug users, sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients, prostitutes and blood donors for serologic assays during 1999 to 2002, were collected. All samples were screened for HTLV-I/II antibody, using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. All of the positive samples were confirmed by western blot (WB) kits. Statistical analysis was done by Epi software, and chi(2) test by Fisher's exact test. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence rate of HTLV-I/II in healthy populations was 0.06% including, 0.32% in drug users, 0.58% in STD patients and prostitutes respectively. HTLV-II had not been found. The seropositive rates for HTLV-I in STD patients and prostitutes were significantly higher than the findings among healthy populations (P < 0.05). There were no different seroprevalence rates between drug users and healthy populations (P > 0.05). No significant changes in HTLV-I prevalence rates were found in the different age groups as well as in Fuzhou and Linde cities (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The result suggested that in the east coastal areas of Fujian province, HTLV-I was the main prevalent virus. The seroprevalence of HTLV-I was very low, with no HTLV-II. Neither age nor gender seemed to be HTLV-I risk factor in the east coastal areas of Fujian province, but the increase of exposure to sex might be one.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu SQ, Kuo J, Chen XR, Chen SA, Quinn JJ. Translocation (6;14) in childhood acute mixed lineage leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 141:178-9. [PMID: 12606141 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Wu SQ, Hafez GR, Zhang J, Newton M, Chen A, Lange J, Wilding G. Identification of the prostate cancer micro-foci with chromosome 8p deletion at the tumor interface area by histopathological-FISH parallel examination. Int J Oncol 2001; 19:1143-7. [PMID: 11713582 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.19.6.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a histopathological-fluorescence in situ hybridization (histo-FISH) parallel examination technique to identify the micro-foci of prostate cancer with chromosome 8p deletion at the interface area adjacent to the tumor. The archival paraffin embedded prostate tissue sections from 27 prostate cancer patients were evaluated. Seventy-eight percent of the patients showed chromosome 8p deletion in the tumor sections. Eight of the 27 patients (30%) had been found positive for tumor micro-foci with chromosome 8p deletion at the tumor interface area. There is a strong trend for patients with late stage tumors to have positive findings for tumor micro-foci at the interface area (p<0.002). Our data suggests that the formation of tumor micro-foci with chromosome 8p deletion and ploidy change at the interface area is a significant development in the advanced prostate cancer, and identification of these micro-foci may serve as a prognostic parameter in the clinical assessment of prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Misurski DA, Wu SQ, McNeill JR, Wilson TW, Gopalakrishnan V. Insulin-Induced Biphasic Responses in Rat Mesenteric Vascular Bed. Hypertension 2001; 37:1298-302. [PMID: 11358944 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.5.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
—The vasodilatory capacity of insulin has been widely reported, yet some investigators have not noted this effect. Because insulin has been shown to enhance endothelin release, we speculated that endothelin could be attenuating insulin-evoked vasodilation. We examined the effect of ex vivo insulin perfusion on vascular resistance by using the Sprague-Dawley rat mesenteric vascular bed. In methoxamine-preconstricted preparations, insulin (3.0 pmol/L to 10 nmol/L) evoked a concentration-dependent decrease in perfusion pressure (PP) with a maximal response of 42.0±9.2%, whereas continuous exposure to 10 nmol/L insulin induced a 51.8±3.5% relaxation. Further exposure to 10 nmol/L insulin resulted in the generation of endothelin and a subsequent loss of the vasodilatory response. Indomethacin had no effect on vascular responses. The vasodilatory response was significantly inhibited by nitric oxide synthase inhibition (20.5±4.2%;
P
<0.01) and calcium-activated potassium channel blockade (28.5±3.7%;
P
<0.05). Endothelial denudation attenuated the vasodilatory component (20.3±7.1%;
P
<0.01) and altered the biphasic pattern of the response. The decline in insulin-evoked vasodilation was significantly prevented by an endothelin-A antagonist (BQ123), an endothelin-B antagonist (BQ788), and nonselective endothelin blockade with both BQ123 and BQ788. These results demonstrate that the endothelium is intimately involved in regulating the vascular response to insulin. Insulin promotes the release of nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. During sustained exposure to higher concentrations, this vasodilatory effect is countered by the pathological generation of endothelin. Endothelin receptor blockade facilitates the maintenance of vasodilation despite high insulin concentrations.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hartig G, Zhang J, Voytovich GM, Newton M, Chen A, Collins SP, Wu SQ. Fluorescent in situ hybridizaton evaluation of p53 gene deletions at a tumor interface of lingual carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:1474-8. [PMID: 10983945 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200009000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the ability of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect malignant cells missed by standard histological assessment at an interface between malignant and normal tissue in lingual squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and to correlate findings of FISH assessment with patients' clinical stages. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective assessment of archival tissue from 31 patients with lingual SCC treated at University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in Madison. METHODS An assay combining standard histological and FISH techniques was used to assess a tumor interface tissue section and allow identification of each tumor's ploidy characteristics and p53 gene deletions and the presence or absence of malignant cells within tissue viewed as "normal" on histological review. RESULTS Forty-five percent of tumors (14 of 31) demonstrated ploidy changes and 84% (26 of 31) showed p53 deletions. Of these 26 tumors with p53 deletions, 14 were found to have "microfoci" with p53 deletions within tissue that appeared normal on histological examination. These microfoci were found in 75% of late-stage tumors and in only 35% of early-stage tumors. CONCLUSIONS FISH allowed identification of malignant cells in tissue viewed as normal on standard histological assessment, and this finding occurred more frequently in late-stage tumors.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wong WY, Wu SQ. Pentasomy 8 in pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 121:220-2. [PMID: 11063813 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome developed in a 2-year-old child with the karyotype revealing the presence of pentasomy 8. The significance of the coexistence of pentasomy 8, tetrasomy 8, and trisomy 8 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in his marrow is discussed.
Collapse
|