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Fan M, Meng XH, Guo H, Xin S, Chang X, Jiang KC, Chen JC, Meng Q, Guo YG. Reviving Fatigue Surface for Solid-State Upcycling of Highly Degraded Polycrystalline LiNi 1-x-yCo xMn yO 2 Cathodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405238. [PMID: 38923661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing tide of spent lithium-ion batteries urgently calls for high-value output in efficient recycling. Recently, direct regeneration is emerged as a novel recycling strategy but fails to repair the irreversible morphology and structure damages of the highly degraded polycrystalline layered oxide materials. Here, we carry out a solid-state upcycling study for the severely cracked LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 cathodes. The specific single-crystallization process during calcination is investigated and the surface rock salt phase is recognized as the intrinsic obstacle to the crystal growth of the degraded cathodes due to sluggish diffusion in the heterogeneous grain boundary. Accordingly, we revive the fatigue rock salt phase by restoring a layered surface and successfully reshape severely broken cathodes into the high-performance single-crystalline particles. Benefiting from morphological and structural integrity, the upcycled single-crystalline cathode materials exhibit an enhanced capacity retention rate of 93.5% after 150 cycles at 1C compared with 61.7% of the regenerated polycrystalline materials. The performance is also beyond that of the commercial cathodes even under a high cut-off voltage (4.5 V) or high operating temperature (45 °C). This work provides scientific insights for the upcycling of the highly degraded cathodes in spent LIBs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Wang XZ, Zuo Y, Qin Y, Zhu X, Xu SW, Guo YJ, Yan T, Zhang L, Gao Z, Yu L, Liu M, Yin YX, Cheng Y, Wang PF, Guo YG. Fast Na + Kinetics and Suppressed Voltage Hysteresis Enabled by a High-Entropy Strategy for Sodium Oxide Cathodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312300. [PMID: 38552255 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
O3-type layered transition metal cathodes are promising energy storage materials due to their sufficient sodium reservoir. However, sluggish sodium ions kinetics and large voltage hysteresis, which are generally associated with Na+ diffusion properties and electrochemical phase transition reversibility, drastically minimize energy density, reduce energy efficiency, and hinder further commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here, this work proposes a high-entropy tailoring strategy through manipulating the electronic local environment within transition metal slabs to circumvent these issues. Experimental analysis combined with theoretical calculations verify that high-entropy metal ion mixing contributes to the improved reversibility of redox reaction and O3-P3-O3 phase transition behaviors as well as the enhanced Na+ diffusivity. Consequently, the designed O3-Na0.9Ni0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Mn0.2Ti0.15Cu0.05O2 material with high-entropy characteristic could display a negligible voltage hysteresis (<0.09 V), impressive rate capability (98.6 mAh g-1 at 10 C) and long-term cycling stability (79.4% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 5 C). This work provides insightful guidance in mitigating the voltage hysteresis and facilitating Na+ diffusion of layered oxide cathode materials to realize high-rate and high-energy SIBs.
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Peng HY, Xu YS, Wei XY, Li YN, Liang X, Wang J, Tan SJ, Guo YG, Cao FF. Anchoring Active Li Metal in Oriented Channel by In Situ Formed Nucleation Sites Enabling Durable Lithium-Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313034. [PMID: 38478881 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lithium metal is the ultimate anode material for pursuing the increased energy density of rechargeable batteries. However, fatal dendrites growth and huge volume change seriously hinder the practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, a lithium host that preinstalled CoSe nanoparticles on vertical carbon vascular tissues (VCVT/CoSe) is designed and fabricated to resolve these issues, which provides sufficient Li plating space with a robust framework, enabling dendrite-free Li deposition. Their inherent N sites coupled with the in situ formed lithiophilic Co sites loaded at the interface of VCVT not only anchor the initial Li nucleation seeds but also accelerate the Li+ transport kinetics. Meanwhile, the Li2Se originated from the CoSe conversion contributes to constructing a stable solid-electrolyte interphase with high ionic conductivity. This optimized Li/VCVT/CoSe composite anode exhibits a prominent long-term cycling stability over 3000 h with a high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm-2. When paired with a commercial nickel-rich LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 cathode, the full-cell presents substantially enhanced cycling performance with 81.7% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 0.2 C. Thus, this work reveals the critical role of guiding Li deposition behavior to maintain homogeneous Li morphology and pave the way to stable LMBs.
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Meng XH, Xiao D, Zhou ZY, Liu WZ, Shi JL, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Self-Limiting Phase Transition Enabling Reversible Overstoichiometric Li Storage in Ni-Rich Cathodes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14889-14897. [PMID: 38747066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Ni-rich cathodes are some of the most promising candidates for advanced lithium-ion batteries, but their available capacities have been stagnant due to the intrinsic Li+ storage sites. Extending the voltage window down can induce the phase transition from O3 to 1T of LiNiO2-derived cathodes to accommodate excess Li+ and dramatically increase the capacity. By setting the discharge cutoff voltage of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 to 1.4 V, we can reach an extremely high capacity of 393 mAh g-1 and an energy density of 1070 Wh kg-1 here. However, the phase transition causes fast capacity decay and related structural evolution is rarely understood, hindering the utilization of this feature. We find that the overlithiated phase transition is self-limiting, which will transform into solid-solution reaction with cycling and make the cathode degradation slow down. This is attributed to the migration of abundant transition metal ions into lithium layers induced by the overlithiation, allowing the intercalation of overstoichiometric Li+ into the crystal without the O3 framework change. Based on this, the wide-potential cycling stability is further improved via a facile charge-discharge protocol. This work provides deep insight into the overstoichiometric Li+ storage behaviors in conventional layered cathodes and opens a new avenue toward high-energy batteries.
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Chang X, Fan M, Yuan B, He WH, Gu CF, Li C, Meng Q, Guo YG. Approaching Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries through Voltage-Responsive Smart Prelithiation Separator with Surface-Engineered Sacrificial Lithium Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406557. [PMID: 38798154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The surge in lithium-ion batteries has heightened concerns regarding metal resource depletion and the environmental impact of spent batteries. Battery recycling has become paramount globally, but conventional techniques, while effective at extracting transition metals like cobalt and nickel from cathodes, often overlook widely used spent LiFePO4 due to its abundant and low-cost iron content. Direct regeneration, a promising approach for restoring deteriorated cathodes, is hindered by practicality and cost issues despite successful methods like solid-state sintering. Hence, a smart prelithiation separator based on surface-engineered sacrificial lithium agents is proposed. Benefiting from the synergistic anionic and cationic redox, the prelithiation separator can intelligently release or intake active lithium via voltage regulation. The staged lithium replenishment strategy was implemented, successfully restoring spent LiFePO4's capacity to 177 mAh g-1 and a doubled life. Simultaneously, the separator can absorb excess active lithium up to approximately 600mAh g-1 below 2.5 V to prevent over-lithiation of the cathode This innovative, straightforward, and cost-effective strategy paves the way for the direct regeneration of spent batteries, expanding the possibilities in the realm of lithium-ion battery recycling.
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Xu DX, Zhao YM, Chen HX, Lu ZY, Tian YF, Xin S, Li G, Guo YG. Reduced Volume Expansion of Micron-Sized SiO x via Closed-Nanopore Structure Constructed by Mg-Induced Elemental Segregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401973. [PMID: 38520059 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The inherently huge volume expansion during Li uptake has hindered the use of Si-based anodes in high-energy lithium-ion batteries. While some pore-forming and nano-architecting strategies show promises to effectively buffer the volume change, other parameters essential for practical electrode fabrication, such as compaction density, are often compromised. Here we propose a new in situ Mg doping strategy to form closed-nanopore structure into a micron-sized SiOx particle at a high bulk density. The doped Mg atoms promote the segregation of O, so that high-density magnesium silicates form to generate closed nanopores. By altering the mass content of Mg dopant, the average radii (ranged from 5.4 to 9.7 nm) and porosities (ranged from 1.4 % to 15.9 %) of the closed pores are precisely adjustable, which accounts for volume expansion of SiOx from 77.8 % to 22.2 % at the minimum. Benefited from the small volume variation, the Mg-doped micron-SiOx anode demonstrates improved Li storage performance towards realization of a 700-(dis)charge-cycle, 11-Ah-pouch-type cell at a capacity retention of >80 %. This work offers insights into reasonable design of the internal structure of micron-sized SiOx and other materials that undergo conversion or alloying reactions with drastic volume change, to enable high-energy batteries with stable electrochemistry.
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Niu M, Dong L, Yue J, Li Y, Dong Y, Cheng S, Lv S, Zhu YH, Lei Z, Liang JY, Xin S, Yang C, Guo YG. A Fast-Charge Graphite Anode with a Li-Ion-Conductive, Electron/Solvent-Repelling Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318663. [PMID: 38516922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Graphite has been serving as the key anode material of rechargeable Li-ion batteries, yet is difficultly charged within a quarter hour while maintaining stable electrochemistry. In addition to a defective edge structure that prevents fast Li-ion entry, the high-rate performance of graphite could be hampered by co-intercalation and parasitic reduction of solvent molecules at anode/electrolyte interface. Conventional surface modification by pitch-derived carbon barely isolates the solvent and electrons, and usually lead to inadequate rate capability to meet practical fast-charge requirements. Here we show that, by applying a MoOx-MoNx layer onto graphite surface, the interface allows fast Li-ion diffusion yet blocks solvent access and electron leakage. By regulating interfacial mass and charge transfer, the modified graphite anode delivers a reversible capacity of 340.3 mAh g-1 after 4000 cycles at 6 C, showing promises in building 10-min-rechargeable batteries with a long operation life.
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Li H, Wang Z, Dang L, Yu K, Yang R, Fu A, Liu X, Guo YG, Li H. Precursor Induced Assembly of Si Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Graphene/Carbon Matrices and the Influence of Al 2O 3 Coating on their Properties as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307722. [PMID: 38054783 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical capacity of pristine silicon as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can reach up to 4200 mAh g-1, however, the low electrical conductivity and the huge volume expansion limit their practical application. To address this challenge, a precursor strategy has been explored to induce the curling of graphene oxide (GO) flakes and the enclosing of Si nanoparticles by selecting protonated chitosan as both assembly inducer and carbon precursor. The Si nanoparticles are dispersed first in a slurry of GO by ball milling, then the resulting dispersion is dried by a spray drying process to achieve instantaneous solution evaporation and compact encapsulation of silicon particles with GO. An Al2O3 layer is constructed on the surface of Si@rGO@C-SD composites by the atomic layer deposition method to modify the solid electrolyte interface. This strategy enhances obviously the electrochemical performance of the Si as anode for LIBs, including excellent long-cycle stability of 930 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g-1, satisfied initial Coulomb efficiency of 76.7%, and high rate ability of 806 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1. This work shows a potential solution to the shortcomings of Si-based anodes and provides meaningful insights for constructing high-energy anodes for LIBs.
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Tan SJ, Feng XX, Wang YH, Guo YG, Xin S. Nonconventional Electrochemical Reactions in Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38639560 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising for high-energy storage. However, conventional redox reactions involving sulfur (S) and lithium (Li) can lead to unstable intermediates. Over the past decade, many strategies have emerged to address this challenge, enabling nonconventional electrochemical reactions in Li-S batteries. In our Perspective, we provide a brief review of these strategies and highlight their potential benefits. Specifically, our group has pioneered a top-down approach, investigating Li-S reactions at molecular and subatomic levels, as demonstrated in our recent work on stable S isotopes. These insights not only enhance understanding of charge transfer and storage properties but also offer exciting opportunities for advancements in battery materials research.
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He WH, Guo YJ, Wang EH, Ding L, Chang X, Chang YX, Lei ZQ, Xin S, Li H, Wang B, Zhang QY, Xu L, Yin YX, Guo YG. Boosting Sodium Compensation Efficiency via a CNT/MnO 2 Catalyst toward High-Performance Na-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18971-18979. [PMID: 38578663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a solid electrolyte interphase on carbon anodes causes irreversible loss of Na+ ions, significantly compromising the energy density of Na-ion full cells. Sodium compensation additives can effectively address the irreversible sodium loss but suffer from high decomposition voltage induced by low electrochemical activity. Herein, we propose a universal electrocatalytic sodium compensation strategy by introducing a carbon nanotube (CNT)/MnO2 catalyst to realize full utilization of sodium compensation additives at a much-reduced decomposition voltage. The well-organized CNT/MnO2 composite with high catalytic activity, good electronic conductivity, and abundant reaction sites enables sodium compensation additives to decompose at significantly reduced voltages (from 4.40 to 3.90 V vs Na+/Na for sodium oxalate, 3.88 V for sodium carbonate, and even 3.80 V for sodium citrate). As a result, sodium oxalate as the optimal additive achieves a specific capacity of 394 mAh g-1, almost reaching its theoretical capacity in the first charge, increasing the energy density of the Na-ion full cell from 111 to 158 Wh kg-1 with improved cycle stability and rate capability. This work offers a valuable approach to enhance sodium compensation efficiency, promising high-performance energy storage devices in the future.
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Li XT, Zhao Y, Zhu YH, Wang WP, Zhang Y, Wang F, Guo YG, Xin S, Bai C. The electrochemistry of stable sulfur isotopes versus lithium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316564121. [PMID: 38527200 PMCID: PMC10998575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316564121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfur in nature consists of two abundant stable isotopes, with two more neutrons in the heavy one (34S) than in the light one (32S). The two isotopes show similar physicochemical properties and are usually considered an integral system for chemical research in various fields. In this work, a model study based on a Li-S battery was performed to reveal the variation between the electrochemical properties of the two S isotopes. Provided with the same octatomic ring structure, the cyclo-34S8 molecules form stronger S-S bonds than cyclo-32S8 and are more prone to react with Li. The soluble Li polysulfides generated by the Li-34S conversion reaction show a stronger cation-solvent interaction yet a weaker cation-anion interaction than the 32S-based counterparts, which facilitates quick solvation of polysulfides yet hinders their migration from the cathode to the anode. Consequently, the Li-34S cell shows improved cathode reaction kinetics at the solid-liquid interface and inhibited shuttle of polysulfides through the electrolyte so that it demonstrates better cycling performance than the Li-32S cell. Based on the varied shuttle kinetics of the isotopic-S-based polysulfides, an electrochemical separation method for 34S/32S isotope is proposed, which enables a notably higher separation factor than the conventional separation methods via chemical exchange or distillation and brings opportunities to low-cost manufacture, utilization, and research of heavy chalcogen isotopes.
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Zhang CH, Guo YJ, Tan SJ, Wang YH, Guo JC, Tian YF, Zhang XS, Liu BZ, Xin S, Zhang J, Wan LJ, Guo YG. An ultralight, pulverization-free integrated anode toward lithium-less lithium metal batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl4842. [PMID: 38552028 PMCID: PMC10980265 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The high-capacity advantage of lithium metal anode was compromised by common use of copper as the collector. Furthermore, lithium pulverization associated with "dead" Li accumulation and electrode cracking deteriorates the long-term cyclability of lithium metal batteries, especially under realistic test conditions. Here, we report an ultralight, integrated anode of polyimide-Ag/Li with dual anti-pulverization functionality. The silver layer was initially chemically bonded to the polyimide surface and then spontaneously diffused in Li solid solution and self-evolved into a fully lithiophilic Li-Ag phase, mitigating dendrites growth or dead Li. Further, the strong van der Waals interaction between the bottommost Li-Ag and polyimide affords electrode structural integrity and electrical continuity, thus circumventing electrode pulverization. Compared to the cutting-edge anode-free cells, the batteries pairing LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 with polyimide-Ag/Li afford a nearly 10% increase in specific energy, with safer characteristics and better cycling stability under realistic conditions of 1× excess Li and high areal-loading cathode (4 milliampere hour per square centimeter).
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Shen ZZ, Zhang XS, Wan J, Liu GX, Tian JX, Liu B, Guo YG, Wen R. Nanoscale Visualization of Lithium Plating/Stripping Tuned by On-site Formed Solid Electrolyte Interphase in All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316837. [PMID: 38315104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The interfacial processes, mainly the lithium (Li) plating/stripping and the evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), are directly related to the performance of all-solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLBs). However, the complex processes at solid-solid interfaces are embedded under the solid-state electrolyte, making it challenging to analyze the dynamic processes in real time. Here, using in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy, we directly visualized the Li plating/stripping/replating behavior, and measured the morphological and mechanical properties of the on-site formed SEI at nanoscale. Li spheres plating/stripping/replating at the argyrodite solid electrolyte (Li6 PS5 Cl)/Li electrode interface is coupled with the formation/wrinkling/inflating of the SEI on its surface. Combined with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, details of the stepwise formation and physicochemical properties of SEI on the Li spheres are obtained. It is shown that higher operation rates can decrease the uniformity of the Li+ -conducting networks in the SEI and worsen Li plating/stripping reversibility. By regulating the applied current rates, uniform nucleation and reversible plating/stripping processes can be achieved, leading to the extension of the cycling life. The in situ analysis of the on-site formed SEI at solid-solid interfaces provides the correlation between the interfacial evolution and the electrochemical performance in ASSLBs.
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Zhang J, Chou J, Luo XX, Yang YM, Yan MY, Jia D, Zhang CH, Wang YH, Wang WP, Tan SJ, Guo JC, Zhao Y, Wang F, Xin S, Wan LJ, Guo YG. A Fully Amorphous, Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Operating at Subzero-Temperatures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316087. [PMID: 38093609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries have shown prospects as safe, high-energy electrochemical storage technology for powering regional electrified transportation. Owing to limited ion mobility in crystalline polymer electrolytes, the battery is incapable of operating at subzero temperature. Addition of liquid plasticizer into the polymer electrolyte improves the Li-ion conductivity yet sacrifices the mechanical strength and interfacial stability with both electrodes. In this work, we showed that by introducing a spherical hyperbranched solid polymer plasticizer into a Li+ -conductive linear polymer matrix, an integrated dynamic cross-linked polymer network was built to maintain fully amorphous in a wide temperature range down to subzero. A quasi-solid polymer electrolyte with a solid mass content >90 % was prepared from the cross-linked polymer network, and demonstrated fast Li+ conduction at a low temperature, high mechanical strength, and stable interfacial chemistry. As a result, solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries employing the new electrolyte delivered high reversible capacity and long cycle life at 25 °C, 0 °C and -10 °C to serve energy storage at complex environmental conditions.
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Zhang YY, Zhang CH, Guo YJ, Fan M, Zhao Y, Guo H, Wang WP, Tan SJ, Yin YX, Wang F, Xin S, Guo YG, Wan LJ. Refined Electrolyte and Interfacial Chemistry toward Realization of High-Energy Anode-Free Rechargeable Sodium Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25643-25652. [PMID: 37970704 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Anode-free rechargeable sodium batteries represent one of the ultimate choices for the 'beyond-lithium' electrochemical storage technology with high energy. Operated based on the sole use of active Na ions from the cathode, the anode-free battery is usually reported with quite a limited cycle life due to unstable electrolyte chemistry that hinders efficient Na plating/stripping at the anode and high-voltage operation of the layered oxide cathode. A rational design of the electrolyte toward improving its compatibility with the electrodes is key to realize the battery. Here, we show that by refining the volume ratio of two conventional linear ether solvents, a binary electrolyte forms a cation solvation structure that facilitates flat, dendrite-free, planar growth of Na metal on the anode current collector and that is adaptive to high-voltage Na (de)intercalation of P2-/O3-type layered oxide cathodes and oxidative decomposition of the Na2C2O4 supplement. Inorganic fluorides, such as NaF, show a major influence on the electroplating pattern of Na metal and effective passivation of plated metal at the anode-electrolyte interface. Anode-free batteries based on the refined electrolyte have demonstrated high coulombic efficiency, long cycle life, and the ability to claim a cell-level specific energy of >300 Wh/kg.
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Tian YF, Tan SJ, Yang C, Zhao YM, Xu DX, Lu ZY, Li G, Li JY, Zhang XS, Zhang CH, Tang J, Zhao Y, Wang F, Wen R, Xu Q, Guo YG. Tailoring chemical composition of solid electrolyte interphase by selective dissolution for long-life micron-sized silicon anode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7247. [PMID: 37945604 PMCID: PMC10636032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Micron-sized Si anode promises a much higher theoretical capacity than the traditional graphite anode and more attractive application prospect compared to its nanoscale counterpart. However, its severe volume expansion during lithiation requires solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with reinforced mechanical stability. Here, we propose a solvent-induced selective dissolution strategy to in situ regulate the mechanical properties of SEI. By introducing a high-donor-number solvent, gamma-butyrolactone, into conventional electrolytes, low-modulus components of the SEI, such as Li alkyl carbonates, can be selectively dissolved upon cycling, leaving a robust SEI mainly consisting of lithium fluoride and polycarbonates. With this strategy, raw micron-sized Si anode retains 87.5% capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C (1500 mA g-1, 25°C), which can be improved to >300 cycles with carbon-coated micron-sized Si anode. Furthermore, the Si||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 battery using the raw micron-sized Si anode with the selectively dissolved SEI retains 83.7% capacity after 150 cycles at 0.5 C (90 mA g-1). The selective dissolution effect for tailoring the SEI, as well as the corresponding cycling life of the Si anodes, is positively related to the donor number of the solvents, which highlights designing high-donor-number electrolytes as a guideline to tailor the SEI for stabilizing volume-changing alloying-type anodes in high-energy rechargeable batteries.
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Chang X, Fan M, Yuan B, Gu CF, He WH, Li C, Feng XX, Xin S, Meng Q, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Potential Controllable Redox Couple for Mild and Efficient Lithium Recovery from Spent Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310435. [PMID: 37620985 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The prosperity of the lithium-ion battery market is dialectically accompanied by the depletion of corresponding resources and the accumulation of spent batteries. It is an urgent priority to develop green and efficient battery recycling strategies for helping ease resources and environmental pressures at the current stage. Here, we propose a mild and efficient lithium extracting strategy based on potential controllable redox couples. Active lithium in the spent battery without discharging is extracted using a series of tailored aprotic solutions comprised of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ethers. This ensures a safe yet efficient recycling process with nearly ≈100 % lithium recovery. We further investigate the Li+ -electron concerted redox reactions and the effect of solvation structure on kinetics during the extraction, and broaden the applicability of the Li-PAHs solution. This work can stimulate new inspiration for designing novel solutions to meet efficient and sustainable demands in recycling batteries.
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Tian YF, Tan SJ, Lu ZY, Xu DX, Chen HX, Zhang CH, Zhang XS, Li G, Zhao YM, Chen WP, Xu Q, Wen R, Zhang J, Guo YG. Insight into Anion-Solvent Interactions to Boost Stable Operation of the Ether-Based Electrolytes in Pure-SiOx||LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Full Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202305988. [PMID: 37339945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Ether solvents with superior reductive stability promise excellent interphasial stability with high-capacity anodes while the limited oxidative resistance hinders their high-voltage operation. Extending the intrinsic electrochemical stability of ether-based electrolytes to construct stable-cycling high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries is challenging but rewarding. Herein, the anion-solvent interactions were concerned as the key point to optimize the anodic stability of ether-based electrolytes and an optimized interphase was realized on both pure-SiOx anodes and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes. Specifically, the small-anion-size LiNO3 and tetrahydrofuran with high dipole moment to dielectric constant ratio realized strengthened anion-solvent interactions, which enhanced the oxidative stability of the electrolyte. The designed ether-based electrolyte enabled a stable cycling performance over 500 cycles (capacity retention of 81.7%) in pure-SiOx||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cell, demonstrating its superior practical prospects. This work provides new insight into the design of advanced electrolytes for emerging high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries through the regulation of interactions between species in the electrolytes.
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Guo JC, Tan SJ, Zhang CH, Wang WP, Zhao Y, Wang F, Zhang XS, Wen R, Zhang Y, Fan M, Xin S, Zhang J, Guo YG. A Self-Reconfigured, Dual-Layered Artificial Interphase Toward High-Current-Density Quasi-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300350. [PMID: 36990460 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrollable dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase have long plagued the practical application of Li metal batteries. Herein, a dual-layered artificial interphase LiF/LiBO-Ag is demonstrated that is simultaneously reconfigured via an electrochemical process to stabilize the lithium anode. This dual-layered interphase consists of a heterogeneous LiF/LiBO glassy top layer with ultrafast Li-ion conductivity and lithiophilic Li-Ag alloy bottom layer, which synergistically regulates the dendrite-free Li deposition, even at high current densities. As a result, Li||Li symmetric cells with LiF/LiBO-Ag interphase achieve an ultralong lifespan (4500 h) at an ultrahigh current density and area capacity (20 mA cm-2 , 20 mAh cm-2 ). LiF/LiBO-Ag@Li anodes are successfully applied in quasi-solid-state batteries, showing excellent cycling performances in symmetric cells (8 mA cm-2 , 8 mAh cm-2 , 5000 h) and full cells. Furthermore, a practical quasi-solid-state pouch cell coupling with a high-nickel cathode exhibits stable cycling with a capacity retention of over 91% after 60 cycles at 0.5 C, which is comparable or even better than that in liquid-state pouch cells. Additionally, a high-energy-density quasi-solid-state pouch cell (10.75 Ah, 448.7 Wh kg-1 ) is successfully accomplished. This well-orchestrated interphase design provides new guidance in engineering highly stable interphase toward practical high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.
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Li CC, Wang WP, Feng XX, Wang YH, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zheng JC, Luo Y, Chen Z, Xin S, Guo YG. High-Performance Quasi-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Battery with a Controllably Solidified Cathode-Electrolyte Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19066-19074. [PMID: 37036933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries are considered a promising "beyond Li-ion" energy storage technology. Currently, the practical realization of Li-S batteries is plagued by rapid electrochemical failure of S cathodes due to aggravated polysulfide dissolution and shuttle in the conventional liquid ether-based electrolytes. A gel polymer electrolyte obtained by in situ polymerization of liquid electrolyte solvent at the cathode-electrolyte interface has been proven an effective strategy to prevent polysulfide shuttle. However, notably reduced polysulfide solubility in the gel electrolyte leads to enrichment of poorly conductive sulfide species, which hinders charge migration across the interface and therefore accounts for retarded polysulfide conversion and a low capacity/energy output of batteries. Here, we show that thioacetamide, as a cathode additive, inhibits interfacial polymerization of ether molecules while assisting dissolution of polysulfides and Li2S at the cathode/electrolyte interface. In this way, a layer of liquid, sulfide-soluble electrolyte is preserved between the highly gelled electrolyte and the S particle surface, avoiding interfacial sulfide accumulation and improving polysulfide conversion kinetics. A Li-S battery with the controllably solidified interface demonstrates, without adding other performance-boosting agents or catalysts, a high reversible capacity, a long cycle life, and a favorable rate performance, showing promises for the next-generation storage applications.
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Meng XH, Zhang XD, Sheng H, Fan M, Lin T, Xiao D, Tian J, Wen R, Liu WZ, Shi JL, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Chemical‐Mechanical Robustness of Single‐Crystalline Ni‐Rich Cathode Enabled by Surface Atomic Arrangement Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302170. [PMID: 37002861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Layered transition metal oxide cathodes have been one of the dominant cathodes for lithium-ion batteries with efficient Li+ intercalation chemistry. However, limited by the weak layered interaction and unstable surface, mechanical and chemical failure plagues their electrochemical performance, especially for Ni-rich cathodes. Here, adopting a simultaneous elemental-structural atomic arrangement control based on the intrinsic Ni-Co-Mn system, the surface role is intensively investigated. Within the invariant oxygen sublattice of the crystal, a robust surface with the synergistic concentration gradient and layered-spinel intertwined structure is constructed on the model single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode. With mechanical strain dissipation and chemical erosion suppression, the cathode exhibits an impressive capacity retention of 82 % even at the harsh 60 °C after 150 cycles at 1 C. This work highlights the coupling effect of structure and composition on the chemical-mechanical properties, and the concept will spur more researches on the cathodes that share the same sublattice.
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Meng XH, Zhang XD, Sheng H, Fan M, Lin T, Xiao D, Tian J, Wen R, Liu WZ, Shi JL, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Chemical‐Mechanical Robustness of Single‐Crystalline Ni‐Rich Cathode Enabled by Surface Atomic Arrangement Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202302170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Liang JY, Zhang Y, Xin S, Tan SJ, Meng XH, Wang WP, Shi JL, Wang ZB, Wang F, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Mitigating Swelling of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase using an Inorganic Anion Switch for Low‐temperature Lithium‐ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Liang JY, Zhang Y, Xin S, Tan SJ, Meng XH, Wang WP, Shi JL, Wang ZB, Wang F, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Mitigating Swelling of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase using an Inorganic Anion Switch for Low-temperature Lithium-ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300384. [PMID: 36840689 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In overcoming the Li+ desolvation barrier for low-temperature battery operation, a weakly-solvated electrolyte based on carboxylate solvent has shown promises. In case of an organic-anion-enriched primary solvation sheath (PSS), we found that the electrolyte tends to form a highly swollen, unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that shows a high permeability to the electrolyte components, accounting for quickly declined electrochemical performance of graphite-based anode. Here we proposed a facile strategy to tune the swelling property of SEI by introducing an inorganic anion switch into the PSS, via LiDFP co-solute method. By forming a low-swelling, Li3 PO4 -rich SEI, the electrolyte-consuming parasitic reactions and solvent co-intercalation at graphite-electrolyte interface are suppressed, which contributes to efficient Li+ transport, reversible Li+ (de)intercalation and stable structural evolution of graphite anode in high-energy Li-ion batteries at a low temperature of -20 °C.
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Chang X, Zhao YM, Yuan B, Fan M, Meng Q, Guo YG, Wan LJ. Solid-state lithium-ion batteries for grid energy storage: opportunities and challenges. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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