226
|
Cho H, Kim M, Kim B, Cho S, Kim S, Kim S, Kim Y, Kim J. P993 Identification of biomarkers for epithelial ovarian cancer using gene and protein expression profiling of newly established cell lines. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)62480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
227
|
Wei P, Shi M, Barnum S, Cho H, Carlson T, Fraser JD. Effects of glucokinase activators GKA50 and LY2121260 on proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic INS-1 beta cells. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2142-50. [PMID: 19641898 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucokinase (GK), an enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate, serves as the glucose sensor that regulates insulin secretion in beta cells. GK activators (GKAs) activate GK via binding to an allosteric site of the enzyme. GKAs increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and decrease blood glucose levels. Using the differentiated beta cell line INS-1, we investigated the role of GKAs in promoting beta cell growth and survival and preventing beta cell apoptosis induced by chronic exposure to high levels of glucose. METHODS Proliferation was assessed using BrdU incorporation. Apoptosis was measured using caspase-3 activity. Immunoblot analysis was used to detect protein levels and the degree of phosphorylation. RESULTS The GK agonists GKA50 and LY2121260 increased both cell replication and cell numbers when tested at basal levels of glucose (3 mmol/l) in INS-1 cells. GKAs promoted INS-1 cell proliferation via upregulation of insulin receptor substrate-2 and subsequent activation of protein kinase B phosphorylation. GKA50 also prevented the INS-1 cell apoptosis that was induced by chronic high glucose conditions, probably via an increase in GK protein levels and normalisation of the apoptotic protein BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) and its phosphorylation. As a result of the reduction in cell apoptosis, GKA50 prevented cell loss and maintained glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, the anti-apoptotic activity of GKA50 was significantly abrogated by other GKAs that do not inhibit apoptosis, suggesting that direct binding of GKA50 to GK is essential for its anti-apoptotic effect. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest novel roles of GKAs in promoting beta cell growth and preventing chronic-hyperglycaemia-induced beta cell apoptosis. Thus, GKAs may provide novel therapeutics that increase beta cell mass to maintain euglycaemia in diabetes.
Collapse
|
228
|
Kim K, Cho H, Kim Y. P1039 Comparison between L and E gene amplification analytical methods for human papillomavirus typing. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)62525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
229
|
Wang Z, Felmy AR, Xia YX, Qafoku O, Yantassee W, Cho H. Complexation of Cm(III)/Eu(III) with silicates in basic solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2005.93.12.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The complexation of Cm(III) and Eu(III) with dissolved silica was studied by solubility measurement and time resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) in basic solutions over a range of total silica concentrations and ionic strengths (NaNO3). In initial experiments on the solubility of Eu(OH)3 in silicate containing solutions we observed a rapid increase in the soluble Eu(III) concentration under basic conditions. The Eu(III)/Cm(III) silicate complexes that formed caused a significant increase of the hypersensitive 5
D
0 → 2
F
2 band around 615 nm relative to the non-hypersensitive 5
D
0 → 7
F
1 band at 592 nm for Eu(III). Further studies of Eu(III) and Cm(III) containing solutions showed a shift of the fluorescence spectral maximum from 594 nm to up to 607 nm for Cm(III) along with a significant increase of fluorescence intensities. The fluorescence lifetimes for Eu(III) species increased from 115 μs to 1.8 ms in 3.0 M and 5.0 M NaNO3, corresponding to full coordination, and from 68 μs to 202 μs for Cm(III) in 0.1 M NaNO3, consistent with the removal of 6–7 water molecules upon silicate complexation. The variations of the fluorescence intensity and the concentrations of the monomeric and polymeric silicates suggested that in basic silicate solutions, Eu(III)/Cm(III) mainly complexes with polysilicates.
Collapse
|
230
|
Choi S, Hong Y, Cho H, Yun Y, Kim J, Moon S, Han C, Shin J, Kim S, Cho Y. 296: Early Treatment of Hypertonic Saline and Arginine Is Important in Restoration of T Cell Dysfunction. Ann Emerg Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.06.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
231
|
Kang M, Kong S, Cho H, Moon K, Park Y, Kim N, Park S. 6564 Association of CYP2A6*4 with the efficacy of S-1 plus cisplatin in metastatic gastric cancer patients. EJC Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(09)71285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
232
|
Cho H, Kim H, Park H, Lee C, Yu A, Kim D, Lee Y. SU-FF-I-115: Physical Characteristics of a New Flat-Panel Digital X-Ray Detector. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
233
|
Lee C, Kim H, Cho H, Kim D, Park H, Yu A, Lee Y, Jung J. SU-FF-I-16: GATE Simulations of CTDI100c for Various Phantom Shapes, Sizes, and Compositions. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
234
|
Cho H, Ryu S, Ackerman JL, Song YQ. Visualization of inhomogeneous local magnetic field gradient due to susceptibility contrast. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 198:88-93. [PMID: 19231262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We visualized inhomogeneous local magnetic field (internal magnetic field) gradients arising from susceptibility contrast between an array of cylindrical glass tubes (solid matrix) and surrounding water (pore fluids) in a uniform applied magnetic field. MRI was performed to determine the spatially resolved decay rates due to diffusion in the internal magnetic field which were proportional to the strength of local gradient. We also spatially resolved the interference pattern of the cross-terms between the internal and the applied field gradient in order to extract the orientation of the internal field gradient. These experimental results were found to be consistent with the theoretical calculations. This work demonstrates a simple yet representative case for visualizing the strength and orientation of the local susceptibility induced magnetic field gradients in porous media.
Collapse
|
235
|
Sigmund EE, Cho H, Song YQ. High-resolution MRI of internal field diffusion-weighting in trabecular bone. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:436-448. [PMID: 19023866 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Trabecular bone structure is known to play a crucial role in the overall strength, and thus fracture risk, of such areas of the skeleton as the vertebrae, spine, femur, tibiae, or radius. Several MR methods devoted to probing this structure depend upon the susceptibility difference between the solid bone matrix and the intervening fluid/marrow/fat, usually in the context of a linewidth (1/T(2)') measurement or mapping technique. A recently demonstrated new approach to this system involves using internal gradients to encode diffusion weighting, and extracting structural information (e.g., surface-to-volume ratio) from the resulting signal decay. This contrast method has been demonstrated in bulk measurements on cleaned, water-saturated bovine trabecular bone samples. In the present work, microscopic imaging (0.156 mm in-plane resolution) is performed in order to spatially resolve this contrast on the trabecular level, and confirm its interpretation for the bulk measurements. It is found that the local rate of decay due to diffusion in the internal field (DDIF) is maximal close to the trabecular surfaces. The overall decay rate in a lower resolution scan probes the abundance of these surfaces, and provides contrast beyond that found in conventional proton density weighted or T(1)-weighted imaging. Furthermore, a microscopic calculation of internal field distributions shows a qualitative distinction between the structural sensitivities of DDIF and T(2)'. DDIF contrast is highly localized around trabecular walls than is the internal field itself, making it a less sensitive but more specific measure of such important properties as trabecular number.
Collapse
|
236
|
Choi YM, Jang JY, Jang M, Kim SH, Kang YK, Cho H, Chung S, Park MK. Modulation of firing activity by ATP in dopamine neurons of the rat substantia nigra pars compacta. Neuroscience 2009; 160:587-95. [PMID: 19272429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ATP acts as a neurotransmitter or co-neurotransmitter in many areas of the CNS and peripheral nervous systems; however, little is known about the expression and functional role of purinoceptors (P2) in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we investigated P2X receptor expression and regulation of spontaneous firing activity in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in rats using patch-clamp and Ca(2+)-imaging techniques. In most neurons, application of ATP (1 microM-1 mM) increased firing rate dose-dependently (EC(50)=1.26+/-0.26 microM, n=45). When the P2-receptor agonists such as 2-methylthio-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (2-MeSATP) or ATPgammaS were applied or pressure-applied to the neuron, the firing activity increased together with a rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]c), but application of beta,gamma-methylene ATP (P2X(1, 3) agonist) or methylthio-adenosine 5'-diphosphate (P2Y(1) agonist) had no effect. In many neurons, the effect of ATP was abolished by the application of the P2-receptor antagonists, suramin or pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS). When ATP was applied in a Ca(2+)-free solution, there was no detectable change in [Ca(2+)]c, suggesting that ATP does not release Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. In the single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that 65% of dopaminergic neurons expressed mRNAs for P2X receptors; positive amplifications of P2X(6) (57.1%), P2X(2/6) (25.0%), and P2X(4) mRNA (17.9%), respectively. From the above results, we could conclude that ATP modulates firing activities in the rat SNc dopaminergic neurons, possibly via P2X(2), P2X(2/6), and/or P2X(4) receptors.
Collapse
|
237
|
Pawlik T, Hong S, Cho H, Aggarwal B, Wolfgang C, Edil B, Schulick R, Cameron J, Goggins M, Anders R. 194. Staging Distal Cholangiocarcinoma: Tumor Depth Not AJCC T Classification Determines Outcome. J Surg Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.11.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
238
|
Choi J, Kim KH, Lee CH, Cho H, Sung KR, Choi JY, Cho BJ, Kook MS. Relationship between retinal nerve fibre layer measurements and retinal sensitivity by scanning laser polarimetry with variable and enhanced corneal compensation. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92:906-11. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.129825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
239
|
Baek J, Shin S, Kim M, Kim D, Kim G, Cho H, Park J, Min Y. Characteristics of patients with early gastric cancer who had undergone surgery in single institute. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
240
|
Kim B, Oh S, Jeon D, Yoon S, Moon Y, Kim K, Jang Y, Cho H, Yang J. WOULD METABOLIC SYNDROME AFFECT THE PATTERNS OR CAUSES OF RESTENOSIS AFTER DRUG-ELUTING STENT IMPLANTATION? AN INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND STUDY. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
241
|
Song YQ, Cho H, Hopper T, Pomerantz AE, Sun PZ. Magnetic resonance in porous media: recent progress. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:052212. [PMID: 18266417 DOI: 10.1063/1.2833581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant progress in the NMR study of porous media from natural and industrial sources and of cultural significance such as paintings. This paper provides a brief outline of the recent technical development of NMR in this area. These advances are relevant for broad NMR applications in material characterization.
Collapse
|
242
|
Kanq S, Hong S, Cho H, Choi B, Lee S, Bae Y. New cutoff points of tumor size discriminates patients' survival time more precisely than T classification of the 6th AJCC cancer staging system of breast carcinoma. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)70778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
243
|
Cho H, Kwan J, Yoon B. P2.113 The effect of inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase on gait functions in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
244
|
Cho H, Song YQ. NMR measurement of the magnetic field correlation function in porous media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:025501. [PMID: 18232883 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.025501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The structure factor provides a fundamental characterization of porous and granular materials as it is the key for solid crystals via measurements of x-ray and neutron scattering. Here, we demonstrate that the structure factor of the granular and porous media can be approximated by the pair correlation function of the inhomogeneous internal magnetic field, which arises from the susceptibility difference between the pore filling liquid and the solid matrix. In-depth understanding of the internal field is likely to contribute to further development of techniques to study porous and granular media.
Collapse
|
245
|
Kim S, Park SY, Yong H, Famulski JK, Chae S, Lee JH, Kang CM, Saya H, Chan GK, Cho H. HBV X protein targets hBubR1, which induces dysregulation of the mitotic checkpoint. Oncogene 2008; 27:3457-64. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
246
|
Shapiro LG, Atmosukarto I, Cho H, Lin HJ, Ruiz-Correa S, Yuen J. Similarity-Based Retrieval for Biomedical Applications. CASE-BASED REASONING ON IMAGES AND SIGNALS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73180-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
247
|
Ishikawa N, Suzuki Y, Ohta M, Cho H, Suzuki S, Dezawa M, Ide C. Peripheral nerve regeneration through the space formed by a chitosan gel sponge. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:33-40. [PMID: 17370321 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The clinical treatment of traumatized peripheral nerves often requires grafting of autologous cutaneous nerves. However, there are drawbacks in sacrificing healthy nerves and tissue scarring. In this study, an artificial material, freeze-dried chitosan gel sponge, was examined as a scaffold for nerve regeneration in rats. An 8-mm gap was made by removing a segment of the sciatic nerve, and the distal and proximal stumps were sandwiched by chitosan gel sponge. Rats were killed at 4, 7, 14, and 28 days, and 2 and 4 months after the operation and histological and morphometric evaluations were performed. Regenerating axons were observed at 4 days after the operation. Regenerating nerves extended the distal stump at 14 days after surgery. By electron microscopy, numerous macrophages appeared to phagocyte chitosan, and made a dense cell layer on the chitosan. Regenerating axons did not touch the chitosan, and extended through the space surrounded by macrophage-stacked chitosan. Regenerating nerves were well-myelinated 2 months after surgery. Regenerating nerves were on average 2.45 and 2.75 microm in diameter at 2 and 4 months, respectively, after surgery. These results indicate that the chitosan gel sponge sandwich might be suitable as a graft for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
|
248
|
Jeevan A, Majorov K, Sawant K, Cho H, McMurray DN. Lung macrophages from bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated guinea pigs suppress T cell proliferation but restrict intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis after recombinant guinea pig interferon-gamma activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:387-98. [PMID: 17565610 PMCID: PMC1941958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The guinea pig model of low-dose pulmonary tuberculosis has been used to study the pathogenesis of infection as well as the mechanisms of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced resistance. We investigated the function of lung cells from naive and BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs after enzymatic digestion of lung tissue with collagenase and DNase I. The total lung digest cells proliferated poorly to purified protein derivative (PPD) but comparatively better to ConA as assessed by [(3)H]-thymidine uptake. However, the non-adherent population obtained after plastic adherence of lung digests showed an enhanced response to concanavalin A (ConA) and PPD. Therefore, proliferation to ConA and PPD of nylon wool-purified T cells co-cultured with peritoneal (PMøs), alveolar (AMøs) or lung macrophages (LMøs) was assessed. Co-cultures of lung T cells and PMøs showed maximum proliferation to PPD, whereas proliferation was suppressed significantly by the addition of AMøs or LMøs. The response of T cells to ConA was unaffected in co-cultures. Incubation of co-cultures with recombinant guinea pig interferon-gamma (rgpIFN-gamma) did not reverse the suppression. In contrast, rgpIFN-gamma-treated plastic adherent LMøs that were non-specific esterase-positive were capable of reducing the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Similarly, total, non-adherent and adherent lung digest cells from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs showed IFN-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression in response to ConA, lipopolysaccharide or PPD by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by release of TNF protein but not IFN. These studies indicate that rgp-IFN-gamma-treated lung tissue macrophages from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs are defective for inducing antigen-specific proliferation in T cells, but control the intracellular accumulation of virulent M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
249
|
Cho H, Ren XH, Sigmund EE, Song YQ. A single-scan method for measuring flow along an arbitrary direction. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 186:11-6. [PMID: 17280845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate a single-scan method to measure an average flow velocity vector along an arbitrary direction. This method is based on the MMME sequence and utilizes static and pulsed magnetic field gradients along multiple directions for the optimal determination of flow velocity components in three-dimensional space. Experimentally measured average flow velocities from the flow induced phase shift with a single-scan MMME sequence show excellent agreements with the known flow rate, and the signal decay of each echo due to a velocity distribution is also quantitatively verified with known laminar flow patterns.
Collapse
|
250
|
Sigmund E, Cho H, Song YQ, Byrnes S, Chen P, Guo X, Brown T. Trabecular bone structure studies via diffusion-based MR. Magn Reson Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|