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Jackson RJ, Sachs G. Identification of gastric cyclic AMP binding proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 717:453-8. [PMID: 6181814 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The photoaffinity ligand 8-azidoadenosine 3',5-monophosphate was employed to label cAMP binding proteins in both fractionated and freeze-thawed rabbit gastric glands. Fractionated glands incorporated the azido-cAMP label primarily into two cytosolic proteins with apparent molecular weights of 58 000 and 48 000. No enrichment of label was found in fractions containing basolateral or apical membranes. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the cytosolic proteins resulted in the separation of two cAMP-dependent protein kinase peaks. Azido cAMP labelling of each peak suggested the initial peak contained type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase while the second peak contained the type II kinase. Labelling of 'resting' gastric glands resulted in radioactive proteins of apparent molecular weights of 58 000 and 48 000. When gastric glands were stimulated to produce acid by the addition of 10(-4) M histamine or 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP there was 32-44% dimunition of ligand incorporation compared to control glands. The results strongly suggest that histamine-mediated stimulus-secretion coupling in gastric glands involves activation of parietal cell cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
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227
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Jackson RJ, Davis WB. A mathematical approach to the prediction of the rate of penetration of ions in the sweat duct. J Theor Biol 1982; 97:481-9. [PMID: 7132396 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(82)90376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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228
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Tittle BS, Harris JA, Chase PA, Morrell RE, Jackson RJ, Espinoza SY. Health screening of Indochinese refugee children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN (1960) 1982; 136:697-700. [PMID: 7102621 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970440041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first 100 Indochinese refugee patients screened at Oakland (Calif) Children's Hospital had a remarkably high incidence of treatable infectious and parasitic diseases. The PPD skin tests were positive in 28%, and stool parasites were present in 65%. There were wide differences among the various ethnic groups in prevalence of stool parasites, anemia, and hemoglobin E trait, with a higher rate among Cambodians accounting for these differences. There were also differences in stool parasite patterns when the refugees were separated by ethnic origin. Cambodians had predominantly hookworm and Strongyloides, Laotians harbored hookworm and Trichuris, and Vietnamese were infested with Trichuris and Giardia. Malaria. Pott's disease, and congenital syphilis were among the uncommonly encountered diseases. Results of screening will vary with ethnic origin, but health screening has a high yield for all Indochinese refugees.
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229
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Ranganathan S, Harmony JA, Jackson RJ. Effect of Ca2+ blocking agents on the metabolism of low density lipoproteins in human skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 107:217-24. [PMID: 7126204 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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230
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Jackson RJ, Hunt T. The turnover of methionine in the Met-tRNA pool and the control of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: no evidence that haem-deficiency promotes deacylation of Met-tRNAf. FEBS Lett 1982; 143:301-5. [PMID: 6922020 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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231
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Jackson RJ. Diagnostic X-ray Studies During Pregnancy. West J Med 1980; 133:525. [PMID: 18748757 PMCID: PMC1272423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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232
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Jackson RJ, Hunt T. Mechanisms on control of polypeptide-chain initiation in reticulocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 1980; 8:457-8. [PMID: 7450179 DOI: 10.1042/bst0080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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233
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Sachs G, Jackson RJ, Rabon EC. Use of plasma membrane vesicles. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 238:G151-64. [PMID: 6245586 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1980.238.3.g151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A summary of current methodologies employed to obtain and characterize epithelial plasma membrane vesicles is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on techniques to evaluate such parameters as homogeneity, tightness, orientation, and the percentage of active vesicles in a given vesicular population. Examples of isotopic, osmotic, and various probe techniques useful for quantitation of transport events and associated electrical phenomena are illustrated. Finally, the unique problems intrinsic to purification and reconstitution of transport proteins are briefly discussed.
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234
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Jackson RJ, Hunt T. The use of hexose phosphates to support protein synthesis and generate [gamma-32P]ATP in reticulocyte lysates. FEBS Lett 1978; 93:235-8. [PMID: 213307 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)81111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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235
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Farrell PJ, Hunt T, Jackson RJ. Analysis of phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 89:517-21. [PMID: 710407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for examining the state of phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 in reticulocyte lysates. The procedure involves incubation of the lysate with iodo[1-14C]acetate in 8.5 M urea, and fractionation of the labelled proteins by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach has been used to show that haem deficiency, double-stranded RNA, and oxidised glutathione, which all inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis in an analogous manner, all cause a net increase in the level of phosphorylated eIF-2 in the complete lysate protein synthesis system.
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236
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Black RE, Jackson RJ, Tsai T, Medvesky M, Shayegani M, Feeley JC, MacLeod KI, Wakelee AM. Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N Engl J Med 1978; 298:76-9. [PMID: 579433 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197801122980204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In September and October, 1976, an outbreak of illness due to chocolate milk contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica resulted in hospitalization of 36 children, 16 of whom had appendectomies. Infection with Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:8 was demonstrated in 38 ill persons. Sixty-one per cent of the persons who were infected had a titer greater than 1:160 OH agglutinins to serotype 8 yersinia, whereas 48 per cent of the hospitalized children had a fourfold change in agglutinin titer. An epidemiologic investigation demonstrated that illness was associated with drinking of chocolate milk purchased in school cafeterias, and Y. enterocolitica 0:8 was subsequently isolated from the milk. The investigation suggested that the bacterium was introduced at the dairy during the mixing by hand of chocolate syrup with previously pasteurized milk.
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237
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Jackson RJ, Davis WB, Macdonald I. The energy values of carbohydrates: should bomb calorimeter data be modified? Proc Nutr Soc 1977; 36:90A. [PMID: 601042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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238
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Weil RB, Lyman DO, Jackson RJ, Bernstein B. A hepatitis serosurvey of New York dentists. THE NEW YORK STATE DENTAL JOURNAL 1977; 43:587-90. [PMID: 270644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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239
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Abstract
Plasma membrane fractions from normal colon cells and a transplantable colon adenocarcinoma were isolated and purified by differential and zonal density centrifugation. Enrichment of normal and adenocarcinoma plasma membranes was found in zonal fractions I and II (ZI and ZII) following centrifugation in an 18--50% sucrose gradient. The distribution of various marker enzymes in normal colon preparations suggested an apical origin for the membranes obtained in zonal fraction I while zonal fraction II appeared to contain basal-lateral membrane fragments. Enzymatic analysis of the plasma membrane derived from the colon tumor indicated that these fractions possess a more uniform distribution of Na-K+ ATPase perhaps reflecting a dedifferentiated state. The plasma membrane fractions isolated should prove useful for investigation of transport and other properties of vesicles derived from malignant and normal colon cells.
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240
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Hunter AR, Jackson RJ, Hunt T. The role of complexes between the 40-S ribosomal subunit and Met-tRNA-Met-f in the initiation of protein synthesis in the wheat-germ system. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 75:159-70. [PMID: 862616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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241
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Hunter AR, Farrell PJ, Jackson RJ, Hunt T. The role of polyamines in cell-free protein synthesis in the wheat-germ system. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 75:149-57. [PMID: 862615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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242
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Farrell PJ, Balkow K, Hunt T, Jackson RJ, Trachsel H. Phosphorylation of initiation factor elF-2 and the control of reticulocyte protein synthesis. Cell 1977; 11:187-200. [PMID: 559547 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When rabbit reticulocyte lysates are incubated in the absence of hemin or in the presence of low concentrations of double-stranded RNA, the rate of initiation of protein synthesis is severely reduced after a lag period in which control rates are observed. This reduced initiation rate is due to inhibition of the binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to native 40S ribosomal subunits and is caused by a macromolecular inhibitor which is activated under these conditions. This paper shows that the inhibitors activated in these two situations appear to be different entities, but that in both cases, the inhibitor has an associated protein kinase activity which is highly selective for the small subunit of elF-2, the initiation factor which catalyzes binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to 40S subunits. We present several lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that the phosphorylation of elF-2 by these kinases is basis of the control of initiation in lysates incubated under these conditions.
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243
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Jackson RJ, Lyman DO. Revaccination against measles. NEW YORK STATE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1976; 76:1856-7. [PMID: 1068359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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244
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Pelham HR, Jackson RJ. An efficient mRNA-dependent translation system from reticulocyte lysates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 67:247-56. [PMID: 823012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3176] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is described for converting a standard rabbit reticulocyte cell-free extract (lysate) into an mRNA-dependent protein synthesis system. The lysate is preincubated with CaCl2 and micrococcal nuclease, and then excess ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid is added to chelate the Ca2+ and inactivate the nuclease. Lysates treated in this way have neglibible endogenous amino acid incorporation activity, but 75% of the activity of the original lysate can be recovered by the addition of globin mRNA. The efficiency of utilisation of added mRNA and the sensitivity of the system are both very high. No residual nuclease activity could be detected, and the tRNA is functionally unimpaired. Several different species of mRNA have been shown to be translated efficiently into full-sized products of the expected molecular weight up to about 200000, and there is no detectable accumulation of incomplete protein products. The efficient translation of RNA from two plant viruses (tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea mosaic virus) required heterologous tRNA.
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Balkow K, Hunt T, Jackson RJ. Control of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: the effect of nucleotide triphosphates on formation of the translational repressor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 67:366-75. [PMID: 1201028 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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247
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Hunter AR, Jackson RJ. Control of haemoglobin synthesis. The effects of iron deprivation, cobalt and temperature on the rate and extent of globin synthesis in reticulocytes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 58:421-30. [PMID: 241641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A detailed examination of the kinetics of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes in the presence of the iron chelating agent 2,2'-dipyridyl showed that between 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C there were characteristically two distinct phases of protein synthesis. An initial phase (I), in which no inhibition of protein synthesis was apparent, was followed by a gradual decline in the rate of protein synthesis leading to the second phase (II) in which protein synthesis occurred at a linear but inhibited rate for extended periods. In contrast, below 30 degrees C, incubation in the presence of dipyridyl caused no inhibition of protein synthesis. Between 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C the duration and amount of protein synthesis occurring in phase I before the onset of inhibition were inversely related of the inhibition as was the final rate of incorporation in phase II. During phase II, a partial reversal of the inhibition caused by dipyridyl was obtained by lowering the incubation temperature. This resulted in a burst of protein synthesis at the uninhibited rate until the amount of protein synthesis reached the same level as that in reticulocytes maintained continuously with dipyridyl at the lower incubation temperature. This burst of synthesis was observed in reticulocytes which had been held in phase II for as long as 90 min. It was also possible to reverse the inhibition by addition of haemin to cells in phase II. At any particular incubation temperature, a fixed number of rounds of protein synthesis had to occur before the onset of phase II became apparent. By the use of puromycin we showed that this was not a requirement for the synthesis of globin or of any other protein. We believe that this critical amount of protein synthesis reflects the residual ability of reticulocytes to initiate new protein chains in the absence of concurrent haem synthesis. Reticulocytes preincubated in the presence of cobaltous ions showed almost no inhibition of protein synthesis upon subsequent incubation with dipyridyl. The results are compared to those obtained in reticulocyte lysates and are discussed in terms of current theories to account for control of protein chain initiation by haemin.
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Jackson RJ, Shiota T. The nature of the multiple forms of D-erythrodihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 403:232-44. [PMID: 1174547 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(75)90025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Three forms of the Lactobacillus plantarum enzyme D-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase, the first enzyme in folate biosynthesis, have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme forms designated the alpha prime, alpha and beta forms have been shown to be conformers with molecular weights of approx. 200 000. Study of the subunit structure of the beta enzyme species by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein with an estimated molecular weight of 20 000 which suggests that the enzyme molecule may be composed of ten polypeptide chains. 2. Of the three conformers only one form, the beta form, appears to be enzymatically active. The two other conformers must undergo conformational changes to the beta species before enzymatic activity can be demonstrated in reaction mixtures containing these enzyme forms. 3. The three enzyme species are interconvertible. The removal of phosphate ions from the enzymatically active beta form results in the formation of two inactive species which suggests that the conformation of the active enzyme is stabilized by non-covalently bound phosphate ions. Conversion of the inactive species to the beta enzyme form may be effected by the readdition of phosphate, substrate or certain nucleotides.
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249
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Hunter T, Hunt T, Jackson RJ, Robertson HD. The characteristics of inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded ribonucleic acid in reticulocyte lysates. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:409-17. [PMID: 803491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
All types of double-stranded RNA (DSRNA) tested inhibit protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The inhibition is characterized by its strongly biphasic kinetics, and can be enhanced by preincubation of the lysate with dsRNA in the absence of protein synthesis. Only properly and extensively matched dsRNA (greater than about 50 base pairs) has this property; no form of DNA, single-stranded RNA or even RNA-DNA hybrids act as inhibitors in this way. The cause of the inhibition appears to be a failure of initiator tRNA to associate with native ribosomal subunits in the initiation process (Darnbrough, C., Hunt, T., and Jackson, R. J. (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48, 1556-1564). We have shown that this block is not accompanied by stable association of dsRNA with the ribosomes. There are several reasons to believe that the mechanism of action of dsRNA may be complex with the possible involvement of at least one catalytic step. First, the lysate is inhibited by levels of dsRNA at which ribosomes are present in 100-fold excess over base pairs of dsRNA present. Second, high concentrations of dsRNA (greater than 10 mug per ml) are not inhibitory, but can in some, but not all experiments, reverse the inhibition caused by lower levels of dsRNA. Third, a lysate which has been inhibited by dsRNA, when mixed with a fresh lysate will inhibit synthesis in the mixture much more severely than would be expected from the concentration of dsRNA now present. These results indicate that low levels of dsRNA promote the formation of an inhibitor which may exist in two forms: one that is reversible by high levels of dsRNA and one that is irreversible.
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250
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Hunter T, Hunt T, Jackson RJ, Robertson HD. The characteristics of inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded ribonucleic acid in reticulocyte lysates. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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