226
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Parodi S, Bolognesi C, Cavanna M, Pollack RL, Santi L, Brambilla G. Damage and repair of DNA in cultured mammalian cells with N-diazoacetylglycine amide. Cancer Res 1977; 37:4460-6. [PMID: 411568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-Diazoacetylglycine amide, a diazochetoalkane, has been studied in vitro for DNA damage and repair in cells of a cloned subline from a BALB/c mouse. To our present knowledge, none of these compounds have been investigated for such activities. At nontoxic levels, a prolonged dose-dependent unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed by autoradiography. DNA damage was studied by sedimentation through alkaline sucrose gradients after the cells were lysed on the gradients. Treatment of the cells for 1 hr with nontoxic doses of N-diazoacetylglycine amide resulted in slower sedimentation of DNA. The number of single-strand breaks appeared rather linearly dose dependent for a large range of concentrations. Breaks were at their maximum after 1 hr of treatment, and no further increase in the number of breaks was seen. Some repair of the breaks probably occurs, but repair was sluggish even 68 hr after treatment. A significant part of the breaks was observed after incubation at 4 degrees in an ethylenediaminetetraacetate hypotonic solution. This seems to indicate that the compound does not require metabolic activation. Nontoxic doses of N-diazoacetylglycine amide and other similar derivatives exert mutagenic and carcinogenic activities. The presence of DNA damage and the difficulty in its repair at such doses could be related to both of these biological properties.
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227
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Santi L, Parodi S. [Mechanism of endonuclear repair and cancerogenesis]. RECENTI PROGRESSI IN MEDICINA 1977; 63:571-91. [PMID: 580471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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228
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Sciabà L, Carlo P, Parodi S, Taningher M. A procedure for the assay of DNA damage in mammalian cells by alkaline elution and microfluorometric DNA determination. THE ITALIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 26:419-27. [PMID: 24609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microfluorimetric assay of Kissane and Robins (J. Biol. Chem. 233, 184-188, 1958) has been modified to monitor DNA content in alkaline elution fractions. The elution profiles of DNA from treated and control cultured cells demonstrated a good correlation whether DNA in the elution fractions was determined by the fluorometric method or by measuring its radioactivity. The DNA recovery was of about 80% and the measured material was DNase digestible.
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229
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Parodi S, Picca M, Bolognesi C, Cavanna M, Carlo P, Finollo R, Brambilla G. Alkylation of gamma-(4-nitrobenzyl) pyridine by four n-diazoacetyl derivatives of amino acids. Lack of fine correlation with the unscheduled DNA synthesis induced in mouse cells "in vitro". PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1977; 9:621-31. [PMID: 896902 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6989(77)80092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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230
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Cavanna M, Parodi S, Maura A, Brambilla G. Suppression of graft-versus-host reaction by cycloleucine. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1977; 9:143-7. [PMID: 17125 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6989(77)80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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231
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Parodi S, Brambilla G. Relationships between mutation and transformation frequencies in mammalian cells treated "in vitro" with chemical carcinogens. Mutat Res 1977; 47:53-74. [PMID: 342929 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(77)90017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An analytical quantitative comparison of data from the literature about frequencies of mutations and transformations induced by mutagenic-carcinogenic compounds in mammalian cells was carried out without any selection of unfitting data. The analysis was performed for equitoxic doses and background level. Data on transformation frequency came from 105 experiments performed with 34 carcinogenic compounds: those on mutation frequency came from 66 experiments performed with 26 mutagenic compounds; 7 compounds were assayed for both these activities. The difference in frequency between structural mutations and transformations was about 10(2)-10(3) and it appears statistically extremely significant. These results seem to indicate an absolute difference between structural mutations and transformations. In the framework of other observations it is suggested that structural alterations in a single gene are perhaps only a component of the steps present in the oncogenetic process. We may regard as "epigenetic" type phenomena the other steps involved in this process.
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232
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Nicolini C, Ramanathan R, Kendall F, Murphy J, Parodi S, Sarma DS. Physicochemical alterations in the conformation of rat liver chromatin induced by carcinogens in vivo. Cancer Res 1976; 36:1725-30. [PMID: 1268830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Administration of methylating carcinogens such as methyl methanesulfonate (120 mg/kg), dimethylnitrosamine (5 mg/kg), or methylnitrosourea (80 mg/kg) to rats resulted in an increased ellipticity in circular dichroism spectra and in an enhanced ability to bind ethidium bromide in the liver chromatin. Although shearing of the chromatin preparations increased both the ellipticity and number of binding sites for ethidium bromide, the carcinogen-induced effects were noticeable whether or not chromatin was sheared. Although the doses of the 3 carcinogens used in these studies are equivalent in their ability to induce strand breaks in liver DNA at 4 hr, their effects on the induction of conformational changes in liver chromatin are different. For example, methyl methanesulfonate induced the minimum conformational changes in liver chromatin at 4 hr, whereas methylnitrosourea induced the maximum changes at 4 hr. Methyl methanesulfonate and dimethylnitrosamine, on the other hand, induced maximum changes at 3 days. The conformational changes induced by methyl methanesulfonate and methylnitrosourea, and not by dimethylnitrosamine, tend to be repaired by 14 days.
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233
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Parodi S, Mulivor RA, Martin JT, Nicolini C, Sarma DS, Farber E. Alkaline lysis of mammalian cells for sedimentation analysis of nuclear DNA. Conformation of released DNA as monitored by physical, electron microscopic and enzymological techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:174-90. [PMID: 241420 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The degree of single strandedness of the DNA released from rat liver nuclei by various alkaline lysing solutions (including some with sodium dodecyl sulfate) was determined both before and after sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients employing electron microscopy, melting profiles, circular dichroism measurements, and digestibility by S1 nuclease. Regardless of the technique employed, the results obtained following alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation of the DNA are consistent. The DNA was completely single stranded as judged by electron microscopy, circular dichroism spectra, and digestibility by S1 nuclease, an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes single-stranded DNA. This was not true if the DNA was analyzed following alkaline lysis of the nuclei but before centrifugation. Under conditions which gave a complete transition to the single-stranded state, as judged by melting profiles and circular dichroism spectra, only 10-15% of the DNA was hydrolyzed by S1 nuclease. An increase in the susceptibility of the released DNA to S1 nuclease was observed with increases in the pH of the lysing solution. In order to release DNA which was single stranded as judged by both physical and enzymological techniques, the rat liver nuclei were lysed for 30 min with a 0.3 M NaOH lysing solution containing 0.5% dodecyl sulfate, 0.3 M NaCl and 0.03 M EDTA.
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234
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Parodi S, Cavanna M, Finollo R, Brambilla G, Furlani A, Scarcia V. An Effective Immunodepressive Treatment for Demonstrating in Allogeneic Mice the Tumorigenic Properties of Cells Grown in Vitro. TUMORI JOURNAL 1975; 61:223-36. [PMID: 808886 DOI: 10.1177/030089167506100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Short intensive treatment with N-diazoacetylglycine amide (DGA) before the inoculum, followed by prolonged daily administration of L-aspàraginase (Asnase), was tested for its ability to elicit tumorigenic properties of fibroblast-like cells cultured in vitro. With this treatment progressive tumor growth was obtained in allogeneic mice injected with cells of a transformed subline. Results show that combined use of DGA and Asnase affords a higher probability of proving in vivo the tumorigenic properties of injected cells than in newborn or X-irradiated recipients. Experimental data indicate that L-asparagine depletion does not inhibit the in vitro growth of fibroblast-like cells.
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235
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Parodi S, Kendall F, Nicolini C. A clarification of the complex spectrum observed with the ultraviolet circular dichroism of ethidium bromide bound to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1975; 2:477-86. [PMID: 1138233 PMCID: PMC342856 DOI: 10.1093/nar/2.4.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethidium bromide intercalation strongly effects the circular dichroism spectrum of DNA in the region of 230-300 mu, in a complex manner. In this report we present a study that quantitizes the relationships of the circular dichroism spectrum in the region of 230-300 mu and the ethidium bromide induced optical activity centered around 308 mu. We present evidence of two hidden cooperative bands that are probably the negative counterparts of the 308 mu band and 330 mu shoulder positive cooperative bands. The hidden band is quantitatively characterized. We confirm that the direct effect of ethidium bromide on the DNA spectrum is simply linearly proportional to the amount of intercalated dye. We also observe that the ethidium bromide enters freely when there is a molecule intercalated for every 3 sites, but that the intercalation is more difficult when the molecule intercalates at every second site.
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Abstract
Using alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients, it was observed that administration of the hepatocarcinogen, 3-hydroxyxanthine, to rats, resulted in the slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. Slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients was apparent within 4 h following the administration of the carcinogen at a dose of 50 mug/g body weight. The fragmentation of liver DNA was progressive with an increase in the dose. Such fragmentation caused by a dose of 100 mug/g was largely repaired by 24 h following the administration of the carcinogen. Fragmentation and repair of liver DNA with a dose of 100 mug or more/g body weight was also seen using neutral sucrose gradients. In neutral sucrose gradients significant repair of the fragmented DNA was seen by 24 h after carcinogen. Liver DNA from rats given 3-hydroxyxanthine (100 mug/g for 4 h) or calf thymus DNA incubated in vitro with this carcinogen did not show any change in their melting profile.
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237
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Parodi S, Maura A. Immunodepressive effects of combination chemotherapy with N-diazoacetylglycine amide, L-asparaginase, and cortisone, in mice. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1974; 6:427-35. [PMID: 4218332 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6989(74)80052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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238
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Parodi S, Furlani A, Scarcia V, Cavanna M, Brambilla G. A new pharmacological method of host conditioning in order to facilitate in vivo growth of fibroblast-like cells cultivated in vitro. Eur J Cancer 1974; 10:513-5. [PMID: 4218986 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(74)90075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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239
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Maura A, Parodi S, Furlani A, Scarcia V, Della Loggia R. The immunodepressive activity of N-diazoacetylglycine derivatives in mice. ARZNEIMITTEL-FORSCHUNG 1973; 23:690-3. [PMID: 4145646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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240
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Parodi S, Furlani A, Scarcia V, Cavanna M, Brambilla G. Studies on the in vivo activity of E. coli L-tryptophanase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6989(73)80017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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241
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Baldini L, Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Caraceni CE, Parodi S. Effect of N-diazoacetylglycine amide on the immune response of mice to sheep red blood cells. Transplantation 1972; 13:224-8. [PMID: 5021437 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-197203000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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242
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Parodi S, Baldini L. Induction of tumors in newborn and adult Swiss mice by N-diazoacetylglycine amide. Eur J Cancer 1972; 8:127-9. [PMID: 5014572 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(72)90093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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243
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Brambilla G, Caraceni CE, Cavanna M, Parodi S. [Evaluation, in newborn Swiss mice, of the carcinogenic activity of some antineoplastic and immunosuppressive compounds]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1971; 47:418-22. [PMID: 5134218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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244
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Brambilla G, Parodi S, Cavanna M, Caraceni CE, Baldini L. The immunodepressive activity of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase in some transplantation systems. Cancer Res 1970; 30:2665-70. [PMID: 4395089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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245
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Parodi S, Baldini L. Time dependence of the number of histocompatibility loci in skin graft rejection of mice. EXPERIENTIA 1970; 26:1140-1. [PMID: 4921780 DOI: 10.1007/bf02112724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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246
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Brambilla G, Parodi S, Cavanna M, Baldini L. The immunodepressive activity of N-diazoacetylglycine amide in some transplantation systems. Transplantation 1970; 10:100-5. [PMID: 4912983 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-197007000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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247
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Parodi S, Caraceni CE. [Carcinogenic activity of two N-diazoacetyl derivatives of glycine in newborn Swiss mice]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1970; 46:227-30. [PMID: 5457914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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248
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Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Caraceni CE, Parodi S. [Preliminary studies of the evaluation of immunodepressive activity in L1210 leukemia allografts in mice]. BOLLETTINO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA SPERIMENTALE 1970; 46:230-3. [PMID: 5457915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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249
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Brambilla G, Mattioli F, Cavanna M, Parodi S, Baldini L. Toxicity of N-diazoacetylglycine hydrazide (NSC-58404) in animals. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY REPORTS 1969; 53:13-21. [PMID: 5772649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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250
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Baldini L, Brambilla G, Cavanna M, Parodi S. Immunosuppressive activity of methotrexate and arabinosyl cytosine in mice bearing L1210 leukaemia. Br J Pharmacol 1968; 34:674P-676P. [PMID: 5726804 PMCID: PMC1703484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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