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Smith JD, Nelson DG, Grohskopf LA, Appleton T. What child is this? What interval was that? Familiar tunes and music perception in novice listeners. Cognition 1994; 52:23-54. [PMID: 7924198 DOI: 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the laboratory, musical novices often seem insensitive even to basic structural elements of music (octaves, intervals, etc.), undermining long-held theories of music perception, and threatening to leave current theories applicable only to experts. Consequently it is important to demonstrate novices' basic listening competence where possible. Two experiments examined the perception of musical intervals (minor thirds, major thirds and perfect fourths) by musical novices. Subjects received either standard instructions or familiar folk-tune labels to aid performance. The folk-tune labels greatly improved identification performance, producing expert-caliber performance by some musically inexperienced subjects. The effectiveness of the folk-tune manipulation was much more limited in a difficult discrimination task. The results suggest that novices do have some basic competence when assayed appropriately, and that familiar musical tokens may be a critical element in such assays. Larger implications of the role of familiarity in novices' competence are discussed, including those that relate to music cognition and aesthetics.
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Fariss MW, Fortuna MB, Everett CK, Smith JD, Trent DF, Djuric Z. The selective antiproliferative effects of alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate and cholesteryl hemisuccinate on murine leukemia cells result from the action of the intact compounds. Cancer Res 1994; 54:3346-51. [PMID: 8012947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we have established that the antitumor activity of alpha-tocopheryl succinate (TS, vitamin E succinate) and cholesteryl succinate (CS) result from the action of the intact TS and CS compounds and not from the release of alpha-tocopherol, cholesterol, or succinate. We report that treatment of murine leukemia cell lines C1498 (myeloid) and L1210 (lymphocytic), with the tris salts of TS or CS, but not alpha-tocopherol and tris succinate or cholesterol and tris succinate, significantly inhibit the growth of these tumor cells and significantly enhance doxorubicin-induced tumor cell kill in a similar fashion. In contrast, the treatments mentioned above did not adversely affect the growth of murine normal bone marrow cells (colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage). In fact, colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage cell growth was stimulated by exposure to CS and TS (as well as their ether analogues) at concentrations above 100 microM. Furthermore, pretreatment of colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage cells with TS or CS appears to protect these normal cells from the lethal effect of doxorubicin exposure. Selective inhibition of leukemia cell proliferation (identical to that noted for CS and TS) was also observed following the treatment of cells with the nonhydrolyzable ether forms of CS (cholesteryloxybutyric acid) and TS (alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid). These findings suggest that TS, alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid, CS, and cholesteryloxybutyric acid may prove clinically useful as selective antitumor agents when administered alone or in combination with doxorubicin by a route that ensures tissue accumulation of the intact compound.
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Smith JD. Reflections on mental retardation and eugenics, old and new: Mensa and the Human Genome Project. MENTAL RETARDATION 1994; 32:234-8. [PMID: 8084276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chelliah J, Smith JD, Fariss MW. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by tetrahydroaminoacridine and the hemisuccinate esters of tocopherol and cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1206:17-26. [PMID: 8186246 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The anticholinesterase properties of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA, Tacrine), alpha-tocopheryl hemisuccinate (TS), and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CS), given alone and in combination, were examined in vitro. Results from these studies indicate that: [1] THA is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, IC50 of 0.40 microM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, IC50 of 0.10 microM) with greatest inhibitory activity towards BChE; [2] TS and CS are weak inhibitors of BChE (IC50 of 100 microM and 168 microM, respectively) but potent inhibitors of ACHE (IC50 of 1.73 microM and 0.79 microM, respectively); [3] both TS and CS treatment in combination with THA significantly increased THA's anticholinesterase activity. The percentage AChE inhibition observed with this combination was often significantly greater than the sum of the individual values (synergistic). The addition of 0.5 microM CS or TS to an ACHE preparation reduced THA's IC50 value from 0.40 microM or 0.18 microM, respectively [4]; inhibition of AChE by THA, TS and CS are mixed non-competitive while THA inhibition of BChE is mixed non-competitive and TS and CS inhibition of BChE are simple non-competitive; and [5] inhibition of cholinesterases by TS and CS occurs immediately (50 to 75%), during the first 30 min of incubation (25 to 50%) and is dependent on the anionic charged portion of the molecule. In conclusion, our experimental data indicate that TS and CS are potent inhibitors of AChE activity and significantly potentiate the anticholinesterase activity of THA. Such potent and synergistic inhibition of AChE suggest that TS or CS, alone and in combination with THA, may prove beneficial in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning and Alzheimer's disease.
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Smith JD, Bruce CB, Featherstone AS, Downing RG, Biryahawaho B, Clegg JC, Carswell JW, Oram JD. Reactions of Ugandan antisera with peptides encoded by V3 loop epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:577-83. [PMID: 7522494 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificities of antibodies reacting with peptides encoded by V3 loop apical epitopes were determined for sera from 230 seropositive Ugandans, including asymptomatic persons and AIDS patients, sampled between 1986 and 1992. Most (71%) of the sera reacted with the peptide encoded by HIV-MN, 59% reacted with a peptide containing a consensus sequence for Ugandan variants of the HIV-1 global subtype A (referred to as the Uganda A consensus), 59% reacted with a peptide containing a consensus sequence for Ugandan variants of the global subtype D (the Uganda D consensus); 19% of the sera also reacted with peptides encoded by the divergent Ugandan variant U31. There was no obvious correlation between the specificities of antibody binding and the V3 loop sequence of the corresponding virus isolate or provirus. Competitive inhibition and antibody adsorption experiments indicated that the MN peptide, the Uganda A consensus peptide, the Uganda D consensus peptide, and the U31 peptide were recognized by different sets of antibodies. Eighteen percent of the sera from AIDS patients and 26% of the sera from asymptomatic persons were monospecific for one of the MN, Uganda A, or Uganda D peptides. Whereas all except one of the singly reactive AIDS sera were specific for MN, 39% of the singly reactive asymptomatic sera were specific for MN, 39% for the Uganda A peptide, and 21% for the Uganda D peptides. We conclude that analysis of the specificities of antibodies against the V3 loop epitopes in sera from asymptomatic persons could provide useful epidemiological data about the prevalence of viral subtypes within a population.
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256
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Herzenberg JE, Smith JD, Paley D. Correcting torsional deformities with Ilizarov's apparatus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994:36-41. [PMID: 8168318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients undergoing limb lengthening with circular fixators often have rotational deformities requiring correction as well. At the end of lengthening, special rotation constructs are added to the Ilizarov frame to correct the rotational deformity. Unfortunately, the bone is usually eccentrically positioned in the rings, leading to secondary translational deformities after derotation. A trigonometric equation can predict the amount of inadvertent translation (t) that occurs with a given amount of derotation. Factors in this equation include the distance from the center of the ring to the outer edge of bone (r) and the amount of planned derotation (theta): t = (r sin theta)/sin (90 -theta/2). This sinusoidal function for derotation angles of less than 45 degrees can be approximated as a simple equation: t = 0.017 theta r. Armed with this information, the surgeon may calculate how much translation will be induced by the derotation maneuver. If the amount of predicted translation is deemed significant, then a more complex derotation frame with outriggers can be constructed to change the center of rotation to the middle of the eccentric bone. Alternatively, the translation induced by rotation can later be corrected with a translation construct.
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Heath GW, Smith JD. Physical activity patterns among adults in Georgia: results from the 1990 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. South Med J 1994; 87:435-9. [PMID: 8153767 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199404000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity increases a person's ability to perform daily activities more efficiently, reduces the risk of specific chronic diseases, including coronary artery disease, and lowers death rates in general. The Healthy People 2000 Physical Activity and Fitness Objectives underscored the importance of monitoring and tracking the prevalence of physical activity and fitness in the United States population for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating efforts to improve the public's physical activity habits. This report examines the prevalence of self-reported leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among southeastern adults aged 18 years and older living in the state of Georgia. Using data from the 1990 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys from Georgia, we describe the LTPA patterns of Georgia adults aged 18 years and older. A total of 1,723 adults were interviewed during 1990. Results show the following: women are less active than men, blacks are less active than whites, persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are less active than those of higher SES, and older adults are less active than younger adults. These results suggest that a more concerted effort needs to be made in promoting physical activity for women, persons of lower SES, and older adults.
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Shachter NS, Hayek T, Leff T, Smith JD, Rosenberg DW, Walsh A, Ramakrishnan R, Goldberg IJ, Ginsberg HN, Breslow JL. Overexpression of apolipoprotein CII causes hypertriglyceridemia in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1683-90. [PMID: 8163669 PMCID: PMC294216 DOI: 10.1172/jci117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice expressing the human apolipoprotein CII (apoCII) gene under the transcriptional control of the human cytochrome P-450 IA1 (CYPIA1) promoter. Human apoCII transgenic (HuCIITg) mice exhibited significant basal expression of the transgene (plasma apoCII level = 26.1 +/- 4 mg/dl) and showed further induction of transgene expression after treatment with beta-naphthoflavone. Unexpectedly, HuCIITg mice were hypertriglyceridemic and human apoCII levels correlated strongly to triglyceride levels (R = 0.89, P < 0.0001). Triglyceride levels (mg/dl +/- SEM) were elevated compared to controls in both the fed (804 +/- 113 vs 146 +/- 18, P < 0.001) and fasted (273 +/- 39 vs 61 +/- 4, P < 0.001) states. HuCIITg mice accumulated triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) with an increased apoC/apoE ratio. Tracer kinetic studies indicated delayed clearance of VLDL-triglyceride, and studies using Triton inhibition of VLDL clearance showed no increase in VLDL production. Plasma from these mice activated mouse lipoprotein lipase normally and radiolabeled VLDL were normally hydrolyzed. However, HuCIITg VLDL showed markedly decreased binding to heparin-Sepharose, suggesting that apoCII-rich, apoE-poor lipoprotein may be less accessible to cell surface lipases or receptors within their glycosaminoglycan matrices. HuCIITg mice are a promising model of hypertriglyceridemia that suggests a more complex role for apoCII in the metabolism of plasma triglycerides.
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Adams DH, Cochrane AD, Khaghani A, Smith JD, Yacoub MH. Retransplantation in heart-lung recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107:450-9. [PMID: 8302064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors after heart-lung transplantation. Despite enhanced immunosuppressive therapy, a significant number of patients progress to end-stage respiratory failure, leaving retransplantation as the only potential therapeutic option. Between October 1986 and August 1990, 25 heart-lung recipients (mean age 22 +/- 2 years) underwent repeat heart-lung transplantation at an average of 21 months after their first procedure. Twenty-one patients (83%) were ventilator dependent at the time of retransplantation. The Kaplan-Meier survival at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months was 52%, 33%, 25%, and 25%, respectively. Postoperative complications included bleeding, multisystem organ failure, and infection. Obliterative bronchiolitis resulted in death or graft failure in three patients between 12 and 36 months after the second transplantation. Five patients were currently alive at the time this article was written, with a median follow-up of 54 months. Three were in New York Heart Association class I, and two had obliterative bronchiolitis with class III symptoms. Recently, we investigated the role of single lung retransplantation in nine heart-lung recipients (mean age 23 +/- 3 years). The mean interval between procedures was 36 months, and eight patients (88%) were ventilator dependent. The Kaplan-Meier survival at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months was 89%, 67%, 67%, and 50%, respectively. We observed significantly less perioperative morbidity in this group. Five patients were alive (median follow-up 20 months); four were in New York Heart Association class I or II, and one was in New York Heart Association class III with recurrent obliterative bronchiolitis. We did not have enough patients to perform multivariate survival analysis. Survival curve comparisons with the use of the Wilcoxon test did show that the absence of performed antibodies in the recipient (panel reactive antibody frequency less than 10%) was associated with significantly improved survival after retransplantation. We also noted trends for improved survival in patients who had retransplantation at least 18 months after their original transplantation and in patients with negative preoperative sputum cultures. Retransplantation is a high-risk procedure that can result in rehabilitation in otherwise incapacitated patients. Single lung retransplantation appears to be the preferred option in carefully selected patients.
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Smith JD, Myers NB, Gorka J, Hansen TH. Model for the in vivo assembly of nascent Ld class I molecules and for the expression of unfolded Ld molecules at the cell surface. J Exp Med 1993; 178:2035-46. [PMID: 8245780 PMCID: PMC2191268 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.6.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize the process of class I assembly and maturation, we have studied the Ld molecule of the mouse. Previous studies have shown that a significant proportion of intracellular and surface Ld molecules can be detected in an alternative conformation designated Ldalt1. Nascent Ldalt molecules are non-peptide ligand associated and are weakly associated with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Unexpectedly, when monoclonal antibodies were added directly to the lysis buffer, significant amounts of Ldalt/beta 2m heterodimer were detected, suggesting that beta 2m association is not necessarily sufficient to induce Ld conformation. By contrast, addition of peptide to cell lysates rapidly induced the folding of beta 2m-associated Ldalt to conformed Ld. Furthermore, the time course and dynamics of this conversion correlated precisely with peptide binding to Ld. The precursor-product relationship of Ldalt and conformed Ld was also visualized in vivo by pulse-chase analysis of BALB/c splenocytes. To investigate the factors that regulate intracellular transport of class I molecules, expression of Ld was studied in the peptide transport-deficient cell line, RMA.S-Ld, and in beta 2m-/- splenocytes. In contrast to wild-type cell lines, both Ldalt and conformed Ld are poorly expressed at the cell surface of RMA.S-Ld and beta 2m-/- splenocytes. Therefore, surface expression of Ldalt is dependent upon the concomitant expression of conformed Ld molecules. To determine whether surface Ldalt molecules can result from melting of conformed Ld molecules, surface Ld molecules were loaded with several different known Ld peptide ligands. Complexes of Ld with different ligands were found to have dramatically disparate surface half-lives. Importantly, the Ld peptide complexes that turned over the most rapidly resulted in the most gain in surface Ldalt, implying that peptide dissociation can induce the accumulation of nonconformed Ld heavy chains at the cell surface.
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Solheim JC, Carreno BM, Smith JD, Gorka J, Myers NB, Wen Z, Martinko JM, Lee DR, Hansen TH. Binding of peptides lacking consensus anchor residue alters H-2Ld serologic recognition. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1993; 151:5387-97. [PMID: 7693810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CTL recognize class I MHC/peptide complexes on the surface of target cells. Crystallographic and serologic data have indicated that peptide ligands can influence the conformation of class I molecules and hence T cell recognition. How the binding of peptides with disparate sequence motifs affects the conformation of distinct regions within a class I molecule remains unknown. A series of site-directed mutants of the murine class I molecule H-2Ld was studied to address this question. These mutants were generated by in vitro mutagenesis and used to map the serologic epitopes recognized by a panel of Ld-reactive mAb. The influence of six different ligands on serologic recognition by these mAb was then examined. Of 12 mAb tested, only one, B22/249, was found to be significantly influenced by the bound peptide. Peptide discrimination by B22/249 was observed at the cell surface and in immunoprecipitates of Ld after incubation with two of the six ligands. The two peptides that caused suboptimal B22/249 recognition of Ld/peptide lack a proline at position 2, which is present in the other four peptides and has previously been defined as an anchor residue for Ld ligands. The epitope on Ld detected by mAb B22/249 includes residues 63 to 70 on the alpha 1 domain helix. Two of these residues are in pocket B, which computer modeling predicts to be in contact with the second residue of Ld-binding peptides. Therefore, these data imply that a mAb to a class I molecule can distinguish peptides with different motifs, possibly reflecting peptide-dependent conformational changes in the class I molecule.
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Solheim JC, Carreno BM, Smith JD, Gorka J, Myers NB, Wen Z, Martinko JM, Lee DR, Hansen TH. Binding of peptides lacking consensus anchor residue alters H-2Ld serologic recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.151.10.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CTL recognize class I MHC/peptide complexes on the surface of target cells. Crystallographic and serologic data have indicated that peptide ligands can influence the conformation of class I molecules and hence T cell recognition. How the binding of peptides with disparate sequence motifs affects the conformation of distinct regions within a class I molecule remains unknown. A series of site-directed mutants of the murine class I molecule H-2Ld was studied to address this question. These mutants were generated by in vitro mutagenesis and used to map the serologic epitopes recognized by a panel of Ld-reactive mAb. The influence of six different ligands on serologic recognition by these mAb was then examined. Of 12 mAb tested, only one, B22/249, was found to be significantly influenced by the bound peptide. Peptide discrimination by B22/249 was observed at the cell surface and in immunoprecipitates of Ld after incubation with two of the six ligands. The two peptides that caused suboptimal B22/249 recognition of Ld/peptide lack a proline at position 2, which is present in the other four peptides and has previously been defined as an anchor residue for Ld ligands. The epitope on Ld detected by mAb B22/249 includes residues 63 to 70 on the alpha 1 domain helix. Two of these residues are in pocket B, which computer modeling predicts to be in contact with the second residue of Ld-binding peptides. Therefore, these data imply that a mAb to a class I molecule can distinguish peptides with different motifs, possibly reflecting peptide-dependent conformational changes in the class I molecule.
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Carling RW, Leeson PD, Moore KW, Smith JD, Moyes CR, Mawer IM, Thomas S, Chan T, Baker R, Foster AC. 3-Nitro-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolones. Excitatory amino acid antagonists acting at glycine-site NMDA and (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. J Med Chem 1993; 36:3397-408. [PMID: 8230130 DOI: 10.1021/jm00074a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolones, evolved from 2-carboxy-1,2,3,4,- tetrahydroquinolines and 3-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones, have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for antagonist activity at the glycine site on the NMDA receptor and for AMPA [(RS)-alpha-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid] antagonist activity. Generally poor potency at the glycine site is observed when a variety of electron-withdrawing substituents are attached to the 3-position of 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolones. The analogues 5-9 (IC50 values > 100 microM, Table I) exist largely in the 3,4-dipseudoaxial conformation (as evidenced by 1H NMR spectra), whereas the 3-cyano derivative (10, IC50 = 12.0 microM) has a relatively high population of the 3-pseudoequatorial conformer. The 3-nitro analogue (4, IC50 = 1.32 microM) has a pKa approximately 5 and thus exists at physiological pH as an anion with the nitro group planar to the quinolone ring. The general requirement of acidity for high affinity binding at the glycine/NMDA site is supported with the good activity of the other 3-nitro derivatives (13-21), all of which are deprotonated at physiological pH. The 3-nitro-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolones and 2-carboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines show quite different structure-activity relationships at the 4-position. The unselective excitatory amino acid activity of 21 is comparable with 6,7-dichloro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione and 6,7-dichloroquinoxalic acid and this suggests similarities in their modes of binding to excitatory amino acid receptors. The broad spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist activity of the 4-unsubstituted analogue 21 (KbNMDA = 6.7 microM, KbAMPA = 9.2 microM) and the glycine/NMDA selectivity of the other 3-nitro derivatives allows the proposal of a model for AMPA receptor binding which differs from the glycine binding pharmacophore in that there is bulk intolerance adjacent to the 4-position. Compound 21 (L-698,544) is active (ED50 = 13.2 mg/kg) in the DBA/2 mouse anticonvulsant model and is the most potent combined glycine/NMDA-AMPA antagonist yet reported, in vivo, and may prove to be a useful pharmacological tool.
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Abstract
This article explores the relationship between depression and category learning. We predicted that depression would impair categorization performance on criteria-attribute tasks, which require systematic hypothesis testing, but not on family-resemblance tasks, which allow processing strategies that are likely preserved in depression. These predictions were confirmed in 2 experiments using different stimuli, tasks, and S populations. We discuss some implications of the empirical connections among depression, the use of less sophisticated cognitive strategies, and category learning.
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265
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Shachter NS, Zhu Y, Walsh A, Breslow JL, Smith JD. Localization of a liver-specific enhancer in the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-II gene locus. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)35732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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266
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Shachter NS, Zhu Y, Walsh A, Breslow JL, Smith JD. Localization of a liver-specific enhancer in the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-II gene locus. J Lipid Res 1993; 34:1699-707. [PMID: 8245720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequences necessary for liver-specific expression of the apolipoprotein (apo) E gene have been shown to reside 3' to the gene, within the apoE/C-I/C-II gene cluster, but have not been precisely characterized. Utilizing a transient transfection reporter gene assay based on the apoC-II promoter, we have localized a liver-specific enhancer to its approximate limit dimension of 154 base pairs. This enhancer directed liver-specific expression of an apoE gene construction in transgenic mice. A DNaseI protection assay revealed two footprints over an inverted repeat of a known transcriptionally active motif, TGACCT. DNaseI-sensitive sites were present in three of six repeats of a motif (consensus GCAAACA) which has been postulated to represent the recognition sequence of a hepatic transcriptional activity, HNF-5. This region of DNA may function as a liver-specific enhancer for the entire apoE/C-I/C-II gene cluster.
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Mohle-Boetani JC, Schuchat A, Plikaytis BD, Smith JD, Broome CV. Comparison of prevention strategies for neonatal group B streptococcal infection. A population-based economic analysis. JAMA 1993; 270:1442-8. [PMID: 8371444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrapartum antibiotics can prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease but have not been widely used. Obstacles include difficulty in implementing screening for GBS colonization and uncertainty about cost-effectiveness. The GBS vaccines for disease prevention are now being developed. METHODS We developed a decision analysis model and used standard cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis methods. We compared the outcomes and costs of the recent practice of no intervention with those expected for three prevention strategies: (1) intrapartum antibiotics administered to colonized women with labor complications, (2) an alternative strategy that does not require screening but uses epidemiologic criteria and labor complications to target intrapartum antibiotics, and (3) maternal vaccination. We used data from multistate population-based surveillance to estimate the potential impact of each strategy on disease and costs in the United States. RESULTS Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis of high-risk women identified by screening could prevent approximately 3300 cases (47% of neonatal disease) annually in the United States and could save approximately $16 million in direct medical costs. Chemoprophylaxis of high-risk women identified using epidemiologic criteria could potentially be equally effective (3200 cases prevented) and would avoid the logistical difficulties of screening; the net savings would be approximately $66 million. Vaccinating 80% of pregnant women with a vaccine that prevents 80% of cases among infants born at or after 34 weeks of gestation would prevent approximately 4100 neonatal cases annually with a net savings of $131 million. CONCLUSIONS Universal prenatal screening for GBS and chemoprophylaxis of colonized women with labor complications is likely to be cost-beneficial in the United States. Development of alternative strategies should be further explored for populations in which GBS screening is impractical. Continued development of a GBS vaccine is an important public health priority.
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Abstract
This article explores the relationship between depression and category learning. We predicted that depression would impair categorization performance on criteria-attribute tasks, which require systematic hypothesis testing, but not on family-resemblance tasks, which allow processing strategies that are likely preserved in depression. These predictions were confirmed in 2 experiments using different stimuli, tasks, and S populations. We discuss some implications of the empirical connections among depression, the use of less sophisticated cognitive strategies, and category learning.
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269
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Smith JD, Polloway EA. Institutionalization, involuntary sterilization, and mental retardation: profiles from the history of the practice. MENTAL RETARDATION 1993; 31:208-14. [PMID: 8412725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
For much of the 20th century, the practice of sterilization was a common accompaniment to institutionalization for individuals with mental retardation. Following the Supreme Court's decision in Buck v. Bell (1927) supporting the practice, numerous states passed legislation and, consequently, over 60,000 individuals with mental retardation were sterilized in this country. In the present study we analyzed data on 212 individuals in Virginia who were sterilized. Our focus included gender, age at and date of sterilization, level of mental retardation, and location of subsequent discharge. The nature of these findings within the general context of the practice of sterilization was discussed.
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270
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Ryabik BM, Nguyen VT, Mann RM, Smith JD, Lippmann SB. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis and colony-stimulating cytokines. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1993; 15:263-5. [PMID: 7688331 DOI: 10.1016/0163-8343(93)90042-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A case of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis that was treated with a granulocyte colony-stimulating cytokine is presented. The hematological status normalized. Two colony-stimulating factors are marketed for activating bone marrow function. Their utility in clozapine a granulocytoses is not clear, but they offer a potential new therapeutic option.
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Gilhooly JT, Smith JD, Howell LL, Deschaine BL, Richey SL. Bedside polysomnography as an adjunct in the management of infants with Robin sequence. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993; 92:23-7. [PMID: 8516402 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199307000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective indications for tongue-lip adhesion in infants with Robin sequence have been lacking because of the difficulty in assessing the clinical significance of airway obstruction. In 1988, we began to use 20-hour, four-channel polysomnography to assist us in the management of infants with Robin sequence. The four channels included electrocardiogram, respiratory motion, airflow, and oxygen saturation. Infants demonstrating significant episodes of airway obstruction during sleep were recommended for tongue-lip adhesion. Fifteen infants with Robin sequence were evaluated during a 3-year period. Two babies were having severe, clinically obvious events on admission and underwent tongue-lip adhesion without polysomnography. Polysomnography was done on the other 13 infants. No significant events were seen in 7 infants, and they were discharged after a mean hospitalization of 8 days. Six studies documented significant airway obstruction, and tongue-lip adhesion was recommended. Follow-up polysomnography performed after successful tongue-lip adhesion failed to show any significant events, and the infants only required hospitalization for a mean of 12 days. We conclude that polysomnography is a useful adjunct in the management of infants with Robin sequence, providing objective indications for surgical intervention and shortening hospitalization.
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Farley MM, Harvey RC, Stull T, Smith JD, Schuchat A, Wenger JD, Stephens DS. A population-based assessment of invasive disease due to group B Streptococcus in nonpregnant adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1807-11. [PMID: 8502269 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199306243282503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) are a major cause of meningitis and septicemia in neonates and pregnant women, but the importance of group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults has not been clearly defined. METHODS We conducted a prospective surveillance of the pathogens responsible for meningitis for a period of 24 months in 35 hospitals and a referral laboratory in metropolitan Atlanta. We reviewed the clinical and laboratory records of all the nonpregnant adults identified as having invasive group B streptococcal disease during this period. RESULTS During 1989 and 1990 there were 424 patients with invasive group B streptococcal disease (annual incidence, 9.2 cases per 100,000 population). Of these patients, 46 percent were 1 month of age or younger, 6 percent were older than 1 month but younger than 18 years of age, and 48 percent were 18 or older. Men and nonpregnant women accounted for 68 percent (n = 140) of all cases among adults (annual incidence, 4.4 per 100,000). Clinical and laboratory records were available for 137. In the nonpregnant adult patients (age, 18 to 99 years), the most common clinical diagnoses were skin, soft-tissue, or bone infection (in 36 percent); bacteremia with no identified source (30 percent); urosepsis (14 percent); pneumonia (9 percent); and peritonitis (7 percent). Risk factors included older age (> or = 60 years), the presence of diabetes mellitus, the presence of malignant neoplasms, and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. The mortality rate in nonpregnant adults was 21 percent, accounting for 67 percent of all deaths related to group B streptococcal infection during the surveillance period. CONCLUSIONS Invasive group B streptococcal infection is a major problem not only in pregnant women and neonates but also in nonpregnant adults, especially those who are elderly and those who have chronic diseases.
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273
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Priano LL, Smith JD, Cohen JI, Everts EE. Intravenous fluid administration and urine output during radical neck surgery. Head Neck 1993; 15:208-15. [PMID: 8491584 DOI: 10.1002/hed.2880150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines perioperative urine output (UO) and hemodynamics in 24 patients who underwent radical head and neck surgery. The hypothesis tested was that "UO was not important in patients with normal renal function as long as hemodynamics were maintained." Intraoperatively, a "wet" group (13 patients) had generous amounts of intravenous (IV) fluid administered during surgery receiving 1,018 +/- 58 mL.h-1. The other "dry" group (11 patients) had fluids restricted to 426 +/- 23 mL.h-1. The intraoperative UOs for the wet and dry groups were 1.33 +/- 0.27 and 0.39 +/- 0.10 mL.kg-1 x h-1, respectively (p < 0.05). Postoperatively, the UOs for the wet and dry groups were 1.9 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.1 mL.kg-1 x h-1, respectively (p < 0.05). Perioperatively, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in systemic or pulmonary hemodynamics. Postoperatively, ordinary indices of renal function remained normal in both groups. We conclude that intraoperative oliguria due to moderate fluid restriction is not detrimental to renal outcome as long as systemic hemodynamics are maintained. Furthermore, not only does this relatively "dry" status not compromise hemodynamics, it affords the patient other benefits.
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Gaisser TK, Stanev T, Tilav S, Corbato SC, Dai HY, Dawson BR, Elbert JW, Emerson B, Kieda DB, Luo M, Ko S, Larsen C, Loh EC, Salamon MH, Smith JD, Sokolsky P, Sommers P, Tang J, Thomas SB, Bird DJ. Cosmic-ray composition around 10(1)8 eV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1993; 47:1919-1932. [PMID: 10015774 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.47.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Smith JD, Danskine AJ, Laylor RM, Rose ML, Yacoub MH. The effect of panel reactive antibodies and the donor specific crossmatch on graft survival after heart and heart-lung transplantation. Transpl Immunol 1993; 1:60-5. [PMID: 8081763 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(93)90060-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Data from 699 cardiac and 290 heart-lung transplants has been analysed to determine the importance of the lymphocytotoxic crossmatch result and panel reactive antibody (PRA) status on graft survival. Donor reactive crossmatching was performed for 636 cardiac transplants. One year actuarial survival for a negative crossmatch (n = 580) was 73% compared to 56% for the positive crossmatch recipients (n = 56) p = 0.0014. Where crossmatches were performed on separated T and B cells, the T cell directed crossmatch was found to be highly predictive of graft failure in 289 cardiac transplants. One year survival for a negative crossmatch was 73% (n = 258), for B cell positive crossmatch recipients 62% (n = 24), and for a positive T cell crossmatch 28% (n = 7) (p = 0.001). Patients' PRA status were grouped into those with negative, medium and high frequencies. There was a trend (not statistically significant) for patients with PRA above 50% to have poor graft survival. Patients with PRA above 50% were significantly more likely to have a positive lymphocytotoxic crossmatch against donor lymphocytes. Donor reactive crossmatching was performed for 283 heart-lung transplants. One year actuarial survival for a negative crossmatch was 61% (n = 251) and for a positive result was 50% (n = 32), p = 0.02.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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