[Identification of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus from mother to children by direct sequencing a segment of surface gene of hepatitis B virus]

SUBJECTIVE

To explore the reason for the failure to interrupt vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from mother to children in Chinese subjects by vaccination.

METHODS

HBV nucleotide sequences isolated from three sets of mother/children pairs were analyzed. HBV DNA from the surface antigen region encoding the amino acids 101 to 160 of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was amplified and sequenced from HBsAg positive mother and their children.

RESULTS

Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were absolutely identical in the mother and children in family one and two respectively. However, there were five nucleotides different in family one's isolates compared with the family two's isolates. All of them were a subtype. In one child of family three, with coexisted HBsAg and anti-HBs, sequencing result revealed a point mutation which predicted a change from glycine to arginine at residue 145 in the second loop of the determinant. The mother and another child had a glycine at this position.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the vertical transmission linkage of HBV between the mother and children in a molecular level, and also first described a codon 145 immune escape mutant in Chinese vaccinated children.

Rat calcium-sensing receptor is regulated by vitamin D but not by calcium

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is regulated by extracellular calcium acting through a cell surface calcium receptor (CaR). We have examined the potential regulation of the CaR in the parathyroid glands (PTG) and kidney by calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. Rats fed vitamin D-deficient (-D) diets containing 0.02, 0.4, or 2.0% Ca had a wide range of serum ionized Ca (2.5-5.2 mg/dl) and PTH (22-590 pg/ml) concentrations. PTG CaR mRNA did not vary significantly with ionized calcium or PTH, indicating that hypocalcemia and hyperparathyroidism may not alter CaR expression. However, PTG CaR mRNA was 40% lower in the -D rats than in age-matched rats fed a vitamin D-replete (+D) diet (P < 0.002). Repletion of -D rats with 1,25-(OH)2D3 produced a dose-dependent increase in PTG CaR mRNA. Treatment of +D rats with 100 ng of 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased CaR mRNA by 33% (P < 0.05) and 54% (P < 0.002) in the PTG and by 89% (P < 0.02) and 91% (P < 0.02) in the kidney in two independent experiments. PTG CaR peaked at 16 h (150% of control, P < 0.05) after 1,25-(OH)2D3 administration but returned to normal by 24 h. This upregulation of CaR expression by 1,25-(OH)2D3 may be involved in the suppressive effects of vitamin D compounds on PTH secretion.

Dual-electrode detection for capillary electrophoresis/electrochemistry

The extremely low sample volumes required for capillary electrophoresis and the high sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical detection make capillary electrophoresis/electrochemistry (CEEC) a very useful method for bioanalysis. In this paper, two types of dual-electrode detectors for CEEC are described. The first employs a ring-disk microelectrode placed in a wall-jet configuration and is used for the selective detection of substances undergoing chemically reversible oxidations. Collection efficiencies obtained for catecholamines with this configuration were between 25 and 35%. The second electrode design consists of two adjacent carbon fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix and is analogous to the parallel dual-electrode configuration used in liquid chromatography/electrochemistry. This configuration can be used to confirm peak identity and purity by operating the electrodes at two different potentials. Alternatively, it is possible to perform simultaneous oxidative and reductive electrochemical detection.

[Direct genotyping and antenatal diagnosis of deletional alpha-thalassemia of the southeast Asian type by polymerase chain reaction technique]

OBJECTIVE

To study the gene of deletional alpha-thalassemia of the Southeast Asian type (SEA) and to perform the antenatal diagnosis.

METHODS

A new method of polymerase chain reaction technique using three primers bridging the breakpoints was carried out for carrier detection and antenatal diagnosis of deletional alpha-thalassemia of the Southeast Asian type. A DNA fragment of about 630bp in size was amplified in case of--SEA alleles, while a 224 bp fragment was amplified in samples without the deletion. Homozygotes, heterozygotes, and normal subjects could be clearly distinguished with the present method.

RESULTS

We used this method in the genotyping and antenatal diagnosis of 10 high risk pregnancies of alpha-thalassemia. 2 homozygotes, 4 heterozygotes, and 4 normal infants were found.

CONCLUSION

The present method is simple and rapid in detection of carriers and antenatal diagnosis of the alpha-thalassemia of southeast Asian type.

Microtubules mediate cellular 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 trafficking and the genomic response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal human monocytes

The genomic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) are mediated by the intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR). Although immunocytochemistry has shown that disruption of microtubular assembly prevents nuclear access of the sterol-VDR complex, the role of microtubules in the response to 1,25(OH)2D3 has not been studied in viable cells. Our studies examined this interaction in normal human monocytes. Monocytes convert 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 and to 24-hydroxylated metabolites more polar than 1,25(OH)2D3. Microtubule disruption totally abolished the ability of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 to suppress its own synthesis and to induce 24-hydroxylase mRNA and activity, without affecting either total 1,25(OH)2D3 uptake or maximal 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR binding. Thus, intact microtubules are essential for 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent modulation of gene transcription. Interestingly, microtubule disruption also decreased monocyte 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, not by decreasing the Vmax of monocyte mitochondrial 1 alpha-hydroxylase but through an increase in the Km for 25(OH)2D3. We examined 25(OH)D3 transport. Microtubule disruption did not affect total cellular 25(OH)D3 uptake but reduced its intracellular trafficking to the mitochondria. Thus, microtubules participate in intracellular 25(OH)D3 transport, and their integrity determines normal 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis.

Loss of calcium responsiveness in cultured bovine parathyroid cells is associated with decreased calcium receptor expression

Suppression of PTH secretion by extracellular calcium is mediated by a plasma membrane calcium receptor (CaR). However, primary cultures of bovine parathyroid cells are known to quickly lose their responsiveness to extracellular calcium. The present study was designed to determine if the loss of calcium responsiveness is due to changes in CaR expression. In primary monolayer cultures of parathyroid cells, calcium-mediated suppression of PTH was still evident after 24 hours in culture but was completely absent after 6 days. This was preceded by a 75% drop in CaR mRNA content within 24 hours. CaR mRNA levels remained low for the 6-day culture. Earlier time points, examined in parathyroid cell suspensions, showed a 70% drop in CaR mRNA by 4 hours after collagenase-dispersion of the glands and an 85% drop after 24 hours. The decreased expression of CaR mRNA was not influenced by altering medium serum, calcium, or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Our results indicate that the loss of responsiveness of cultured parathyroid cells to calcium is due to decreased CaR mRNA and, presumably, CaR protein expression.

Population awareness and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

BACKGROUND

A national program for hypertension detection and control was implemented in the 1970s, whereas a similar program for control of hypercholesterolemia has been implemented in recent years. We studied the levels of awareness, treatment, and control of these conditions in US population samples during a 3-year period (1987 to 1989).

METHODS

The levels of awareness, treatment (by medication), and adequate control of hypertension (systolic blood pressure, > or = 140 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure, > or = 90 mm Hg; or antihypertensive medication) and hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol level, > or = 6.21 mmol/L [> or = 240 mg/dL], or lipid-lowering medication) were studied among participants in the baseline examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, including 15,739 individuals aged 45 to 64 years.

RESULTS

Eighty-four percent of the hypertensive subjects and 42% of the hypercholesterolemic subjects were aware of their conditions. Overall, 50% of the hypertensive subjects and only 4% of the hypercholesterolemic subjects had their conditions both treated and controlled. Rates of hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control remained stable during the 3-year study period. Hypercholesterolemia prevalence decreased from 30% in 1987 to 25% in 1989; its awareness increased from 31% to 50% during the same period. Hypertensive women were more likely than hypertensive men to be aware and treated, whereas hypercholesterolemia awareness was higher in men than in women. Hypertension awareness was highest in black women, but black hypertensive subjects were less likely than whites to be treated and to have their hypertension controlled. Black hypercholesterolemic subjects were less likely to be either aware or treated.

CONCLUSIONS

After the recent implementation of the National Cholesterol Education Program, the levels of awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia are improving at a high rate, although they are still substantially lower than those for hypertension. Further improvement is necessary, particularly among certain population groups, such as blacks.

The roles of calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the regulation of vitamin D receptor expression by rat parathyroid glands

Expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the parathyroid glands is decreased in secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure by undefined mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the effects of hyperparathyroidism and dietary calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] on the expression of VDR in rat parathyroid glands. Vitamin D-deficient rats were maintained on diets containing 0.02% Ca (-D, LCD), 0.4% Ca (-D, NCD), or 2.0% Ca (-D, HCD) for 6 weeks. Serum ionized Ca (ICa) in the rats on the three diets ranged from 2.5-5.2 mg/dl. Serum PTH ranged from 22-590 pg/ml and correlated inversely with ICa (r = -0.835; P < 0.001). Rats with the highest ICa had normal PTH values, suggesting that vitamin D deficiency per se does not lead to hyperparathyroidism. VDR messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the parathyroid glands correlated positively with ICa (r = 0.845; P < 0.001) and negatively with PTH (r = -0.716; P < 0.001). VDR mRNA levels in the rats fed the -D, HCD were 6 times higher than those receiving -D, LCD and the same as those in rats fed a normal (Purina) diet. Thus, prevention of hyperparathyroidism with high dietary calcium prevented the drop in VDR expression. Treatment of the rats on all three diets with 0, 25, or 100 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3, ip, 48 and 12 h before death dose dependently increased ICa and decreased PTH, as expected, and also increased parathyroid gland VDR mRNA. This coordinate regulation of VDR mRNA by calcium and 1,25-(OH)2D3 was also observed in the kidney, but intestinal VDR mRNA was not stimulated by dietary calcium or 1,25-(OH)2D3. Analysis of covariance for parathyroid gland VDR mRNA and ICa for the three doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 revealed no significant independent effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on VDR mRNA, suggesting that the up-regulation of VDR expression by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the parathyroid glands may be mediated primarily by increasing serum calcium.

A method for probing the topography and interactions of proteins: footprinting of myoglobin

We describe a procedure for mapping residues on the surface of a protein molecule to its sequence, using a scheme that is analogous to nucleic acid footprinting. The protein is end labeled radioactively and subjected to limited proteolysis, and the products are analyzed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The method is tested with the heme protein myoglobin and applied to mapping the (unknown) surface of the molecule lacking the heme group: apomyoglobin. Sites of protein-protein interaction can be identified, as illustrated by footprinting the association between myoglobin and an anti-myoglobin monoclonal antibody.

[Myocardial damage after high tension electricity injury in rabbits]

The experiment was designed to study the condition of rabbit myocardium after 10,000-Volt high tension electricity injury by using light and electron microscopes. Early change in myocardium was detected and it took a dynamic development. Also, the enzymogram of myocardium was found to be altered parallel with the pathological alteration, apart from significant changes showed in electrocardiograms. The result of the study demonstrated that organic injury occurred in myocardium after high tension electricity injury.

Equilibrium analysis of ethidium binding to DNA containing base mismatches and branches

In the processes of DNA replication, recombination, and repair, duplex DNA can transiently form branched structures, such as Holliday junctions, as well as base pair mismatches and bulges. These stages have altered ligand and protein binding properties from normal double helical DNA. A variety of ligands have been reported to interact more tightly at branches and bulges than to normal duplex sites. The stoichiometry, structural basis, and thermodynamics of this effect have not been determined. We have investigated the binding of the intercalator, ethidium bromide, to several DNA constructs including base mismatches, bulges, and three- and four-arm branched structures, using chemical footprinting, titration calorimetry, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. Two classes of binding sites are detected in three- and four-arm junctions in our high ionic strength conditions: one class is characterized by a small number of ligands (2-4 per DNA), with high binding affinity (K > 10(5)), and the second by a larger number of sites (10-12 per DNA) with lower affinity (K approximately 10(4)). By use of appropriate control experiments, the former appear to be associated with sites at or near the branch point or mismatch, while the latter are consistent with binding to the normal duplex DNA region(s) of the molecule. Titration calorimetry indicates an enthalpy of -10 to -13 kcal/mol for binding of ethidium to a mismatch or three- and four-arm branch point. The tight binding class is associated with a fluorescence lifetime of 12-16 ns, distinct from that of free ethidium (ca. 2 ns) and the longer lifetime observed for ethidium intercalated in duplex DNA (22-26 ns).

Effects of unpaired bases on the conformation and stability of three-arm DNA junctions

Three-arm DNA junctions, in which three double helices intersect at a branch, have unique structure and reactivity of bases at and near the branch. Their solution conformation is asymmetric in the presence of Mg2+, while bases at the branch are sensitive to single-strand-specific agents. Following the surprising report that unpaired bases at the branch stabilize three-arm junctions, we have investigated the geometry and thermodynamics of three-arm junctions containing pendant T and A bases. The results are consistent with additional structure formation in junctions containing up to four pendant bases at the branch: relative to the tight junction, the thermal stability of junctions with two T's or A's at the branch increases; bases near the branch become less reactive to single-strand-reactive probes; and the enthalpy of formation is more negative. The interaction of ethidium observed at the branch in three-arm junctions is enhanced in junctions with unpaired bases at the branch. The geometry of three-arm junctions is perturbed by the presence of pendant bases, as seen by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of junctions to which long duplex arms are appended pairwise.

Mapping tRNA and 5S RNA tertiary structures by charge dependent Fe(II)-catalyzed cleavage

Chemical and enzymatic footprinting experiments have made it possible to identify protein binding sites in DNA and RNA, and to localize structural differences within nucleic acids to a resolution of a single base pair. We show here that by combining three reagents, Fe(II).EDTA2-, Fe(II).EDDA and Fe2+, differential maps of sites in RNA that vary in their local conformation and/or charge can be constructed. Comparison of profiles with respect to controls in the absence of a counterion such as Mg2+ allows analysis of sites responsive to tertiary structure. A single site that is labile to metals such as Pb2+ exists in tRNA(Phe) and a number of other tRNA's; this site is hyper-reactive to Fe(II), but not to the other probes. Scission induced by the neutral complex, Fe(II).EDDA, offers the most general measure of surface accessibility, since its distribution about the target molecule is insensitive to charge. Enhanced cleavage by Fe(II) relative to the other agents is detected at several adjacent sites in 5S RNA, consistent with conformational mobility. Protection at a series of positions in the arm formed by loops E and D with helix IV suggests further that at low temperature this arm interacts with loop A and helix I.

Effect of T-T base mismatches on three-arm DNA junctions

In contrast to four-arm immobile DNA junctions, three-arm DNA junctions have unique structural and dynamic properties consistent with lack of a single dominant conformation. The effect of T-T base mismatches at the branch in a three-arm model junction has been investigated using a combination of electrophoretic mobility measurements, chemical footprinting experiments, and thermodynamic studies. The results indicate that three-arm junctions are only slightly destabilized by a mismatch flanking the branch, relative to four-arm junctions. The effect of a mismatch varies with the sequence and position of the site of the mismatch. Since a three-arm junction with two mismatches flanking the branch is as stable as two junctions each with a single mismatch, the stability of three-arm junctions is not determined by stacking interactions at the branch in a simple way. The properties of three-arm junctions with one or two mismatches are consistent with a picture in which the conformation is the result of several substrates in which base pairs flanking the branch are transiently open, allowing bases to interact with the remaining duplexes.

Conformation and thermodynamics of DNA "necks". Models for three-arm branch formation in a duplex

The properties of three-arm DNA junctions differ from those of four-arm junctions in several respects. Most apparently, bases flanking the branch are reactive to single strand specific agents in three-arm junctions but not four-arm junctions. To determine the basis for this, we have designed and synthesized a series of complexes in which a short duplex, a neck, progressively extends from a parent 16-mer DNA duplex. These structure allow us to investigate how a three-arm branch forms, and how its properties change as the neck extends. Comparison of the properties of a nicked duplex with those of the neck structures using native gel electrophoresis with reporter arms attached reveals progressively greater geometrical perturbation of the complexes as the number of base-pairs in the neck increases. Footprinting by single-strand specific reagents indicates that the reactivity to single-strand reagents near the branch occurs when only a single pair is possible. The branch in each neck interacts tightly with ethidium, as does a nick in the same duplex. The thermodynamics of neck formation have been evaluated by calorimetry and from the concentration dependence of absorbance temperature profiles. Each neck complex is destabilized with respect to duplex DNA or a nicked duplex, and has a lower enthalpy of formation despite the increased number of base-pairs present. A model is proposed to account for these properties in which the bases in the pair adjacent to the duplex interact directly with the duplex, via transient insertion.

T-T base mismatches enhance drug binding at the branch site in a four-arm DNA junction

Base mismatches--non Watson-Crick pairing between bases--can arise in duplex DNA as a consequence of mutational events or by recombination. In a duplex, the sequence of the two bases involved, and those flanking the site of mismatch, determines the local structure and extent of destabilization of the helix. Base mismatches can arise also in recombination of nonhomologous strands, and their occurrence in Holliday recombination intermediates can influence the outcome of general or specialized recombination events. We have previously reported that the branch site in a DNA junction can interact selectively with a variety of ligands. Here we describe the thermodynamics of junctions containing T-T mismatches flanking the branch and show that these structures bind methidium and other intercalators with higher affinity than junctions lacking mismatches.

Use of fluoroquinolones for prophylaxis of murine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

We compared the prophylactic activities of six fluoroquinolones against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunosuppressed rats. Pefloxacin was the only agent which was as effective as the reference drug trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Clinical trials with pefloxacin in patients at risk for P. carinii pneumonia appear to be justified.

Aerosol lead and associated elements in Beijing, China

The relative importance of local and regional sources of lead and associated elements in fine and coarse aerosol particles of an urban atmosphere was assessed by means of a two-day study, July 20 and 30, 1980 in Beijing, China. Five near-ground locations were selected for aerosol sampling by cascade impactors and elemental analysis by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE): the imperial palace courtyard, a park, near two streets, and a mid-street traffic island. These sites, ranked in order of increasing traffic intensity and fugitive surface dust, showed that concentrations of major dust constitutents, represented by coarse particle (>2 μm diameter) Si, Al, and Ca, increased correspondingly. Pb, as well as Zn, As, and Cu, were present mainly in fine (<2 μm) particles; their concentrations were unrelated to traffic, indicating they resulted mainly from regional combustion or other sources. However, these elements also were present in coarse particles at concentrations that varied with the major dust elements and were relatively enriched, compared to average earth crust rock material, by factors of more than 100 (Pb), 50 (Zn), and 10 (Cu). Nonurban Beijing shows much smaller coarse aerosol enrichments of Pb, Zn, and Cu, indicating urban contamination of surface dust. Published data from St. Louis, USA show both fine and coarse aerosol Pb and Zn. Compared with Beijing, fine and coarse concentrations in St. Louis are similar for Pb, but lower for Zn, Ca, and Fe. Both Pb and Zn are enriched relative to earth crust composition to a greater degree in St. Louis than Beijing in both fine and coarse particle size ranges. The results suggest that heavy metals from combustion occur in the air as fine particles and, after deposition on the surface, as reentrained coarse particles of fugitive dust. Both many contribute to human exposures of these heavy metals.