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Cook J. Repair of a large lateral forehead defect. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27:692-4. [PMID: 11442628 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Granier S, Cook J. Scanning the literature. Ochsner J 2001; 3:164-170. [PMID: 22754394 PMCID: PMC3385783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
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278
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Mirghani RA, Ericsson O, Cook J, Yu P, Gustafsson LL. Simultaneous determination of quinine and four metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:57-64. [PMID: 11318427 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The determination of quinine, (3S)-3-hydroxyquinine, 2'-quininone and (10R)- and (10S)-10,11-dihydroxydihydroquinine in plasma and urine samples is described. This is the first time the R and S configurations have been correctly assigned to the two metabolites of 10,11-dihydroxyquinine. One hundred microliter-plasma samples were protein precipitated with 200 microl cold methanol. Urine samples were 10-100 x diluted and then directly injected into the HPLC. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography system with fluorescence detection and a Zorbax Eclipse XDB phenyl column and gradient elution was used. The within and between assay coefficients of variation of the method for quinine and its metabolites in plasma and urine was less than 13%. The lower limit of quantitation was in the range of 0.024-0.081 microM.
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Guyton K, Bond R, Reilly C, Gilkeson G, Halushka P, Cook J. Differential effects of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist on macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 69:631-8. [PMID: 11310850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin J2 metabolite 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15-PGJ2) appears to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Unlike other prostaglandins, it has no known plasma membrane receptor. Its effects have been thought to occur through activation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), but 15-PGJ2 may exhibit effects independent of PPARgamma. We hypothesized that 15-PGJ2 modulates macrophage (Mphi) mediator production by acting on cell signaling proteins upstream of PPARgamma. The effects of 15-PGJ2 on bacterial endotoxin LPS-induced rat peritoneal Mphi mediator production were compared with those of a specific PPARgamma agonist, BRL 49653 (BRL), and to the eicosanoids prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cicaprost (CICA, a prostacyclin analogue). 15-PGJ2 inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-alpha, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2). Equimolar concentrations of PGD2 and CICA significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha but not NO, and CICA increased TxB2 production. BRL inhibited LPS-induced NO, but augmented LPS-induced TNF-alpha and TxB2. 15-PGJ2 also inhibited degradation of LPS-induced IkappaB alpha and phosphoactivation of ERK 1/2, but BRL had no significant effect on either protein. The cyclopentenone ring 2-cyclopenten-1-one also inhibited LPS-induced ERK 1/2 activation; however, neither 15-PGJ2 nor the cyclopentenone inhibited PMA-induced ERK 1/2 activation. Inhibition of LPS-stimulated mediator production by 15-PGJ2 differed from inhibition by PGD2, CICA, and BRL. The ability of 15-PGJ2 to inhibit LPS-induced Mphi mediator production and cell signaling may occur in part through reactivity of its cyclopentenone ring.
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Hardin RH, Cook J, Hasper C, Kirby L, Sandvick P. Selection and integration of a radiology information system. RADIOLOGY MANAGEMENT 2001; 15:42-6. [PMID: 10127658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive and reliable computer-based RIS can significantly improve patient care. The authors present case studies that illustrate different approaches to selection and implementation of an RIS. Detailed coverage is given to criteria for the RIS, the selection process, integration with hospital information systems and planning for the future.
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Au G, Cook J, McGill SM. Spinal shrinkage during repetitive controlled torsional, flexion and lateral bend motion exertions. ERGONOMICS 2001; 44:373-381. [PMID: 11291821 DOI: 10.1080/00140130010008129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This experiment analysed the spinal shrinkage due to repetitive exertions confined to each of three separate axes (twist, lateral bend, flexion). While the experiment was performed twice with small technique modifications in the twisting task (and thus two data collections were performed), the essential components were as follows. A total of 20 subjects were loaded with an equal moment of 20 Nm in each of the three axes, on 3 separate days (one axis per day). Subjects performed each task for 20 min at 10 repetitions min(-1), where stadiometer measurements of standing height were taken prior to and immediately following the 20 min exertion. The twisting task demonstrated significant spinal shrinkage (1.81 and 3.2 mm in the two experiments) between the pre- and post-stature measurements while no clear effect emerged for the other two tasks. These data suggest that repetitive torsional motions impose a larger cumulative loading on the spine when compared with controlled lateral or flexion motion tasks of a similar moment.
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Carson M, Cook J. A strategic approach to falls prevention. CLINICAL PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY HEALTH CARE 2001; 8:136-41. [PMID: 11185828 DOI: 10.1108/14664100010351233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of the Trust's clinical governance arrangements and to facilitate a systematic approach to clinical governance a risk assessment was conducted. This assessment identified that falls were a significant risk of patients, both during episodes of in-patient care and in their own homes. There is little evidence nationally to guide good practice; therefore a multidisciplinary steering group was set up to develop a comprehensive approach to falls prevention. This resulted in the development of evidence based falls prediction tools, Trust policy and guidelines and extensive staff training programmes. Information leaflets have been provided to patients and additional services such as falls groups have been developed.
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Lu SM, Lu W, Qasim MA, Anderson S, Apostol I, Ardelt W, Bigler T, Chiang YW, Cook J, James MN, Kato I, Kelly C, Kohr W, Komiyama T, Lin TY, Ogawa M, Otlewski J, Park SJ, Qasim S, Ranjbar M, Tashiro M, Warne N, Whatley H, Wieczorek A, Wieczorek M, Wilusz T, Wynn R, Zhang W, Laskowski M. Predicting the reactivity of proteins from their sequence alone: Kazal family of protein inhibitors of serine proteinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1410-5. [PMID: 11171964 PMCID: PMC29270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2000] [Accepted: 12/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An additivity-based sequence to reactivity algorithm for the interaction of members of the Kazal family of protein inhibitors with six selected serine proteinases is described. Ten consensus variable contact positions in the inhibitor were identified, and the 19 possible variants at each of these positions were expressed. The free energies of interaction of these variants and the wild type were measured. For an additive system, this data set allows for the calculation of all possible sequences, subject to some restrictions. The algorithm was extensively tested. It is exceptionally fast so that all possible sequences can be predicted. The strongest, the most specific possible, and the least specific inhibitors were designed, and an evolutionary problem was solved.
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Guevara-Fujita M, Fahrner S, Buraczynska K, Cook J, Wheaton D, Cortes F, Vicencio C, Pena M, Fishman G, Mintz-Hittner H, Birch D, Hoffman D, Mears A, Fujita R, Swaroop A. Five novel RPGR mutations in families with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mutat 2001; 17:151. [PMID: 11180598 DOI: 10.1002/1098-1004(200102)17:2<151::aid-humu7>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X-linked forms of retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) are among the most severe because of their early onset, often leading to significant visual impairment before the fourth decade. RP3, genetically localized at Xp21.1, accounts for 70% of XLRP in different populations. The RPGR (Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator) gene that was isolated from the RP3 region is mutated in 20% of North American families with XLRP. From mutation analysis of 27 independent XLRP families, we have identified five novel RPGR mutations in 5 of the families (160delA, 789 A>T, IVS8+1 G>C, 1147insT and 1366 G>A). One of these mutations was detected in a family from Chile. Hum Mutat 17:151, 2001.
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Abstract
The cell cycle effects, alteration in radiation response, and inherent cytotoxicity of the metal chelators mimosine, desferrioxamine (DFO), N,N'-bis(o-hydroxybenzyl)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid (HBED), and deferiprone (L1) were studied in exponentially growing Chinese hamster V79 cells. Incubation of cells with 200-1000 microM mimosine for 12 h reduced clonogenic survival to 50-60%, while incubation for 24 h reduced survival further to 0.5%. Mimosine treatment resulted in cell cycle blocks at the G(1)/S-phase border and in S phase. Pulse labeling with 5-bromodeoxyuridine indicated that the S-phase cells ceased to actively replicate DNA after only 2 h of mimosine treatment and were unable to replicate DNA for extended periods. Treatment of V79 cells with 600 microM mimosine for 12 h resulted in radiosensitization, yielding a sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER) of 2.7 +/- 0.3 at the 10% survival level. To study the kinetics of the sensitization, V79 cells were incubated with mimosine for various times up to 12 h and irradiated with a single 10-Gy dose of X rays. It was found that the radiosensitization increased continually up to 8 h (from a 3- to a 100-fold difference in survival) and then reached a plateau after 8 h. Mimosine also equally radiosensitized human lung cancer cells having either a normal or mutated TP53 gene, suggesting a TP53-independent mechanism. To test whether iron binding by mimosine was responsible for the observed radiosensitization, additional experiments were performed using the iron chelators DFO, HBED and L1. V79 cells treated with 500 microM of these agents for 8 h followed by various doses of X rays gave SERs similar to that for mimosine (2.0-2.7). These studies indicate that metal chelators are potent radiosensitizers in V79 and human cells. Importantly, when the DFO was preloaded together with Fe(3+) [Fe(III)-DFO], the radiosensitizing effect was lost. These preliminary findings warrant further studies for the possible application of metal chelators as radiation sensitizers in radiation oncology.
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286
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Jenkins JM, Cook J, Edwards J, Draycott T, Cahill DJ. Medical education with the Internet: a pilot training programme in reproductive medicine. BJOG 2001; 108:114-6. [PMID: 11212985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Following a detailed information technology survey in the South West Deanery, an Internet educational programme in reproductive medicine was constructed, delivered and assessed. The course followed a problem-based approach using case studies, using an education website and electronic mail (e-mail) to communicate between trainees and trainers. Independent evaluation revealed a high level of satisfaction for both trainees and trainers with an increase in trainees' confidence to deal with patients following the course. This study suggests that the Internet may be used effectively to deliver postgraduate medical education, if the training programme is designed appropriately to computer infrastructure and the computer literacy of the users.
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Arns P, Rogers ES, Cook J, Mowbray C. The IAPSRS toolkit: development, utility, and relation to other performance measurement systems. Members of the IAPSRS Research Committee. International Association of Psychological Rehabilitation Services. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2001; 25:43-52. [PMID: 11529452 DOI: 10.1037/h0095051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current climate of economic constraint in community-based mental health services has all but required psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) programs to demonstrate their effectiveness by adopting outcome assessment systems. Agencies of disparate size and varying degrees of sophistication are now responding to mandates to systematically monitor program outcomes. In doing so, however, PSR practitioners and administrators are faced with a bewildering array of competing measures, some of which are impractical, costly, or irrelevant for capturing the outcomes of PSR services (Blankertz & Cook, 1998). To acquaint readers with issues in performance measurement in PSR, this article describes a newly developed outcome measurement system created to document the achievements of service recipients in PSR programs and to monitor progress towards recovery. We discuss principles and logistical issues in performance measurement which are important to PSR agencies and which the Toolkit has been designed to address. Results of the pilot testing of the PSR Toolkit are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of its use, logistical problems in implementation, psychometric properties of the measures, and the Toolkit's sensitivity to change. We discuss next steps in the development of the Toolkit.
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Jenkins J, Cook J, Edwards J, Draycott T, Cahill D. Medical education with the Internet: a pilot training programme in reproductive medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0306-5456(00)00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cook J. Introduction to facial flaps. Dermatol Clin 2001; 19:199-212. [PMID: 11155583 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence and prevalence of cutaneous neoplasia of the face requiring surgical extirpation demand that the cutaneous surgeon be adept at the repair of a wide spectrum of cutaneous facial defects. By approaching the regional location of a facial wound, the novice or experienced flap surgeon may simplify his or her approach to operative reconstruction. Flap behavior and biomechanics are learned easily with experience, and the informed cutaneous surgeon may obtain superior facial reconstructive results.
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Sippel JM, Holden WE, Tilles SA, O'Hollaren M, Cook J, Thukkani N, Priest J, Nelson B, Osborne ML. Exhaled nitric oxide levels correlate with measures of disease control in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:645-50. [PMID: 11031334 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma guidelines emphasize maintaining disease control. However, objective measures of asthma disease control are lacking. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the relationship between exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels and measures of asthma disease control versus asthma disease severity. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 100 patients (age range, 7-80 years) with asthma. We administered a questionnaire to identify characteristics of asthma, performed spirometric testing before and after administration of a bronchodilator, and measured exhaled NO levels in all participants. RESULTS Exhaled NO was significantly correlated with the following markers of asthma disease control: asthma symptoms within the past 2 weeks (P =.02), dyspnea score (P =. 02), daily use of rescue medications (P =.01), and reversibility of airflow obstruction (P =.02). Exhaled NO levels were not correlated with the following markers of asthma disease severity: history of respiratory failure (P =.20), health care use (P =.08), fixed airflow obstruction (P =.91), or a validated asthma severity score (P =.19). Markers with relevance to both disease control and severity showed either a weak correlation (FEV(1) and FEV(1) percent predicted) or no correlation (controller drug use) with exhaled NO. CONCLUSION We conclude that exhaled NO levels are correlated predominantly with markers of asthma control rather than asthma severity. Monitoring of exhaled NO may be useful in outpatient asthma management.
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Cook J, Zitelli JA. Primary closure for midline defects of the nose: a simple approach for reconstruction. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:508-10. [PMID: 10954664 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2000.106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a modification of the standard linear closure for small to medium-sized defects of the lower nose that avoids many of the limitations of flap or graft reconstruction. The surgical technique detailed yields predictable functional and cosmetic reconstruction with very few complications. The dermatologic surgeon should consider this option when reconstructing defects of the lower nose.
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Dancy BL, Despotes J, Razzano L, Cook J. The Impact of AIDS Continuing Education on Psychiatric and Non-Psychiatric Nurses' Knowledge. J Contin Educ Nurs 2000; 31:204-8. [PMID: 11865928 DOI: 10.3928/0022-0124-20000901-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because an increasing number of chronically mentally ill individuals are HIV-positive, continuing education must include AIDS content to ensure psychiatric nurses provide competent care. The Fundamentals of Mental Health and HIV/AIDS Program was tested to determine its effectiveness in augmenting the AIDS knowledge of mental health professionals. METHOD Two hundred forty RNs attended the Fundamental of Mental Health and HIV/AIDS Program. They completed pretest and posttest measures. RESULTS The program significantly increased AIDS knowledge. The increase in AIDS knowledge was more dramatic for psychiatric nurses than for non-psychiatric nurses. CONCLUSION This study reinforces the need for AIDS continuing education.
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Abstract
We describe a case of runaway pacemaker. The differential diagnosis is discussed and a review of the literature is included for the diagnosis and treatment of pacemaker mediated tachycardia and runaway pacemaker.
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Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, Curtis L, Kuebler B, McIntosh M. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids 2000; 35:899-910. [PMID: 10984113 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Four sets of experiments were conducted to examine the influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers during proliferation and differentiation of cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using physiological culturing conditions. Cultures treated with either albumin [bovine serum albumin (BSA) vehicle] or linoleic acid (LA) served as controls. For the proliferation study (Expt.1), cells were cultured in media containing a crude mixture of CLA isomers or pure LA at 0, 10, 50, or 200 microM for 4 d. Preadipocyte proliferation (cell number, 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA) decreased as the level of CLA increased in the cultures. In contrast, LA had no impact on DNA synthesis. In Experiment 2a, postconfluent cultures were grown in media containing a crude mixture of CLA isomers or LA at 0, 10, 50, or 200 microM for the next 6 d. Postconfluent cultures supplemented with 50-200 microM CLA had less triglyceride (TG) and were smaller in size than cultures supplemented with similar amounts of LA. In Experiment 2b, postconfluent cultures supplemented with 200 microM of a crude mixture of CLA isomers or LA were harvested on days 1, 3, 6, or 9. Differences in TG content of cultures supplemented with 200 microM CLA compared to control and LA-supplemented cultures became apparent after 3 d of culture. Experiments 3a and 3b examined whether the fatty acid vehicle (BSA vs. ethanol) or the vitamin E status (+/-0.2 mM alpha-tocopherol) of the cultures altered CLA's impact on preadipocyte TG content. In Experiment 3a, ethanol-treated cultures had more TG than non-ethanol-treated cultures regardless of the fatty acid treatment. In Experiment 3b, cultures treated with 100 microM of either a crude mixture of CLA or the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer without supplemental vitamin E for 6 d had less TG than CLA-treated cultures containing vitamin E. In Experiment 4, postconfluent cultures were grown in media containing 100 microM LA or either a crude mixture of CLA isomers or the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer for 24-96 h to assess CLA's influence on the cell cycle and indices of apoptosis. Cultures treated with 100 microM CLA for 24-96 h had more apoptotic cells than BSA- or LA-treated cultures. Furthermore, cultures treated for 48 h with CLA had fewer cells in the S-phase than control cultures. The effects of the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer were more pronounced than those of the crude mixture of CLA isomers. These data suggest that CLA may exert its antiobesity effects by inhibiting proliferation, attenuating TG content, and/or inducing apoptosis in (pre)adipocytes.
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Schmidt NB, Woolaway-Bickel K, Trakowski J, Santiago H, Storey J, Koselka M, Cook J. Dismantling cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic disorder: questioning the utility of breathing retraining. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000. [PMID: 10883558 DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.68.3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) protocols for panic disorder (PD) consist of a set of interventions that often includes some form of breathing retraining (BR). A controlled outcome study was designed to assess the necessity of BR in the context of a multicomponent CBT protocol. To accomplish this, patients with PD (N = 77) were randomly assigned to receive CBT with or without BR or to a delayed-treatment control. The main study hypothesis was that patients receiving BR would display a less complete recovery relative to the other active-treatment condition given that BR appears to be a more attractive (but less adaptive) option for some patients. Some data suggested that the addition of BR yielded a poorer outcome. However, findings were generally more consistent with treatment equivalence, questioning whether BR produces any incremental benefits in the context of other CBT interventions for PD.
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Zhang H, Cook J, Nickel J, Yu R, Stecker K, Myers K, Dean NM. Reduction of liver Fas expression by an antisense oligonucleotide protects mice from fulminant hepatitis. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:862-7. [PMID: 10932156 DOI: 10.1038/78475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant apoptosis-mediated cell death is believed to result in a number of different human diseases. For example, excessive apoptosis in the liver can result in fulminant and autoimmune forms of hepatitis. We have explored the possibility that inhibition of Fas expression in mice would reduce the severity of fulminant hepatitis. To do this, we have developed a chemically modified 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 22023) inhibitor of mouse Fas expression. In tissue culture, this oligonucleotide induced a reduction in Fas mRNA expression that was both concentration- and sequence-specific. In Balb/c mice, dosing with ISIS 22023 reduced Fas mRNA and protein expressions in liver by 90%. The ID50 for this response was 8-10 mg kg-1 daily dosing, and the reduction was highly dependent on oligonucleotide sequence, oligonucleotide concentration in liver, and treatment time. Pretreatment with ISIS 22023 completely protected mice from fulminant hepatitis induced by agonistic Fas antibody, by a mechanism entirely consistent with an oligonucleotide antisense mechanism of action. In addition, oligonucleotide-mediated suppression of Fas expression reduced the severity of acetaminophen-mediated fulminant hepatitis, but was without effect on concanavalin A-mediated hepatitis. Our results demonstrate that 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl containing antisense oligonucleotides targeting Fas can exert in vivo pharmacological activity in liver, and suggest that oligonucleotide inhibitors of Fas may be useful in the treatment of human liver disease.
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van Heek M, Austin T, Cook J, Farley C, Tetzloff G, Davis H. The potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, ablates hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in a model of combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)80599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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298
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Barrett JS, Batra V, Chow A, Cook J, Gould AL, Heller AH, Lo MW, Patterson SD, Smith BP, Stritar JA, Vega JM, Zariffa N. PhRMA perspective on population and individual bioequivalence. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40:561-70. [PMID: 10868305 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.2000.tb05980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a second-draft guidance in August 1999 on the subject of in vivo bioequivalence, which is based on the concepts of individual and population bioequivalence (IBE and PBE, respectively). The intention of this guidance is to replace the 1992 guidance that requires that in vivo bioequivalence be demonstrated by average bioequivalence (ABE). Although the concepts of population and individual bioequivalence are intuitively reasonable, a detailed review of the literature has not uncovered clinical evidence to justify the additional burden to the innovator and generic companies as well as the consumer that the new guidelines would impose. The criteria for bioequivalence described in the draft guidance employ aggregate statistics that combine information about differences in bioavailability between formulation means and differences in bioavailability variation of formulations between and within subjects. The purely technical aspects of the statistical approach are reasonably sound. However, PhRMA believes that important operational issues remain that need to be resolved before any changes to current practice are implemented. PhRMA believes that the ideals of prescribability and switchability are intuitively reasonable, but it is uncertain of the extent to which the proposed guidance can achieve these goals. It is not clear whether the attainment of such goals is necessary in the evaluation of bioequivalence given the role this plays in drug development, and the lack of clinical evidence argues against a pressing need to change current practice. PhRMA is concerned that the trade-off offered by the aggregate criteria may ultimately represent more harm than good to the public interest. PhRMA recommends more rigorous evaluation of methods based on two-way crossover designs before moving to methods that require more complex designs. One such method is identified herein and contains procedures for estimating prescribability and switchability. The possibility of a phase-in or trial period to collect replicate crossover data to further evaluate IBE and PBE and possibly allow market access based on these criteria as they are being evaluated has been proposed. PhRMA believes this is unprecedented and will offer little additional information beyond that which can be obtained by simulation or has already been collected by the FDA. Simulation studies have the advantage of allowing evaluation of the sensitivity of various procedures to represent the data patterns as created within the simulation. Operating characteristics by which proposed criteria can be adequately judged have not yet been defined. The limitations of ABE for highly variable drugs and narrow therapeutic drugs are well appreciated and may be addressed by means other than a wholesale change in the current criteria.
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Barrett JS, Batra V, Chow A, Cook J, Gould AL, Heller AH, Lo MW, Patterson SD, Smith BP, Stritar JA, Vega JM, Zariffa N. Update to the PhRMA perspective on population and individual bioequivalence. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40:571-2. [PMID: 10868306 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.2000.tb05981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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300
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Stritar J, Barrett J, Vega J, Batra V, Zariffa N, Chow A, Cook J, Gould A, Heller A, Lo MW, Patterson S, Smith B. Update to The PhRMA Perspective on Population and Individual Bioequivalence. J Clin Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/00912700022009332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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