276
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Headington JT. Hair follicle biology and topical minoxidil: possible mechanisms of action. DERMATOLOGICA 1987; 175 Suppl 2:19-22. [PMID: 3319729 DOI: 10.1159/000248894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which minoxidil, whether given orally or applied topically, stimulates hair growth remains undetermined. Possible indirect drug action, such as vasodilatation and increased blood flow to the dermal papilla, or possible local irritation related to minoxidil or to one or more components of the vehicle used for topical application has been suggested. Possible sites of direct drug action include either the dermal papilla of the follicle or hair matrix cells or possibly both. Morphometric studies of control scalp biopsies taken from young male patients with androgenetic alopecia reveal that the primary morphologic event in androgenetic alopecia is miniaturization of terminal hair follicles. Shortening and diminution of follicle size is undoubtedly accompanied by shortening of the hair growth cycle (decreased anagen time). Morphometric evaluation of scalp biopsies of patients receiving topical minoxidil in a vehicle composed of propylene glycol, water and ethanol has revealed growth of larger normally formed follicles when compared with pretreatment biopsies from the same individual. There has been no suggestion in any morphologic studies of minoxidil-treated patients for development of new follicles (follicular neogenesis). Because the dermal papilla of the hair follicle apparently controls both growth and differentiation of hair matrix cells and because there are no observable dysplastic or atypical changes in follicular germinal epithelium during or after application of topical minoxidil, it is concluded that the most probable site for the action of minoxidil is on the specialized mesenchymal cells of the follicular dermal papilla.
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277
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Nuck BA, Fogelson SL, Lucky AW. Topical minoxidil does not act as an antiandrogen in the flank organ of the golden Syrian hamster. ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 1987; 123:59-61. [PMID: 3800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism of action of minoxidil-induced hair growth in male pattern baldness. We studied the potential antiandrogenic effect of topical minoxidil administered at the same dose and in the same vehicle that has been used successfully clinically in human subjects on the androgen-dependent cutaneous structures of the flank organ of the golden Syrian hamster. Minoxidil applied topically to one flank organ had no androgenic effect. Neither 1% nor 5% minoxidil topically applied for three weeks prevented the androgen-dependent growth of the pigmented spot, the sebaceous gland, or the hair follicle diameter induced by subcutaneous Silastic capsules filled with crystalline testosterone. As a positive control in the same experiments, 5% progesterone did significantly inhibit pigment and sebaceous gland enlargement. We conclude that there is no antiandrogenic component to the mechanism of action of topical minoxidil in the hamster flank organ, and thus there is probably no antiandrogenic role in man either.
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278
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Da Settimo A, Ferrarini PL, Mori C, Primofiore G, Subissi A. Synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones. Potential antihypertensive agents. III. IL FARMACO; EDIZIONE SCIENTIFICA 1986; 41:926-33. [PMID: 3556566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives with a basic substituent in the 2-position have been synthesized. All the compounds tested showed no appreciable antihypertensive activity.
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279
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Kauffman RF, Schenck KW, Conery BG, Cohen ML. Effects of pinacidil on serotonin-induced contractions and cyclic nucleotide levels in isolated rat aortae: comparison with nitroglycerin, minoxidil, and hydralazine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986; 8:1195-200. [PMID: 2434746 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-198611000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pinacidil is a novel, clinically effective vasodilator used for the treatment of hypertension whose mechanism of action has not been precisely defined. In vitro, pinacidil (ED50 = 0.3 microM) was approximately 30-fold less potent than nitroglycerin and 700-fold more potent than minoxidil or hydralazine in relaxing rat aortic strip preparations. Aortic relaxations produced by nitroglycerin and acetylcholine were dramatically antagonized by methylene blue (10(-5) M), an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. In contrast, relaxation to hydralazine or minoxidil was unaffected and relaxation to pinacidil was only modestly inhibited (approximately threefold) by methylene blue (10(-5) M). Furthermore, aortic relaxation to pinacidil was similar in preparations with and without an intact endothelium. Relaxation induced by pinacidil (10(-7)-10(-4) M) was not associated with any elevation in either cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels in vitro, although nitroglycerin (10(-6) M) but not minoxidil (10(-3) M) or hydralazine (10(-3) M) significantly elevated cGMP levels. Thus, pinacidil was a potent relaxant agonist in vitro, in contrast to minoxidil and hydralazine, which were considerably weaker in this regard. Vascular relaxation produced by pinacidil was independent of an intact endothelium and was not associated with elevations in either cAMP or cGMP. These data are consistent with the proposal that the antihypertensive activity of pinacidil is due to nonspecific arterial vasodilation.
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280
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Abstract
The new calcium antagonist felodipine has been compared with minoxidil in the management of severe hypertension in a group of 17 men. Satisfactory control of blood pressure was achieved in all patients with a combination of beta blocker, loop diuretic and minoxidil after inadequate control on a standard regimen of beta blocker, thiazide and vasodilator. The optimal dose of felodipine was titrated after a placebo phase. In a double blind crossover trial blood pressure on felodipine (150/88 +/- 19/8 mmHg, SD) was the same as on minoxidil (148/87 +/- 23/11 mmHg, NS) and the postural difference was similar (NS) on both drug regimens. Body weight was lower on the felodipine regimen (P less than 0.01), as was supine heart rate (P less than 0.05). There was a small rise in plasma liver enzymes on felodipine therapy (P less than 0.01). Felodipine was well tolerated and may be useful in the management of severe hypertension.
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281
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Keeton TK. The response of plasma catecholamines to the vasodepression caused by beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION. SUPPLEMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION 1986; 4:S197-9. [PMID: 2878069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 15-20% decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) seen in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after the administration of a single dose of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists atenolol, betaxolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol or sotalol was not accompanied by an increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration. In marked contrast, plasma NE concentration increased by 50-75% when MAP was lowered at the same rate, and to the same extent with the vasodilator minoxidil. Atenolol, betaxolol and propranolol significantly suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA), whereas oxprenolol, pindolol and sotalol did not alter PRA significantly. Based on these observations, I conclude that beta-adrenoceptor antagonists impair the normal baroreflexly-mediated increase in plasma NE concentration which occurs in response to a decrease in MAP and this sympatho-inhibitory effect does not require the suppression of renin release.
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282
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Ramelet AA. Minoxidil induces selective regrowth of androgenetic dependent hair. DERMATOLOGICA 1986; 173:301-2. [PMID: 3817242 DOI: 10.1159/000249276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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283
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284
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Nordlander M, Di Bona GF, Ljung B, Yao T, Thorén P. Renal and cardiovascular effects of acute and chronic administration of felodipine to SHR. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 113:25-36. [PMID: 2931282 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Renal function and salt and water turnover were studied in SHR during acute and chronic administration of felodipine, which is an efficient antihypertensive vasodilating Ca2+ antagonist. In conscious SHR acute administration of felodipine in hypotensive doses increased renal sympathetic nerve activity but caused renal vasodilation, increases in GFR and a 2-3 fold increase in urinary flow rate and sodium excretion. The fraction of filtered sodium excreted (FENa) was approximately doubled. The diuretic and natriuretic effects of felodipine are therefore suggested to be due to a direct inhibitory action on the renal tubular cells, resulting in reduced sodium reabsorption. Nifedipine also induced diuresis and natriuresis in this system, while minoxidil reduced water and sodium excretion. Throughout 6 months of felodipine treatment, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), remained 25-20 per cent reduced. Felodipine in combination with metoprolol reduced MAP 25-30 per cent and also caused regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, while felodipine alone prevented its further progression. Also during chronic administration, felodipine induced diuresis but had no effect on plasma volume and on sodium or potassium excretion in SHR. It is concluded that in SHR felodipine induces diuresis; on acute treatment this is secondary to reduced tubular sodium reabsorption, although during chronic treatment the sodium loss is compensated for while the diuresis remains. Thus, the cardiovascular and renal effects of Ca2+ antagonists like felodipine differ substantially from those of other potent antihypertensive vasodilators e.g. minoxidil.
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285
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Ruskoaho HJ, Savolainen ER. Effects of long-term verapamil treatment on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and collagen metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 1985; 19:355-62. [PMID: 2990713 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/19.6.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-term treatment with verapamil on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and collagen content, collagen concentration and prolyl hydroxylase activity were studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Verapamil administration (0.75 mg . ml-1 in drinking water) was commenced: to pregnant SHR 3 to 5 days before delivery and continued to the mothers and offspring during the nursing period; or to SHR at 10 weeks of age. Both groups were maintained on verapamil treatment up to the age of 45 weeks. Verapamil treatment significantly decreased blood pressure, heart rate and the ratio of ventricular weight to body weight in treated SHR. Verapamil did not significantly change the cardiac collagen concentration and prolyl hydroxylase activity. Since, however, the cardiac muscle mass was diminished by verapamil administration, treatment actually slightly reduced the collagen content of the heart. In the aorta collagen concentration was increased by verapamil treatment. Contrary to these results, minoxidil treatment was observed to increase the cardiac collagen concentration, content and prolyl hydroxylase activity in SHR. These results suggest that the factors governing myocardial connective tissue proliferation and regression may be independent of those governing muscle fibre hypertrophy and that particular drug actions on myocardial collagen metabolism must be taken into account.
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286
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Uno H, Cappas A, Schlagel C. Cyclic dynamics of hair follicles and the effect of minoxidil on the bald scalps of stumptailed macaques. Am J Dermatopathol 1985; 7:283-97. [PMID: 4051135 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-198506000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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287
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Abstract
The in vitro effect of minoxidil on normal human lymphocyte activity was studied. At a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, minoxidil significantly inhibited phytohemagglutinin-dependent lymphocyte DNA synthesis (p less than 0.05), and at 0.01 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, and 0.1 mg/ml, it suppressed mitogen-dependent production of leukocyte migration inhibition factor (p less than 0.04, p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.01, respectively), without compromising cell viability. Minoxidil thus appears to exert a suppressive effect on normal human T-lymphocytes in vitro. The physiologic relevance of these findings remains uncertain.
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288
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289
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290
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Fenje P, Leenen FH. Effects of minoxidil on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1985; 63:161-4. [PMID: 3157434 DOI: 10.1139/y85-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rats made severely hypertensive by renal arterial clipping were treated for 24 days with the arterial vasodilator minoxidil (40, 80, and 120 mg/L drinking water). In all three treated groups of animals, blood pressure initially decreased markedly and to a similar extent. Subsequently partial tolerance developed to the antihypertensive effects of minoxidil. All three doses induced hypertrophy of the right ventricle to a similar degree. In contrast, the hypertension-induced hypertrophy of the left ventricle was further increased in a dose-dependent fashion by minoxidil.
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291
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Humphrey SJ, Zins GR. Whole body and regional hemodynamic effects of minoxidil in the conscious dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984; 6:979-88. [PMID: 6084789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsphere estimates of whole body hemodynamics and tissue blood flow were made in conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs treated orally with the peripheral vasodilator minoxidil. Under both circumstances, 1.0-30 mg/kg minoxidil significantly reduced mean arterial pressure 21-41% and total peripheral resistance 52-75% 4 h after administration. Dose-dependent increases in heart rate and cardiac output were evident under conscious conditions, with both parameters approximately doubling at 1.0 mg/kg. The near maximal vasodilation achieved with this dose of minoxidil was due to diminished vascular resistance in all major tissue beds. The enhanced cardiac output was associated with significant 50-87% increases in blood flow to the skin, skeletal muscle, bone, stomach, large intestine, and pancreas. Far more dramatic six- to 10-fold increases in regional myocardial blood flow were seen at this dose, which appeared to be only partially dependent on increased cardiac work. Comparable blood flow patterns were seen with acute minoxidil at doses greater than 1.0 mg/kg, and with chronic minoxidil at 1.0 and 30 mg/kg/day. These experiments establish minoxidil's relative vasodilation in the major tissue beds of the dog which contributes to its hypotensive activity.
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292
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Boucek MM, Chang R, Synhorst DP. Vasodilators and ventricular septal defect: comparison of prazosin, minoxidil, and hydralazine in a chronic lamb model. Pediatr Res 1984; 18:859-64. [PMID: 6483509 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-198409000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The volume overloading of the left ventricle which results from left to right (L-R) shunting through a ventricular septal defect (VSD) may be reduced by pharmacologic agents which lower systemic vascular resistance (Rs) in excess of pulmonary arteriolar vascular resistance (Rpa). To study agents capable of decreasing the L-R shunt through systemic vasodilatation, we created a chronic lamb model with VSD and administered three vasodilators, prazosin (0.05 mg/kg), hydralazine (0.75 mg/kg), and minoxidil (0.25 mg/kg). Prazosin increased the Rpa while lowering Rs, resulting in an increase in Rpa/Rs by 43% (p less than or equal to 0.005). Prazosin decreased the pulmonary flow (Qp) slightly, decreased L-R shunt by 16%, reduced the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) by 22% (p less than or equal to 0.005), and lowered the left atrial mean pressure (LA) by 16% (p less than or equal to 0.005) with no effect on heart rate. Hydralazine lowered the Rpa and Rs equally and thus did not change the Rpa/Rs or the volume of L-R shunt (7.6 versus 8.1 liters/min/m2). No change in LA was seen with hydralazine but heart rate increased from 162 to 200/min (p less than or equal to 0.01). Minoxidil did not change the L-R shunt (6.9 versus 6.8 liters/min/m2) and, in general, produced effects intermediate between prazosin and hydralazine. The data support a selective systemic vasodilation with prazosin, a property not shared by either minoxidil or hydralazine, which results in a reduction of shunting and left ventricular volume overloading in lambs with VSD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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293
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Chambers DA, Cohen RL. The direct effects of biological response modifiers on epidermal cells. Br J Dermatol 1984; 111 Suppl 27:114-22. [PMID: 6743544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb15589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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294
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295
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Cohen RL, Alves ME, Weiss VC, West DP, Chambers DA. Direct effects of minoxidil on epidermal cells in culture. J Invest Dermatol 1984; 82:90-3. [PMID: 6197493 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12259181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Minoxidil, a potent antihypertensive agent, induces generalized hypertrichosis when administered systemically, or localized hair regrowth when applied topically to sites of severe alopecia areata. The pharmacologic mechanisms by which minoxidil stimulates hair growth are unknown. This study was designed to examine whether minoxidil has direct effects on neonatal murine epidermal cells in culture. In the presence of minoxidil, cultures showed a marked dose-dependent second peak of DNA synthesis 8-10 days after culture initiation. In addition, two morphologically distinct cell types appeared. Indirect immunofluorescence staining with keratin-specific antibody revealed cytoplasmic keratin fibers, suggesting the epidermal origin of these cells. Our experiments demonstrate that minoxidil can affect epidermal cells in culture by altering their growth pattern and phenotypic appearance.
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296
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Chiu PJ, Brown AD, Barnett A. Inhibitory effect of captopril on renal responses to frusemide in sodium-restricted rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1984; 36:31-5. [PMID: 6141260 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1984.tb02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Indomethacin (10 mg kg-1 orally) caused a moderate inhibition of the renal responses to frusemide (30 mg kg-1 orally) only in Na+-deficient rats, suggesting that renal prostaglandins (PG) are necessary for optimal effects of frusemide during Na+ restriction. Captopril (1, 3 and 10 mg kg-1 orally) also inhibited frusemide-induced diuresis and natriuresis in Na+-deficient rats; the large effect of captopril at 10 mg kg-1 was accompanied by arterial hypotension. In normal rats, captopril did not disturb blood pressure or affect the renal effects of frusemide. By comparison, minoxidil (10 and 20 mg kg-1 orally) caused hypotension and reduced the natriuretic effects of frusemide in both normal and low-Na+ states. Since circulating angiotensin II (AII) is a stimulus for PG synthesis during Na+ restriction, it is suggested that captopril may impair the renal responses to frusemide through hormonal and haemodynamic changes resulting from inhibition of A II formation.
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297
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McCall JM, Aiken JW, Chidester CG, DuCharme DW, Wendling MG. Pyrimidine and triazine 3-oxide sulfates: a new family of vasodilators. J Med Chem 1983; 26:1791-3. [PMID: 6644751 DOI: 10.1021/jm00366a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Di- and triaminopyrimidine 3-oxides (e.g., 2,4-diamino-6-piperidinylpyrimidine 3-oxide and 2,4-diamino-6-(diallylamino)triazine 3-oxide) react with sources of sulfur trioxide, such as sulfur trioxide trimethylamine or chlorosulfuryl chloride, to yield the corresponding heterocyclic O-sulfates. These sulfates are inner salts with unusual physical properties. The structure of the O-sulfate of 2,4-diamino-6-piperidinylpyrimidine 3-oxide was confirmed by X-ray. These O-sulfates are hypotensives. They apparently act by direct vasodilation.
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298
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Abstract
Minoxidil has been shown to stimulate hair growth and these studies were undertaken to determine whether the drug had a direct effect on keratinocytes. Cultures of human epidermal cells were treated with minoxidil and it was found that they survived longer than control cultures. In addition, minoxidil prolonged the time that cells could be passed after reaching confluence. The results suggest that minoxidil slows the senescence of keratinocytes, which is similar to what has been found with epidermal growth factor.
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299
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Plouin PF. [Antihypertensive vasodilators]. LA SEMAINE DES HOPITAUX : ORGANE FONDE PAR L'ASSOCIATION D'ENSEIGNEMENT MEDICAL DES HOPITAUX DE PARIS 1983; 59:2915-22. [PMID: 6318328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antihypertensive vasodilators share the capability of producing vasodilation of arterioles. In addition, two of them, i.e. nitroprussiate and prazosine, also produce vasodilation of veinulae. Both of these agents cause a simultaneous decrease in pre-load and post-load, and may be used in heart failure. The effectiveness of vasodilators is offset by regulatory cardiac and/or renal mechanisms, and the association with a sympatholytic agent and/or a diuretic is generally needed. Consequently, vasodilators are usually the third step in the course of managing a hypertensive patient. Association with a betablocking agent is especially necessary in patients with coronary insufficiency, in order to prevent an increase in myocardial oxygen requirements and worsening of angina pectoris. Vasodilators are active within a fairly wide dosage range, making individualized dosages requisite. In treating hypertension by the oral route, daily doses above 200 mg for dihydralazine, 60 mg for minoxidil and 10 mg for prazosine are only exceptionnaly useful. In emergency treatment of hypertension, diazoxide and nitroprussiate can be used only in patients under continuous cardiovascular monitoring. Nitroprussiate must, in addition, be given through a controlled infusion device, but ensures more flexible and safer control of blood pressure. Dihydralazine may produce headache. This side effect occurs very early and is hardly compatible with continuation of treatment. Long term side effects are very uncommon or strictly biological for dosages below 200 mg/day. With currently used dosages (20 to 60 mg per day) minoxidil consistently produces hypertrichosis, outruling its protacted use in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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300
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Hall D. [Minoxidil--profile of a new hypertensive agent]. MMW, MUNCHENER MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1983; 125:1033-6. [PMID: 6417524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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