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Abstract
The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has led to many ethical problems. Most studies have focused on the ethical issues faced by nurses who provide care to persons with AIDS (PWA), rather than the ethical issues faced by PWAs themselves. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore the ethical issues faced by five HIV/AIDS-infected African-American women. An analysis of interview data revealed that these women deal with four broad categories of ethical issues: diagnosis; disclosure; treatment by, and of, others; and future pregnancies. The results of this study provide an initial description of the ethical issues faced by HIV/AIDS-infected African-American women, and begin to lay the foundation necessary for nurses appropriately to facilitate and support their decisions.
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Russell J, Scarborough N, Chesmel K. Re: Ability of commercial demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft to induce new bone formation (1996;67:918-26). J Periodontol 1997; 68:804-6. [PMID: 9287073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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303
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Cook JR, Wormstall EM, Hornell T, Russell J, Connolly JM, Hansen TH. Quantitation of the cell surface level of Ld resulting in positive versus negative selection of the 2C transgenic T cell receptor in vivo. Immunity 1997; 7:233-41. [PMID: 9285408 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 2C transgenic TCR is positively selected on Kb and is alloreactive for and negatively selected on Ld. To test an avidity model for positive selection, mice were bred to express different levels of surface Ld by varying the number of gene copies encoding beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) or Ld heavy chain. Whereas mice expressing 35% Ld (beta 2m+/- Ld+/-) negatively selected the 2C TCR, mice expressing 2% Ld (beta 2m-/- Ld+/-) positively selected the 2C TCR. Furthermore, 2C cytotoxic T lymphocytes selected on 2% Ld showed peptide-specific cytolytic activity against Ld/p2Ca targets. These findings provide clear in vivo evidence that positive selection can occur on very low levels of the same class I antigen capable of negative selection when expressed at higher levels.
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304
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Griffiths RA, Beumont PJ, Russell J, Touyz SW, Moore G. The use of guardianship legislation for anorexia nervosa: a report of 15 cases. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1997; 31:525-31. [PMID: 9272262 DOI: 10.3109/00048679709065074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper investigates compulsory treatment under guardianship legislation for 15 anorexia nervosa patients admitted to four eating disorders units in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 1991 and 1994. METHODS A retrospective follow-up was conducted. This involved an analysis of sociodemographic, clinical, eating and weight history, and Guardianship Order details obtained from medical records. This small sample was compared to a larger sample of anorexia nervosa patients admitted voluntarily to a specialised eating disorder unit in NSW. Further follow-up included a structured interview using the Morgan-Russell Assessment Outcome Schedule at least 1 year after admission for compulsory treatment. RESULTS For those treated involuntarily, a larger number came from metropolitan Sydney and a larger percentage were unemployed, were purgers and required specialist medical consultations. A significantly higher proportion came from higher socioeconomic groups, and the duration of stay in hospital while patients were under guardianship was significantly greater. A high degree of comorbidity was noted. There were similarities between those treated involuntarily and those treated voluntarily for the source of referral, marital status and Body Mass Index on admission and discharge. Only three patients accepted a follow-up interview using the Morgan-Russell Outcome Schedule. Two of them had made a good recovery. CONCLUSIONS It was noted that the guardianship sample comprised a more severely III group than anorexic patients treated voluntarily. The nature of guardianship legislation compared to mental health law was discussed and advice offered to clinicians contemplating and implementing compulsory treatment.
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305
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Russell J, Fuller J, Young G, Thomas B, Taramino G, Macaulay M, Waugh R, Powell W. Discriminating between barley genotypes using microsatellite markers. Genome 1997; 40:442-50. [PMID: 9276933 DOI: 10.1139/g97-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Eleven microsatellite loci were used to survey 24 barley genotypes representing 23 cultivars and a breeding line in official trials. Three separate combinations of four microsatellites had overall probabilities of identity of less than 1 in 1000 and could distinguish between all 24 barley genotypes. It is shown that the microsatellites could distinguish genotypes with the same pedigree and also that patterns of discrimination were different from those obtained from botanical descriptors. The stability of microsatellites across different generations was demonstrated by a retrospective analysis of the pedigree of Golden Promise. One of the parents of Maythorpe, the immediate ancestor of Golden Promise, was shown to be Irish Goldthorpe rather than Goldthorpe, thereby resolving conflicting published pedigrees.
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306
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Kimura M, Kurose I, Russell J, Granger DN. Effects of fluvastatin on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1521-6. [PMID: 9301630 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.17.8.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was to determine whether peroral treatment with the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor fluvastatin influences the leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion (LECA) observed in postcapillary venules of hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were fed either normal chow or a chow supplemented with 1% cholesterol for 10 days. Leukocyte adherence and extravasation, leukocyte rolling velocity, red blood cell velocity, and vessel diameter were monitored in mesenteric venules superfused with either 100 nmol/L platelet-activating factor (PAF) or 20 nmol/L leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Hypercholesterolemic rats exhibited an exaggerated LECA response compared with their normocholesterolemic counterparts. In hypercholesterolemic rats, treatment with fluvastatin significantly attenuated the leukocyte-adherence responses to PAF and LTB4 as well as the leukocyte emigration response to LTB4. Fluvastatin treatment also inhibited the PAF- and LTB4-induced reductions in leukocyte rolling velocity. These findings indicate that fluvastatin blunts the inflammatory responses elicited in post-capillary venules by lipid mediators.
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307
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Abramova NA, Russell J, Botchan M, Li R. Interaction between replication protein A and p53 is disrupted after UV damage in a DNA repair-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:7186-91. [PMID: 9207066 PMCID: PMC23787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA) is required for both DNA replication and nucleotide excision repair. Previous studies have shown that RPA interacts with the tumor suppressor p53. Herein, we have mapped a 20-amino acid region in the N-terminal part of p53 that is essential for its binding to RPA. This region is distinct from the minimal activation domain of p53 previously identified. We also demonstrate that UV radiation of cells greatly reduces the ability of RPA to bind to p53. Interestingly, damage-induced hyperphosphorylated RPA does not associate with p53. Furthermore, down-regulation of the RPA/p53 interaction is dependent upon the capability of cells to perform global genome repair. On the basis of these data, we propose that RPA may participate in the coordination of DNA repair with the p53-dependent checkpoint control by sensing UV damage and releasing p53 to activate its downstream targets.
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Wong WK, Wieringa GE, Stec Z, Russell J, Cooke S, Keevil BG, Lockhart S. A comparison of three procedures for the detection of Bence-Jones proteinuria. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34 ( Pt 4):371-4. [PMID: 9247668 DOI: 10.1177/000456329703400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A traditional electrophoretic procedure for detection of Bence-Jones proteinuria, employing Amido black stain on 200-fold concentrated urine, has been compared to two procedures employing highly sensitive protein stains not requiring prior urine concentration. All three procedures were carried out on 80 random urine samples screened for Bence-Jones proteinuria and 10 samples were provided by patients attending a myeloma clinic. A new procedure employing modified Coomassie brilliant blue stain on unconcentrated urine showed comparable sensitivity to the established procedure (82% versus 88%, respectively) and specificity (77% versus 74%, respectively), when assessed against immunofixation as a reference method. However, the new method is considerably quicker and cheaper. A second method, employing Gold stain, showed enhanced sensitivity (94% versus 88% for Amido black) but lower specificity (62% versus 74% for Amido black). However, this method is labour intensive and relatively expensive. Our data suggest that the procedure employing modified Coomassie brilliant blue may be a suitable alternative to the traditional procedure commonly used in many clinical laboratories.
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309
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Russell J, McKeown JA, Hensman C, Smith WE, Reglinski J. HPLC determination of biologically active thiols using pre-column derivatisation with 5,5'-dithio-(bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid). J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15:1757-63. [PMID: 9260673 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5,5'-Dithio-(bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid), Ellmans reagent (ESSE), is used as a pre-column derivatisation reagent for the determination of biologically active thiols by HPLC. D-penicillamine, N-acetyl-d-penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, captopril and thiomalic acid all give well resolved derivatives. The calibration graph and reproducibility (%R.S.D. +/- 1.3%) for the analysis of glutathione indicates that the method could be used for quantitative analysis. ESSE is widely used as a reagent in thiol determinations by electronic spectroscopy via the detection of the Ellmans anion (ES-) generated without any prior separation procedures. However, there are considerable reservations over its use for the spectrophotometric determination of thiols because of the possibility of side reactions which generate another Ellmans based species (ESO2-). The assay described determines the thiol as a derivatised mixed disulphide (ESSR) and since speciation between the anion ES- and the oxidation product ESO2- occurs it enables the process of oxidation to be monitored simultaneously.
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310
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Brown L, Russell J, Thornton C, Dunn S. Experiences of physical and sexual abuse in Australian general practice attenders and an eating disordered population. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1997; 31:398-404. [PMID: 9226086 DOI: 10.3109/00048679709073850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the reported rates of child physical and sexual abuse experienced by hospitalised eating disordered patients compared to a control group of women attending general practitioners. METHOD A retrospective survey using the self-report Finkelhor Sexual Life Events Inventory and clinical reports. RESULTS Nearly one-half of eating disordered patients reported a history of child sexual abuse and one-quarter reported child physical abuse. These rates were significantly higher than those reported by the control group. CONCLUSIONS Direct questioning regarding trauma histories is warranted when assessing patients with eating disorders and attention to such issues should be incorporated into the total management plan.
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Gooley AA, Ou K, Russell J, Wilkins MR, Sanchez JC, Hochstrasser DF, Williams KL. A role for Edman degradation in proteome studies. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:1068-72. [PMID: 9237557 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in protein database design and the software used to access the sequence data has led to progress in using protein attributes such as amino acid composition and peptide masses to identify proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. However, Edman degradation remains the principal technique for protein identification and it presents a significant bottleneck in the progress towards rapid protein identification. Simple modifications to the sequencing hardware, which automate the delivery of protein spots into the sequencer, and parallel sequencing of the protein spots represent a significant advance in the use of Edman degradation to rapidly generate the powerful protein attribute, an N-terminal sequence tag.
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312
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Ikeda RM, Dellinger AM, Russell J, Jozefowicz T. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury-related death. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 1997; 2:80-1. [PMID: 10186704 DOI: 10.1097/00124784-199623000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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313
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Henninger DD, Panés J, Eppihimer M, Russell J, Gerritsen M, Anderson DC, Granger DN. Cytokine-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in different organs of the mouse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:1825-32. [PMID: 9029122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dual radiolabeled mAb technique was used to quantify the constitutive and induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the microvasculature of different organs of the mouse. The constitutive expression of both adhesion molecules varied significantly between tissues, with ICAM-1 levels consistently higher than VCAM-1 in all tissues studied. Following systemic administration of endotoxin (LPS), an increased surface expression of both adhesion molecules occurred in most organs, with the largest increases for ICAM-1 (2 to 3x increase) noted in the heart, small intestine, and brain, while heart and small intestine exhibited the largest increases in LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression (2 to 5x increase). These responses occurred in the face of an unaltered expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in all tissues. TNF-alpha also elicited an increased expression of both adhesion molecules, with initial increases noted at 2 to 5 h, peak levels at 5 to 9 h, and a sustained elevation above baseline at 24 h. The TNF-alpha-induced increases in both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were dose dependent, with significant up-regulation noted at 5 microg/kg and maximal increases occurring at 10 to 25 microg/kg. These studies indicate that while there are significant quantitative differences in constitutive and induced expression of murine ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the kinetics and dose-response characteristics of the two adhesion molecules to TNF-alpha are qualitatively similar.
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314
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Henninger DD, Panés J, Eppihimer M, Russell J, Gerritsen M, Anderson DC, Granger DN. Cytokine-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in different organs of the mouse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.4.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The dual radiolabeled mAb technique was used to quantify the constitutive and induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the microvasculature of different organs of the mouse. The constitutive expression of both adhesion molecules varied significantly between tissues, with ICAM-1 levels consistently higher than VCAM-1 in all tissues studied. Following systemic administration of endotoxin (LPS), an increased surface expression of both adhesion molecules occurred in most organs, with the largest increases for ICAM-1 (2 to 3x increase) noted in the heart, small intestine, and brain, while heart and small intestine exhibited the largest increases in LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression (2 to 5x increase). These responses occurred in the face of an unaltered expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in all tissues. TNF-alpha also elicited an increased expression of both adhesion molecules, with initial increases noted at 2 to 5 h, peak levels at 5 to 9 h, and a sustained elevation above baseline at 24 h. The TNF-alpha-induced increases in both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were dose dependent, with significant up-regulation noted at 5 microg/kg and maximal increases occurring at 10 to 25 microg/kg. These studies indicate that while there are significant quantitative differences in constitutive and induced expression of murine ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the kinetics and dose-response characteristics of the two adhesion molecules to TNF-alpha are qualitatively similar.
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315
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Jarrold C, Russell J. Counting abilities in autism: possible implications for central coherence theory. J Autism Dev Disord 1997; 27:25-37. [PMID: 9018580 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025817121137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined the claim that children with autism have a "weak drive for central coherence" which biases them towards processing information at an analytic rather than global level. This was done by investigating whether children with autism would rapidly and automatically enumerate a number of dots presented in a canonical form, or count each dot individually to obtain the total. The time taken to count stimuli was compared across three participant groups: children with autism, children with moderate learning difficulties, and normally developing children. There were 22 children in each group, and individuals were matched across groups on the basis of verbal mental age. Results implied that children with autism did show a tendency towards an analytic level of processing. However, though the groups differed on measures of counting speeds, the number or children showing patterns of global or analytic processing did not differ significantly across the groups. Whether these results implicate a weak drive for central coherence in autism, which is both specific to, and pervasive in the disorder, is discussed.
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316
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the comorbidity of obsessive compulsive disorder and obsessive compulsive personality disorder with the dieting disorders. A comorbid sample was examined in order to test the hypothesis that obsessive compulsive symptoms and personality are premorbid in these patients. METHOD Sixty-eight inpatients (35 with anorexia nervosa and 33 with bulimia nervosa) were assessed for DSM-III-R Axis 1 and Axis 11 obsessive compulsive psychopathology using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Personality Disorders Inventory (PDE), respectively. RESULTS Twenty-one percent of the group met criteria for a diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. Thirty-seven percent of anorexia nervosa patients were comorbid for obsessive compulsive disorder compared to only 3% of bulimia nervosa patients. In most, the obsessive compulsive disorder had predated the dieting disorder. Nineteen percent of patients were found to have premorbid obsessive compulsive personality disorder. DISCUSSION This study supports the assumption of obsessive compulsive comorbidity within the dieting disorders and provides empirical support that this obsessionality is a premorbid characteristic.
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317
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate ownership and use of bicycle helmets among children in the US in 1994. METHODS As part of a 1994 national telephone survey of 5,238 randomly dialed households, adult respondents reported data on bicycle helmet ownership and helmet use among 1,645 child bicyclists. Data were weighted to provide national estimates. RESULTS It is estimated that 72.7% of children 5-14 year olds ride bicycles, that is, 27.7 million child bicyclists. Of the bicyclists, 50.2% have a helmet and 25.0% reportedly always wore their helmet when cycling. Reported helmet ownership and use increased with income and educational level and decreased with age. Among regions of the US, those with the highest proportion of states with helmet use laws in 1994 also had the highest proportion of helmet use among children. Among child bicyclists who had been seen by a health care provider in the preceding 12 months, 43.9% of those counseled to wear a bicycle helmet were reported to comply compared with 19.1% of those seen by a provider but not so counseled (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS To meet the year 2000 objective of 50% of bicyclists wearing helmets, use among American children will have to double. Concerted and increased efforts to promote the wearing of bicycle helmets are necessary.
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318
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this provocation study was to examine insulin, glucose, and cortisol levels in response to a glucose load in bulimia nervosa patients and to relate this to behavior, treatment status, and depressive symptomatology. METHOD A 3-hr glucose tolerance test was performed in 15 female patients and in 4 controls. Tests were performed at different stages of treatment and following documented engagement in the patient's usual or previous repertoire of bulimic behaviors in the 24 hr prior to testing. Insulin, glucose, and cortisol levels were assayed at baseline and at 30-min intervals following the glucose load. Presence or absence of significant depressive symptomatology was ascertained. RESULTS Three patterns of insulin response were identified: (1) an exaggerated response, (2) a normative response which resembled that of healthy controls, and (3) a blunted pattern. A reciprocal relationship between peak insulin and mean cortisol levels was seen with higher depression scores associated with blunted insulin response. Patients whose response was exaggerated binged and vomited relatively infrequently and were of stable weight. The insulin response of successfully treated patients, abstinent from binging and vomiting for 4 weeks, was similar to that of normal controls. A blunted response occurred in patients who binged and vomited more frequently, whose weight was unstable, and whose baseline eating was chaotic or nonexistent. DISCUSSION The exaggerated insulin response was seen as a physiological adaptation to intermittent starvation reversible with treatment, while the blunted insulin response associated with higher cortisol levels was seen to result from more constant nutritional deprivation secondary to greater disturbance of behavior.
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319
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Russell J, Rabenstein DL. Speciation and quantitation of underivatized and Ellman's derivatized biological thiols and disulfides by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1996; 242:136-44. [PMID: 8923976 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods have been developed for the speciation and quantitation of thiols and disulfides of biological interest, including the endogenous compounds glutathione, glutathione disulfide, cysteine, cystine, homocysteine, and homocystine and the therapeutic agents penicillamine, penicillamine disulfide, N-acetylcysteine, and captopril. Good speciation and quantitation were achieved for the underivatized thiols and disulfides using a detection wavelength of 200 nm; detection limits were in the range 20-90 microM (1-4 pmol) using a 50-microns-diameter capillary. To achieve lower detection limits, thiols were derivatized with the thiol-specific probe molecule, 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman's reagent). Good speciation and quantitation were achieved for the Ellman's derivatized thiols using a detection wavelength of 357 nm; detection limits were in the range 5-50 microM (0.03-0.3 pmol) using a 25-microns-diameter capillary. Both the underivatized and derivatized methods were applied to the determination of glutathione in human erythrocytes. Glutathione concentrations of 2-3 mM were obtained for the erythrocyte samples analyzed, with good agreement between results obtained by the two methods.
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320
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Weber CJ, Russell J, Chryssochoos JT, Hagler M, McGarity WC. Parathyroid hormone content distinguishes true normal parathyroids from parathyroids of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1996; 20:1010-4; discussion 1014-5. [PMID: 8798358 DOI: 10.1007/s002689900154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the pathophysiology of primary hyperparathyroidism by looking for differences between parathyroids from eucalcemic patients and patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) with respect to the following parameters: intracellular parathyroid content of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone messenger RNA (PTH mRNA); and serum PTH and calcium levels of patients and patient age. Coded samples of human parathyroid biopsies were assayed for PTH content with a C-terminal-specific radioimmunoassay. Total cellular RNA was extracted, and PTH mRNA was quantified by dot-blot analysis. These results were tabulated along with associated data on patient age, preoperative serum PTH, and preoperative calcium levels. The content of PTH was significantly higher in true normal (TN) parathyroids than in parathyroids from patients with hyperparathyroidism. PTH content of adenomas and hyperplasias were similar. PTH content of normal parathyroids biopsied from patients with parathyroid adenomas (NA) was statistically higher than that of adenomas but statistically lower than that of TN parathyroids. PTH mRNA and PTH content were correlated (p < 0.001) for TN parathyroid glands; however, it was not true for glands (grossly normal or otherwise) in patients with HPT. Patient groups were similar with regard to mean patient age and intracellular PTH mRNA levels. Hypercalcemic patients were similar with regard to preoperative serum calcium and PTH levels. NA parathyroids, adenomas, and hyperplasias are different from TN parathyroids with regard to their PTH content. PTH mRNA was similar across all groups. The relation between intracellular PTH mRNA and PTH was significantly absent in patients with HPT compared with TN glands. Furthermore, we have found that PTH content of normal parathyroid in patients with adenoma is similar to that of hyperplastic and adenoma tissues. These data suggest that the PTH content of parathyroid tissues may be of use in differentiating normal from abnormal parathyroids.
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321
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Abstract
We asked whether children with autism are specifically impaired on tests of working memory. Experiment 1 showed that children with autism were at least as likely as normal children to employ articulatory rehearsal (criterion: evincing the "word length effect") and that they had superior spans to that of children with moderate learning difficulties. In Experiment 2, participants were given "capacity tasks" in order to examine group differences in the capacity of the central executive of working memory. The performance of the children with autism was inferior to that of the normally developing group and similar to that of the children with moderate learning difficulties.
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Williams JR, Russell J, Dicello JF, Mabry MH. The genotype of the human cancer cell: implications for risk analysis. Mutat Res 1996; 365:17-42. [PMID: 8898987 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1110(96)90010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An extremely large database describes genotypes associated with the human cancer phenotype and genotypes of human populations with genetic predisposition to cancer. Aspects of this database are examined from the perspective of risk analysis, and the following conclusions and hypotheses are proposed: (1) The genotypes of human cancer cells are characterized by multiple mutated genes. Each type of cancer is characterized by a set of mutated genes, a subset from a total of more than 80 genes, that varies between tissue types and between different tumors from the same tissue. No single cancer-associated gene nor carcinogenic pathway appears suitable as an overall indicator whose induction serves as a quantitative marker for risk analysis. (2) Genetic defects that predispose human populations to cancer are numerous and diverse, and provide a model for associating cancer rates with induced genetic changes. As these syndromes contribute significantly to the overall cancer rate, risk analysis should include an estimation of the effect of putative carcinogens on individuals with genetic predisposition. (3) Gene activation and inactivation events are observed in the cancer genotype at different frequencies, and the potency of carcinogens to induce these events varies significantly. There is a paradox between the observed frequency for induction of single mutational events in test systems and the frequency of multiple events in a single cancer cell, suggesting events are not independent. Quantitative prediction of cancer risk will depend on identifying rate-limiting events in carcinogenesis. Hyperproliferation and hypermutation may be such events. (4) Four sets of data suggest that hypermutation may be an important carcinogenic process. Current mechanisms of risk analysis do not properly evaluate the potency of putative carcinogens to induce the hypermutable state or to increase mutation in hypermutable cells. (5) High-dose exposure to carcinogens in model systems changes patterns of gene expression and may induce protective effects through delay in cell progression and other processes that affect mutagenesis and toxicity. Paradigms in risk analysis that require extrapolation over wide ranges of exposure levels may be flawed mechanistically and may underestimate carcinogenic effects of test agents at environmental levels. Characteristics of the human cancer genotype suggest that approaches to risk analysis must be broadened to consider the multiplicity of carcinogenic pathways and the relative roles of hyperproliferation and hypermutation. Further, estimation of risk to general human populations must consider effects on hypersusceptible individuals. The extrapolation of effects over wide exposure levels is an imprecise process.
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Nallamouthu N, Araujo L, Russell J, Heo J, Iskandrian AE. Prognostic value of simultaneous perfusion and function assessment using technetium-99m sestamibi. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78:562-4. [PMID: 8806344 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the prognostic value of simultaneous perfusion and function assessment in 412 patients. The exercise perfusion pattern was a stronger predictor of events (mostly acute nonfatal myocardial infarcts) than resting ejection fraction.
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Angeletti RH, Mints L, Aber C, Russell J. Determination of residues in chromogranin A-(16-40) required for inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion. Endocrinology 1996; 137:2918-22. [PMID: 8770914 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.7.8770914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CGA), which is cosecreted from the parathyroid gland with PTH in response to low extracellular calcium, can be processed to amino-terminal peptides that, in turn, inhibit PTH secretion. The synthetic peptide KCIVEVISDTLSKPSPMPVSKECFE [CGA-(16-40)] is active in inhibiting secretion from freshly isolated or cultured bovine parathyroid cells. Peptide analogs in which alanine is substituted for classes of residues between the two cysteines have been synthesized and tested for biological activity. Substitution of the lysine, serine, or threonine residues by alanines does not greatly diminish biological activity. However, when the prolines are replaced by alanines or when glutamic acid and aspartic acid are replaced by alanines, the peptides do not effectively inhibit PTH secretion. Tests of synthetic peptides in which the individual glutamate or aspartate residues have been replaced showed that glutamate 37, followed by aspartate 24, are more critical for biological activity. Further experiments have shown that residues 11-15 in the natural CGA sequence do not enhance the biological activity of CGA-(16-40), whereas adding residues 6-10 restores full biological activity compared to that of CGA-(1-40). Circular dichroism experiments with CGA-(16-40) and the alanine substitution analogs show significant differences only for the peptide in which the three prolines are replaced. The inactive peptide with two glutamic acids and one aspartic acid replaced by alanine residues has the same circular dichroism spectrum as some of the peptides that are fully active. The N-terminal CGA sequences may tolerate many changes without alteration of biological activity. However, there are specific amino acid residues that are required for biological function.
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Dellinger AM, Kachur SP, Sternberg E, Russell J. Risk of heat-related injury to disaster relief workers in a slow-onset flood disaster. J Occup Environ Med 1996; 38:689-92. [PMID: 8823659 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199607000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat-related injury or illness (HRI) occurs when the body can no longer maintain a healthy core temperature. During the 1993 Midwest floods, several risk factors HRI were present for workers involved in sandbagging activities. Medical claims filed by Illinois National Guard troops were used to identify injuries. HRI was the most frequently reported injury diagnosis, at 19.3% (23 of 119 injuries). HRI represented 16.0% of injuries to men and 41.7% of injuries to women. HRI can be influenced by high ambient temperatures, high humidity, and prolonged exertion, all of which were present in Illinois. Our results indicate that HRI is a potential problem in disaster relief situations. Further investigation using more detailed data is needed to confirm these findings. Implementation of a few simple preventive measures may decrease the impact of this problem.
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