Computed tomography of dural sinus thrombosis

The four patients presented here demonstrate the value of contrast enhanced CT in the diagnosis and serial evaluation of dural sinus thrombosis. Two patients were young women using oral contraceptives; another patient had lateral sinus thrombosis complicating mastoiditis; a fourth patient developed superior sagittal sinus thrombosis following hip surgery. Improvements in CT diagnosis, including the use of thin sections for evaluation of the deep venous structures and lateral sinuses complemented by multiplanar reconstruction or direct coronal scanning, are discussed. Sequential scans for following the progress of two patients treated by barbiturate coma added to the understanding of dural sinus occlusive disease.

CT myelography for outpatients. An inpatient/outpatient pilot study to assess methodology

The diagnostic usefulness, limitations, and adverse reactions associated with computed tomographic myelography using metrizamide were assessed for broad outpatient application. The initial approach was to examine inpatients (n = 38) with low-dose metrizamide (100 mgI/ml). This low dose was believed less likely to be associated with side effects. They were then treated as if they were outpatients, with the liberties this entailed. The consequences of needle puncture were minimized by using a 25-gauge disposable needle. Thirty-four (89%) patients remained free of side effects after the procedure. Subsequently, this technique was extended to 42 outpatients, 38 (90.5%) of whom remained asymptomatic. For comparison, 170 mgI/ml was used in another 25 outpatients, who evidenced more symptoms. The potential medical, economic, and therapeutic benefits of obviating hospitalization by safer outpatient CT myelography seem clear.

The use of computed tomography of the spine to identify patients at high risk for epidural metastases

The usefulness of spinal computed tomography (CT) in predicting the presence of epidural tumor was evaluated in cancer patients undergoing CT myelography for suspected epidural tumor. Two hundred ninety two vertebral levels were evaluated in 30 patients. Spinal CT demonstrated cortical disruption surrounding the epidural space from metastatic cancer in 109 vertebrae. Eighty-five (78%) of these vertebral levels had tumor extension into the adjacent epidural space. The incidence of epidural tumor adjacent to vertebrae which had normal spinal CT or metastatic tumor without cortical disruption was 11%. Eighty-six percent of the epidural tumor adjacent to these vertebrae were a result of craniocaudal tumor extension in the epidural space from adjacent vertebral levels with cortical disruption. Twenty-one of 23 patients (91%) with cortical disruption at more than one vertebral level on spinal CT had epidural tumor. Synchronous noncontiguous epidural lesions were observed in 38% of patients with epidural tumor. Spinal CT is an important diagnostic test in determining which patients are at high risk for epidural tumor. Myelography should be performed in all patients with suspected epidural tumor to accurately define the full extent of tumor.

A study of dynamic development in radiolesion and cell death of eukaryotes after exposure to ionizing radiation--the visualization of the dynamic reaction by means of cytochemical method with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a nuclear marker and radiation-induced nuclear anomalization by an ultramicrostructural manifestation: a dynamic explanation

The present work deals with the radiation effect on adult rats suffering from acute, whole-body irradiation with cobalt-60 gamma rays of dosages 100R and 300R respectively. The morphological alteration of the lymphocytic nucleus and exhibition of cytochemical reaction of LDH in intra- or extra-nuclear region has been observed at the end of predetermined time intervals after irradiation. A close relationship between the percentage of damage of the lymphocytic nucleus and that of positivity of LDH reaction is seen from their variations with time parallel. From technical color microphotographs which exhibit cytochemical reactions, the existence of enzyme LDH in the nucleus so far obscure has been visually recognized. The events happening in enzymic reaction and the leakage of enzyme across the nuclear envelope reflect the dynamic nature. The ultrastructural alteration of nuclear anomalization confirms the dynamic development of inducing radiolesion. The experimental facts inspire us to attempt an explanation of cellular radiolesion and cell death owing to ionization radiation in light of the dynamic concept.

Treatment of viral myocarditis with ribavirin in an animal preparation

The therapeutic effects of ribavirin, a broad-spectrum, antiviral agent, on experimental myocarditis caused by encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus were investigated. Four-week-old DBA/2 mice were inoculated with 10 plaque-forming units (pfu) of EMC virus. Ribavirin in a dose of 100 (group 1, n = 20), 200 (group 2, n = 10), or 400 mg/kg/day (group 3, n = 10) was administered subcutaneously on days 0 to 12 after virus inoculation, and animals were observed for 12 days. Control animals were injected with saline (n = 20). Mice treated with ribavirin survived longer than controls (mean survival 6.7 days for group 1, 7.4 days for group 2, 7.7 days for group 3, and 5.2 days for control; p less than .005). Myocardial virus titers on days 6 to 8 were significantly lower in group 2 (3.24 +/- 0.49 log10pfu/mg; p less than .005) and in group 3 (1.70 +/- 0.65 log10 pfu/mg; p less than .001) compared with controls (4.09 +/- 0.57 log10 pfu/mg). The incidence of gross myocardial lesions was significantly lower in group 1 (13/20, 65%), group 2 (2/10, 20%), and group 3 (0/20, 0%) compared with controls (20/20, 100%) (p less than .05). Histologic examination showed extensive myocardial necrosis and cellular infiltration in untreated groups; there was less infiltration in groups 2 and 3 (p less than .01) and less severe necrosis in group 3 (p less than .01). Thus ribavirin effectively inhibited myocardial virus replication and reduced the inflammatory response and myocardial damage in an experimental preparation of viral myocarditis.

Sodium preference and excretion in spontaneously hypertensive rats on various diets

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) exhibited an increased preference for a 2% NaCl solution, relative to water, in comparison with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), but the preference was lost quickly in SHRSP with unbroken exposure. Neither a high protein diet (50% fish protein) nor a low protein diet (5% protein) changed the salt water preference in SHRSR and the former abolished the preference more quickly in SHRSP. The fish protein diet, however, increased the ratio of urinary sodium excretion to dietary sodium intake in the first three days of exposure to a high salt intake in all groups. Results from this experiment suggest that an increased dietary protein intake can facilitate sodium excretion and may possibly ameliorate the adverse effect of a high sodium diet.

Cerebellopontine angle lipoma

Lipomas rarely occur intracranially. Moreover, the cerebellopontine angle is one of the more unusual sites of such hamartomas. Of the 11 reported cases, all but three caused symptoms related to compression of the cranial nerves in the cerebellopontine angle. Only three separate cases have been studied by computed tomography, and in one the fat density was not recognized. This report deals with the clinical presentations, surgical management, and radiologic assessment of these lesions.

Effect of dietary urea on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The feeding of a normal diet containing 13.5% urea (in place of protein in a high protein diet) attenuated the development of severe hypertension and decreased the incidence of stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), when 1% NaCl solution was given to them. The urea not only increased urine volume, but also increased urinary sodium excretion in SHR given 1% NaCl for drinking. Although there was no obvious difference in erythrocyte size between the urea and the control groups, there was a significant inverse correlation between plasma urea level and erythrocyte size. These results suggest that a high protein diet reduced blood pressure partly through the diuretic effect of urea, the common metabolite of various proteins.

Nuclear transplantation in teleosts. Hybrid fish from the nucleus of crucian and the cytoplasm of carp

Hybrid fish are obtained from the combination of nucleus and cytoplasm from two genera of fresh-water teleosts using the technique of nuclear transplantation (i.e. the combination of the nucleus of crucian (Carassius auratus) and the cytoplasm of carp (Cyprinus carpio]. Morphological characteristics of these hybrid fish that have been examined so far indicate that some features such as barbs, pharyngeal teeth, the number of scales along the lateral line, and the number of vertebrae are similar to those of crucian. Some of the hybrid fish grow to normal adult fish.

Myelography in achondroplasia: value of a lateral C1-2 puncture and non-ionic, water-soluble contrast medium

Because of technical difficulties and diagnostic limitations encountered with other myelographic techniques in patients with achondroplasia, the authors employed a lateral C1-2 puncture and non-ionic, water-soluble contrast medium in 18 achondroplastic patients with spinal compression (21 procedures). This technique proved most appropriate for identifying the upper limit of degenerative osteophytes causing exacerbation of congenital spinal stenosis, which is crucial in planning decompressive surgery. A potentially important additional finding was the presence of degenerative lower cervical spine disease in the majority of patients. There were no serious complications. The authors recommend this technique as safe and effective in achondroplastic patients with severe congenital spinal stenosis.

Electrical charge. Its role in the pathogenesis and prevention of experimental membranous nephropathy in the rabbit

Intravenous cationic bovine serum albumin (BSA, pI > 9.5) induces membranous nephropathy in immunized rabbits. In this study, unimmunized rabbits received intravenous injections of cationic (n = 3) or native (n = 3) or native (n = 3) BSA, followed by ex vivo isolated left renal perfusions with sheep anti-BSA antibody. Capillary wall deposits of IgG and C3 were seen exclusively in the group receiving cationic BSA, confirming an in situ pathogenesis for cationic, BSA-induced membranous nephropathy, and demonstrating the importance of a cationic antigen for its production. We then explored whether membranous nephropathy in this model is prevented by the concomitant injection of protamine sulfate, a filterable, relatively non-immunogenic polycation. An in vitro study demonstrated that protamine sulfate incubated with glomerular basement membrane (GBM) decreased the subsequent binding of radiolabeled cationic BSA (P < 0.05). In vivo, protamine sulfate was shown to bind to anionic sites in the glomerular capillary wall after intravenous injection.Groups of rabbits received 3 wk of daily intravenous injections of cationic BSA alone (n = 15) or cationic BSA and protamine (n = 18). After 2 wk of injection of cationic BSA alone, typical membranous nephropathy developed. Granular deposits of IgG and C3 were present along the GBM associated with subepithelial dense deposits, foot process effacement, and marked albuminuria. Protamine significantly reduced or prevented the formation of deposits (P < 0.001) and in6 of 18 protamine-treated animals, existing deposits decreased or disappeared between 2 and 3 wk of injection. Albuminuria was significantly reduced in protamine-treated animals with a mean of 124+/-55 mg/24 h compared to 632+/-150 mg/24 h in the control group receiving cationic BSA alone. No significant differences between the groups were noted in serum lev9lsof IgG, C3, anti-BSA antibody, or circulating immune complex size. Studies in additional animals (n = 5) given radiolabeled cationic BSA showed that protamine did not alter the clearance of cationic BSA from serum. Control experiments showed that protamine's beneficial effects were not related to its weak anticoagulant property or toits theoretical ability to deplete tissue histamine. The administration of heparin (n = 6) or diphenhydramine (n = 6) had no effect on the development of the epimembranous lesion compared to the group receiving cationic BSA alone. In addition, homogenized whole kidney histamine content was not significantly different in the group receiving cationic BSA alone compared to the group receiving cationic BSA and protamine. This work shows that a cationic BSA-induced glomerular lesion can be produced by a renal perfusion technique involving in situ complex formation and that this process requires a cationic antigen for its development. We believe that the demonstrated beneficial effects of protamine are due to its ability to bind to glomerular anionic sites, and that this electrostatic interaction results in inhibition for the further binding of the cationic antigen, thereby limiting the severity of glomerulonephritis in this model.

Multilevel disease of the conduction system

We found that the incidence and distribution of conduction system disease simultaneously affecting several levels of the system had been incompletely described. We therefore analysed all patients in whom conduction disease had been diagnosed and a complete electrophysiological study of the conduction system had been made, during a defined period. Patients were classified as to the presence or absence of sinus node disease, and proximal and distal atrioventricular disease. Since our hospital serves a defined population and a large proportion of all patients with conduction disease seen during the period was included, the series probably is representative of conduction disease in general. Twenty-four of the 59 patients had defects at more than one of the three levels (41%). Fifty-five per cent of the patients with sinus node disease had some kind of atrioventricular disease, while 42% of the latter had evidence of sinus node failure. The patients with multilevel disease were characterized by more severe symptoms, higher age and a higher incidence of generalized heart disease than those with single-level disease. The observations fit the concept that conduction system disease in most patients is part of a diffuse disease process progressively involving various parts of the system.

Hepatic damage in experimental and clinical paragonimiasis

The hepatic damage induced by Paragonimus skrjabini, and the migration route of this species and that of P. westermani, were investigated in a series of animal experiments and in 34 clinical and four autopsy cases of paragonimiasis. The major symptoms and signs of an unique case reported from Sichuan Province included hepatic tenderness, disturbance of hepatic functions, remittent fever, and cough with bloody sputum. Laparotomy revealed marked adhesions surrounding the liver, spleen and duodenum. Diagnosis was made by finding P. skrjabini in a bulla on the abdominal wall about 5 months after the onset of illness. After specific treatment with bithional, body temperature and liver functions returned to normal. Twenty-three of 33 cases independently studied from Fujian Province also showed similar hepatic function disturbance. Autopsy cases showed hepatic chronic eosinophilic abscesses with Charcot-Leyden crystals. Experimentally, P. skrjabini infection caused hepatic damage in all laboratory animals used. The main pathologic changes were initially acute eosinophilic abscesses in the liver, worms being found sometimes in the necrotic cavities of the abscesses; hepatomagaly also occurred. Some cysts containing mature worms were found in the liver of dogs 3-9 months after infection. Numerous eggs were deposited in the cyst walls. The migration route of P. skrjabini was studied in young dogs. Worms appeared in the liver initially on day 3 and reached their highest level on day 14. P. westermani also migrated into liver, but their numbers were less than those of P. skrjabini.

The nature of CuA in cytochrome c oxidase

The isolation and purification of yeast cytochrome c oxidase is described. Characterization of the purified protein indicates that it is spectroscopically identical with cytochrome c oxidase isolated from beef heart. Preparations of isotopically substituted yeast cytochrome c oxidase are obtained incorporating [1,3-15N2]histidine or [beta,beta-2H2]cysteine. Electron paramagnetic resonance and electron nuclear double resonance spectra of the isotopically substituted proteins identify unambiguously at least 1 cysteine and 1 histidine as ligands to CuA and suggest that substantial spin density is delocalized onto a cysteine sulfur in the oxidized protein to render the site Cu(I)--S.

Transfer of radiation-induced spins from deoxyribonucleic and thymidylic acids to propyl gallate

When calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), propyl gallate (PG) and their five molecular mixtures (with PG content of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20%) are irradiated with gamma-rays in dry state in vacuum at 296 degrees K, the ESR spectra of all molecular mixtures differ strikingly from those of DNA, but bear a close resemblance to those of PG. The spin yield in the PG contained in these mixtures is two to three orders of magnitude higher than that in the case of PG irradiated separately. Furthermore, on the basis of the relative saturation characteristics of ESR spectra, these molecular mixtures behave more like PG than like DNA. It may be inferred that the radiation-induced spins could be transferred from DNA to PG. With r representing the molar ratio of nucleotides to PG, we have found a good linear correlation between the transfer ratio (TR) and square root of r. One PG molecule could protect at least 68 nucleotides in the duplex DNA chain, and thereby the minimal range of spin transfer is estimated at 115 A. Results obtained from irradiation at 77 degrees K show that PG exerts no protective effect on DNA, so DNA sustains an irreversible damage. It is thought that the spin transfer from DNA to PG is exclusively due to a hydrogen transfer mechanism. We have also demonstrated the transfer of radiation-induced spins from both thermally denatured DNA and TMP to PG. The former process can be ascribed primarily to the hydrogen transfer mechanism, whereas the latter, as in the case of native DNA, exclusively to this mechanism.

Cyclic AMP metabolism and lipolysis in cultured human adipocyte precursors

Triacylglycerol breakdown (lipolysis) results from a series of reactions culminated by activation of "hormone-stimulated" triacylglycerol lipase, an enzyme unique to adipose tissue. We have studied various components of the lipolytic process in human omental adipocyte precursors differentiating in culture. The levels of cyclic AMP, the "second messenger" of lipolytic hormones, were about sixfold higher in fat cell precursors than those in abdominal skin fibroblasts. L-Isoproterenol resulted in significant elevation of cyclic AMP levels in both cell types. Preincubation of intact adipocyte precursors with insulin resulted in significant enhancement of "low Km" cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity; in contrast, this hormone had no effect on fibroblast phosphodiesterase activity, a distinctive biochemical difference despite the morphological similarities between the two cell types during the early stages of adipocyte precursor maturation. Incubation of adipocyte precursors with isoproterenol resulted in the release of fatty acids into the medium, findings indicative of "hormone-stimulated" lipase activity and, hence, the operation of the entire "lipolytic cascade"; isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was inhibited by insulin. Release of fatty acids from fibroblasts was not observed. Thus, "hormone-stimulated" lipolysis and insulin stimulation of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity are expressed during early stages of human adipocyte precursor differentiation.

Role of sustained neurones of cat lateral geniculate nucleus in processing luminance information

The properties of the sustained cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cat have been studied quantitatively. These cells may be subdivided into two groups, the brightness and the darkness detectors. The former is photoexcitatory neurone and the latter, photoinhibitory. In both types, the rates of sustained discharges are closely related to the levels of retinal illumination over a range about 4 log units. The receptive fields of sustained cells again can be roughly divided into two subtypes according to their size. The large receptive field cells all belong to darkness detectors and are distributed mostly at retinal periphery, which may play some role in signalling the background luminance. The small receptive field cells comprise all brightness detectors and a part of darkness detectors, which are located predominantly around area centralis and may transmit the message of brightness or darkness about picture details and enhance the boundaries of a two-dimensional figure.

A supernumerary "G" like chromosome originating from a maternal 13;15 translocation in a nondysmorphic, retarded girl

This paper describes a retarded girl who had a severe seizure disorder and a few minor anomalies, and who was found to have a "G-sized" supernumerary chromosome in all her cells which were examined. Studies of the patient's and her parents' chromosomes by a variety of techniques suggest that the supernumerary chromosome arose following a prezygotic maternal 13;15 translocation.

Increased plasma cyclic AMP concentrations in fasting man

Plasma concentrations of adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cyclic AMP), free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and glucose were measured after 24, 48 and 72 h fasting in healthy male students. There was a marked rise in plasma concentrations of cyclic AMP, FFA and glycerol from 24 to 48 h fasting with no further changes from 48 to 72 h fasting. Plasma glucose concentrations fell. After 72 h fasting, inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis with a nicotinic acid analogue effected no significant change in plasma cyclic AMP concentrations, indicating that the elevated plasma nucleotide concentrations during fasting were not related to stimulation of lipolysis.

Effects of fasting on plasma and platelet-free fatty acids and platelet function in healthy males

10 healthy male volunteers fasted for 72 hours. Their plasma concentration of free fatty acid increased more than two-fold, to 1.8 mmol/l. The number of reversible venous "in vivo" platelet aggregates increased significantly (p less than 0.01); this figure correlated with the concentration of long-chain saturated free fatty acid in plasma (p less than 0.02). The correlation with the amount of long-chain saturated free fatty acid plus oleic acid (18:1) was even better (p less than 0.01). Plasma PF-4 concentration increased, suggesting increased platelet release reaction. In spite of the plasma increase, total platelet FFA concentration was reduced and there was a change in the distribution of platelet free fatty acid which correlated with the degree of aggregation.