A role for receptors of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid in the discriminative stimulus properties of phencyclidine

Ketamine and (+)-N-allylnormetazocine ((+)-NANM) were found to generalize in a rat operant drug discrimination paradigm to the interoceptive stimulus induced by phencyclidine (PCP). Intraperitoneal administration of the non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, MK-801, and intracerebroventricular injection of the competitive antagonist, 2-DL-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (2-APH), also resulted in a dose-dependent generalisation to the PCP discriminative stimulus. The results suggest that NMDA receptor antagonism may play an important role in the mediation of the discriminative stimulus properties of PCP. The low potency of MK-801 and 2-APH to displace [3H](+)-NANM binding in vitro argues against an involvement of the haloperidol-sensitive sigma recognition site in the behaviour.

The use of probes for the Y chromosome in preimplantation embryo cells

The use of Y chromosome repeated sequence probes for the assignment of sex in individual human and mouse cells by in situ hybridization is described.

Testis development in a mouse with 10% of XY cells

Two mouse Y-chromosome-related DNA probes were used to show that an aspermic sterile male mouse with small testes contained only approximately 10% of normal XY cells dispersed among normal XX cells. Examination of testis sections by in situ hybridization revealed that XY cells were nonrandomly concentrated in the testis tubules when compared with the interstitial cell population. These observations are discussed in the context of primary sex determination and histological differentiation of the testis.

Behavioural evidence for an interdependence between GABAA receptors and beta 2-adrenoceptors

The possibility of a functional interdependence between central GABAA receptors and beta 2-adrenoceptors has been investigated using the ability of both types of agonist to potentiate the tic (head-twitch) response to 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in the mouse. At a dose which selectively antagonised beta 1- but not beta 2-adrenoceptors, ICI 118,551 abolished the effects of single doses of muscimol, diazepam and pentobarbitone. Conversely, bicuculline abolished the potentiation caused by the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist procaterol. Thus there is preliminary evidence that these two receptor types do show mutual interdependence.

The use of Y-chromosome-specific repeated DNA sequences in the analysis of testis development in an XX/XY mouse

A study, by means of Y-chromosome-specific repeated DNA probes, of mouse (ST) with small testes is reviewed. Mouse ST was shown to be a somatic mosaic of 10 % XY and 90 % XX cells. The cellular composition of the azoospermic testis reflected the overall proportions of XX and XY cells but it was found that XY cells predominated in the Sertoli cells of the testis tubules. These findings have been interpreted to indicate a fundamental role for the Sertoli cell in inducing testis organization in the indifferent gonadal rudiment, involving the expression of the Y chromosome.

Involvement of the locus coeruleus in the potentiation of the quipazine-induced head-twitch response by diazepam and beta-adrenoceptor agonists

Head-twitching in rats induced by quipazine was reduced by bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC) produced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Both beta 1-and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists potentiated the head-twitch induced by quipazine in sham-operated controls. Lesions of the locus coeruleus increased the responses to the beta 1-adrenoceptor agonists, prenalterol and dobutamine, but reduced the response to the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists, salbutamol and procaterol. Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg) also potentiated the response to quipazine and this was reversed to inhibition by lesions of the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that the beta 1-adrenoceptors involved are postsynaptic and the beta 2-adrenoceptors are presynaptic to neurones of the locus coeruleus and indicate a dual action of diazepam on the head-twitch induced by quipazine. Possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed.

Chronic antidepressant treatment reduces central beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity in a behavioural test

The ability of beta-adrenoceptor agonists to potentiate the head-twitch response to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in mice was used to assess the in vivo sensitivity of beta-adrenoceptors 48 h after cessation of acute or chronic administration of desmethylimipramine (DMI) or iprindole (IPD). Neither acute nor chronic antidepressant administration significantly altered the head-twitch response to 5-HTP alone. Forty-eight hours after withdrawal from chronic but not acute pretreatment with DMI or IPD the potentiating effects of dobutamine, prenalterol and salbutamol were significantly decreased. This is consistent with a reduction in beta-adrenoceptor density and suggests that the 'spare' beta-adrenoceptor pool is small enough for this to result in functional subsensitivity. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Bkm sequences are polymorphic in humans and are clustered in pericentric regions of various acrocentric chromosomes including the Y

Probes of uncloned Bkm satellite DNA and a Drosophila clone 2 (8), consisting mainly of GATA repeats related to a major sequence component in Bkm, have been used to probe Southern blots of human male and female DNAs obtained from a Caucasian and an Australian aboriginal population and to human chromosomes in situ. Hybridization was observed to a distinct and an indistinct series of bands against a smeared background. The same distinct bands are identified in the DNA samples with both probes, but are most readily detected using the uncloned Bkm probe. Most restriction bands are common to both populations and some are polymorphic. However, certain bands appear to be characteristic of the Australian aboriginal samples. There are no distinct sex-linked patterns. However all of the small acrocentric human chromosomes, including the Y chromosome show hybridization to uncloned Bkm in situ.

The modulation of head-twitch behaviour by drugs acting on beta-adrenoceptors: evidence for the involvement of both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors

Drugs selective for either the beta 1- or beta 2-adrenoceptor have been investigated for their effects on the head-twitch behaviour induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) in mice. All four agonists, dobutamine and prenalterol (beta 1-), and salbutamol and procaterol (beta 2-), potentiated the effect of L-5-HTP although they were ineffective in inducing the head-twitch when administered alone. The corresponding antagonists, practolol and metoprolol (beta 1-) and butoxamine and ICI 118,551 (beta 2-), were without effect on the L-5-HTP head-twitch. The antagonists each significantly reduced the effect of the corresponding agonists but, while butoxamine and ICI 118,551 were inactive against dobutamine and prenalterol potentiation, both practolol and metoprolol reduced the effect of salbutamol and procaterol. Thus it is argued that dobutamine and prenalterol potentiation is due to an action at beta 1-adrenoceptors, while at least a component of the potentiating effect of salbutamol and procaterol is exerted through beta 2-adrenoceptors. The lack of effect of the antagonists alone is discussed.

Involvement of noradrenaline in potentiation of the head-twitch response by GABA-related drugs

The involvement of noradrenaline in the potentiation of head-twitching by drugs acting at GABA and related receptors has been examined in mice. The direct 5-HT agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine was used to induce the head-twitch. The dopamine beta-oxidase inhibitor FLA-63 depleted whole brain noradrenaline by 90% and potentiated head-twitching when this was measured 4 h after injection. The GABAA-receptor agonists muscimol and 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid (3-APS), a low dose of pentobarbitone, diazepam and picrotoxin (PTX) potentiated control head-twitch rates but had no further effect when head-twitching had been potentiated by FLA-63. The potentiating action of FLA-63 was prevented by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist metoprolol; the latter having no effect on control head-twitch rates. Muscimol and diazepam potentiation was examined and found to be blocked by metoprolol. The GABAB-receptor agonist baclofen reduced head-twitching. This was also prevented by FLA-63. The role of beta-adrenoceptors in modulating these actions of GABA-related drugs is discussed.

Modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced head-twitch response by drugs acting at GABA and related receptors

The effects of drugs acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and other chloride ionophore-related sites have been studied for their ability to modulate the head-twitch induced by 1-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the mouse. The GABAa receptor agonists, muscimol, imidazoleacetic acid and 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid, produced a dose-related potentiation, while bicuculline inhibited the head-twitch. The GABAb receptor agonist, baclofen, produced dose-related inhibition. Diazepam potentiated the head-twitch while the 'inverse' benzodiazepine receptor agonist ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate inhibited the head-twitch. The antagonist Ro15-1788 also produced inhibition. Ro05-4864, a ligand for the benzodiazepine 'acceptor' site, potentiated the head-twitch. Pentobarbitone and pentylenetetrazol potentiated the 5-HTP-induced head-twitch at low doses, changing to inhibition as the dose was increased. Picrotoxin in subconvulsant doses, produced only potentiation. More than one site may be involved in the action of these substances. GABA, amino-oxyacetic acid and 1-2-4-diaminobutyric acid inhibited the head-twitch, while the GABA-depletor, 3-mercaptopropionic acid potentiated it. Of all the agents tested, only muscimol produced head-twitching when given alone. It was concluded that both GABAa and GABAb receptors modulate the head-twitch response to 5-HTP.

Serum proteins among Dusads of Bihar

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis has been employed for the detection of haptoglobin, transferrin and albumin phenotypes among 88 Dusads of Bihar. No variant of the haptoglobins or transferrins has been found in this sample, whereas one individual showed bisalbuminemia.

Thermodilution cardiac output studies as a cause of prosthetic valve bacterial endocarditis

The injectate used for thermodilution cardiac output determinations is a potential source for direct bloodstream contamination, resulting in bacterial endocarditis after cardiac operations. An experiment simulating three techniques for obtaining injectate samples showed one of them to be clearly unacceptable.

The use of heparin as a simple cost-effective means of controlling background in nucleic acid hybridization procedures

The use of heparin as a simple, effective and cheap substitute for conventional methods of controlling background in hybridization procedures is described and illustrated with reference to the use of DNA probes in filter and in situ hybridization. Possible specific mechanisms for this heparin effect are discussed.

Reproductive performance of Bhotia women of Mana Valley

This paper reports the preliminary findings on the reproductive performance of 52 Bhotia women from the Mana Valley (Uttar Pradesh; elevation 10 560 ft.), who had approached menopause. The total amount of time available for reproduction and the total time used for effective reproduction as well as the period, which has been wasted as a result of sociocultural and biological factors, have been calculated. The total time available to Bhotia women for reproduction is found to be 1584 years, out of which 1563 years (98.67%) were used for effective reproduction. The reproductive wastage as a result of socio-economic and biological circumstances is calculated as 21 years only or 0.40 years per woman. All pregnancies as well as lactation operate to reduce fecundability. The various family limiting methods also lower the reproductive performance. A comparison has been made with the results of similar studies in other populations.

The conserved nucleotide sequences of Bkm, which define Sxr in the mouse, are transcribed

We have recovered a conserved transcribed component of the snake W chromosome satellite DNA (Bkm) from Drosophila and male mouse libraries. This consists of repeats of the tetranucleotide GATA that are concentrated in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome of mouse, on the W chromosome of snakes, and in the proximal region of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster, and it appears to be transcribed in a sex-specific and developmentally regulated manner. Sequencing studies show that, unlike most other transcribed repeats, the GATA repeats potentially contain open reading frames. These encode mainly the amino acids leucine, serine, isoleucine, and tyrosine but with occasional variant codons that differ in different clonal isolates. Transcription is exclusive to the GATA strand in different tissues of the same organism and in different unrelated organisms. The complementary strand CTAT contains stop codons in all reading frames. The possible developmental significance of these sequences is discussed.

Age at menarche among the Bhotias of Mana Valley

The mean menarcheal age of the Bhotia girls of Mana Valley (Uttar Pradesh) has been found to be 16.38 +/- 1.53 years, which is the highest value so far reported from Indian populations. It is observed that altitude and nutritional status have a great bearing on the onset of menarche. The results obtained are compared with those from other Indian populations.