326
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Veenhuis M, Zwart KB, Harder W. THE BIOGENESIS AND TURNOVER OF PEROXISOMES INVOLVED IN CARBON AND/OR NITROGEN METABOLISM OF THE YEAST HANSENULA POLYMORPHA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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327
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Veenhuis M, Harder W. THE SUBSTRUCTURE OF IN VIVO CRYSTALLINE PEROXISOMES IN METHANOL-GROWN HANSENULA POLYMORPHA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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328
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329
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Beudeker R, Veenhuis M, Kuenen J. Cytochemical localization of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inThiobacillus neapolitanuscarboxysomes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb07670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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330
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Veenhuis M, Harder W, van Dijken JP, Mayer F. Substructure of crystalline peroxisomes in methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha: evidence for an in vivo crystal of alcohol oxidase. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:949-57. [PMID: 7050659 PMCID: PMC369383 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.10.949-957.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The substructural organization of completely crystalline peroxisomes present in Hansenula polymorpha cells grown under methanol limitation in a chemostat was investigated by different cytochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Time-dependent cytochemical staining experiments indicated that activities of the two main constituents of these organelles, namely, alcohol oxidase and catalase, were present throughout the crystalline matrix. Catalase was completely removed from isolated peroxisomes by osmotic shock treatment. After such treatment, the ultrastructure of the crystalline matrix of the organelles remained virtually intact. Because alcohol oxidase activity was still present in this matrix, it was concluded that alcohol oxidase protein is the only structural element of the peroxisomal crystalloids. The molecular architecture of the crystalloids was investigated in ultrathin cryosections which permitted recognition of individual molecules in the crystalline matrix. Depending on the plane of sectioning, different crystalline patterns were observed. Tilting experiments indicated that these images were caused by superposition of octameric alcohol oxidase molecules arranged in a tetragonal lattice. A three-dimensional model of the crystalloid is presented. The repeating unit of this structure is composed of four alcohol oxidase molecules. The crystalloid represents an open structure, which may explain the observed free mobility of catalase molecules.
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331
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Veenhuis M, Dijken J, Harder W. A new method for the cytochemical demonstration of phosphatase activities in yeasts based on the use of cerous ions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1980.tb05654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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332
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Eisma D, Kalf J, Veenhuis M. The formation of small particles and aggregates in the rhine estuary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0077-7579(80)90020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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333
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Niekus HG, Veenhuis M, Stouthamer AH. Formate oxidation inCampylobacter sputorumsubspeciesbubulusa cytochemical study. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1980.tb05594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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334
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Zwart K, Veenhuis M, van Dijken JP, Harder W. Development of amine oxidase-containing peroxisomes in yeasts during growth on glucose in the presence of methylamine as the sole source of nitrogen. Arch Microbiol 1980; 126:117-26. [PMID: 7192080 DOI: 10.1007/bf00511216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of methylamine as the nitrogen source for growth of the non-methylotrophic yeast Candida utilis and the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was investigated. Growth of both organisms in media with glucose and methylamine was associated with the presence of an amine oxidase in these cells. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of methylamine by molecular oxygen into ammonia, formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide and it is considered to be the key enzyme in methylamine metabolism in the organisms studied. In addition to synthesis of amine oxidase, derepression of catalase, formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenase was also observed upon transfer of cells of the two organisms from media containing ammonium ions into media containing methylamine as the nitrogen source. The synthesis of enzymes was paralleled by the development of a number of large microbodies in the cells. Cytochemical staining experiments indicated that the amine oxidase activity was located in the microbodies in both organisms. Catalase-activity was also demonstrated in these organelles, which can therefore be considered as peroxisomes. The present contribution is the first description of a peroxisomal amine oxidase.
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335
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Dijken JP, Veenhuis M. Cytochemical localization of glucose oxidase in peroxisomes of Aspergillus niger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00508104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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336
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Veenhuis M, Keizer-Gunnink I, Harder W. An electron microscopical study of the development of peroxisomes during formation and germination of ascospores in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1980; 46:129-41. [PMID: 7436401 DOI: 10.1007/bf00444068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ascospore formation was studied in liquid cultures of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, previously grown under conditions in which the synthesis of alcohol oxidase was repressed (glucose as growth substrate) or derepressed (methanol, glycerol and dihydroxyacetone as growth substrates and after growth on malt agar plates). In ascospores obtained from repressed cells, generally one small peroxisome was present. The organelle probably originated from the small peroxisome, originally present in the vegetative cells. They had no crystalline inclusions and cytochemical experiments indicated the presence of catalase, urate oxidase and amino acid oxidase activities in these organelles. In ascospores obtained from derepressed cells, generally 1--3 crystalline peroxisomes were observed. These organelles also originated from the peroxisomes originally present in the vegetative cells by means of fragmentation or division. They contained, in addition to the enzymes characteristic for peroxisomes in spores from repressed cells, also alcohol oxidase. The latter enzyme is probably responsible for the crystalline substructure of these peroxisomes. Peroxisomes had no apparent physiological function in the process of ascosporogenesis. A glyoxysomal function of the organelles during germination of the ascospores was also not observed. Germination of mature ascospores in media containing different sources of carbon and nitrogen showed that the function of the peroxisomes present in ascospores of Hansenula polymorpha is probably identical to that in vegetative haploid cells. They are involved in the oxidative metabolism of different carbon and nitrogen sources. Their enzyme profile is a reflection of that peroxisomes of vegetative cells and their presence may enable the formation of cells which are optimally adapted to environmental conditions extant during spore germination.
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337
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Doddema HJ, van der Drift C, Vogels GD, Veenhuis M. Chemiosmotic coupling in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum: hydrogen-dependent adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis by subcellular particles. J Bacteriol 1979; 140:1081-9. [PMID: 160408 PMCID: PMC216755 DOI: 10.1128/jb.140.3.1081-1089.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenase and the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthetase complex, two enzymes essential in ATP generation in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, were localized in internal membrane systems as shown by cytochemical techniques. Membrane vesicles from this organism possessed hydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and synthesized ATP driven by hydrogen oxidation or a potassium gradient. ATP synthesis depended on anaerobic conditions and could be inhibited in membrane vesicles by uncouplers, nigericin, or the ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The presence of an adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ATP translocase was postulated. With fluorescent dyes, a membrane potential and pH gradient were demonstrated.
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338
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Veenhuis M, Wendelaar Bonga SE. Cytochemical localization of catalase and several hydrogen peroxide-producing oxidases in the nucleoids and matrix of rat liver peroxisomes. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1979; 11:561-72. [PMID: 511592 DOI: 10.1007/bf01012539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of catalase, amino acid oxidase, alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, urate oxidase and alcohol oxidase was studied cytochemically in rat hepatocytes. The presence of catalase was demonstrated with the conventional diaminobenzidine technique. Oxidase activities were visualized with methods based on the enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by these enzymes during aerobic incubations. All enzymes investigated were found to be present in peroxisomes. Catalase activity was found in the peroxisomal matrix, but also associated with the nucleoid. After staining for oxidase activities the stain deposits occurred invariably in the peroxisomal matrix as well as in the nucleoids. In all experiments the activity of both catalase and the oxidases was confined to the peroxisomes. The presence of a hydrogen peroxide-producing alcohol oxidase was demonstrated for the first time in peroxisomes in liver cells. The results imply that the enzyme activity of the nucleoids of rat liver peroxisomes is not exclusively due to urate oxidase. The nucleoids obviously contain a variety of other enzymes that may be more or less loosely associated with the insoluble components of these structures.
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339
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Matin A, Veldhuis C, Stegeman V, Veenhuis M. Selective advantage of a Spirillum sp. in a carbon-limited environment. Accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and its role in starvation. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1979; 112:349-55. [PMID: 225410 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-112-2-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A freshwater Spirillum sp., which apparently belongs to a niche of low nutritional status (Matin & Veldkamp, 1978), accumulated poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) during lactate-limited growth in continuous culture. The PHB content varied in a complex manner with the dilution rate (D), but was greatest at the lowest D value examined: about 18% (w/w) at D = 0.025 h-1. It is not known what mechanism accounted for PHB accumulation during carbon-limited growth. The resistance of cultures of Spirillum sp. to starvation after growth at various D values was compared with that of a Pseudomonas sp. which appears to belong to relatively richer environments (Matin & Veldkamp, 1978) and does not accumulate PHB. In Spirillum sp., resistance correlated directly with the PHB content of the culture subjected to starvation, whereas in Pseudomonas sp. it increased with RNA content. Further, after growth at D = 0.03 to 0.05 h-1, the Spirillum sp. was much more resistant to starvation than was the Pseudomonas sp. Since the microflora of oligotrophic environments are probably often subjected to starvation conditions, PHB accumulation by Spirillum sp. during growth in such environments may assist survival. PHB in Spirillum sp. was rapidly degraded during starvation but it had no sparing effect on RNA degradation. It is not known how PHB enhanced resistance to starvation.
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340
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Veenhuis M, Keizer I, Harder W. Characterization of peroxisomes in glucose-grown Hansenula polymorpha and their development after the transfer of cells into methanol-containing media. Arch Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00409104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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341
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Zwart K, Veenhuis M, Harder W. Biogenesis and breakdown of peroxisomes in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha in relation to environmental changes [proceedings]. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1979; 45:331-2. [PMID: 582900 DOI: 10.1007/bf00418608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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342
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Veenhuis M, Zwart K, Harder W. Development and breakdown of peroxisomes in the yeast hansenula polymorpha in response to a changing environment. Ultramicroscopy 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3991(79)90036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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343
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Veenhuis M, van Dijken JP, Pilon SA, Harder W. Development of crystalline peroxisomes in methanol-grown cells of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha and its relation to environmental conditions. Arch Microbiol 1978; 117:153-63. [PMID: 678021 DOI: 10.1007/bf00402303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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344
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Veenhuis M, Zwart K, Harder W. Degradation of peroxisomes after transfer of methanol-grownHansenula polymorphainto glucose-containing media. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb01876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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345
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Wendelaar Bonga SE, Greven JA, Veenhuis M. Vascularization, innervation, and ultrastructure of the endocrine cell types of stannius corpuscles in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus. J Morphol 1977; 153:225-43. [PMID: 894725 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051530205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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346
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Veenhuis M, Bonga SD. The cytochemical demonstration of catalase and D-amino acid oxidase in the microbodies of teleost kidney cells. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1977; 9:171-81. [PMID: 14091 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of catalase and D-amino acid oxidase, marker enzymes for peroxisomes, was determined cytochemically in the kidney tubules of an euryhaline teleost, the three-spined stickleback. Catalase activity was localized with the diaminobenzidine technique. The presence of D-amino acid oxidase was determined using H2O2 generated by the enzyme, D-alanine as a substrate, and cerous ions for the formation of an electron-dense precipitate. Both enzymes appeared to be located in microbodies. The combined presence of these enzymes characterizes the microbodies as peroxisomes. Biochemically and cytochemically, no urate oxidase or glycolate-oxidizing L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase could be demonstrated. Stereological analysis of the epithelia lining the renal tubules showed that the fractional volume of the microbodies is 5 to 10 times higher in the cells of the second proximal tubules than in the other nephronic segments or the ureter. The fractional volume of the microbodies was similar in kidneys of freshwater and seawater fishes.
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347
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Wendelaar Bonga SE, Greven JA, Veenhuis M. The relationship between the ionic composition of the environment and the secretory activity of the endocrine cell types of Stannius corpuscles in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 175:297-312. [PMID: 1036718 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The corpuscles of Stannius of threespined sticklebacks contain two glandular cell types of presumed endocrine nature. To elucidate the function of both cell types the secretory activity of the cells was studied in fully adapted seawater and freshwater fishes and in specimens transferred from sea water to fresh water or adapted to media of various ionic composition. The secretory activity was established, in tissue sections and freeze-etch replicas, by estimating the volume of the nuclei, the density of the nuclear pores, and the frequency of exocytotic phenomena. The type-1 cells, ultrastructurally comparable to the predominant or only cell type described in many other teleosts, are more active in sea water than in fresh water. The activity of the type-2 cells, whose ultrastructural appearance is known only for salmonids and eels, is higher in fresh water. Transfer of seawater fishes to fresh water results in reduction of type-1 cells and activation of type-2 cells. The factors responsible for these changes were analyzed by exposure of fishes to solutions of various salts in fresh water and to artificial sea water with a reduced content of one of its components. The high activity of type-1 cells in sea water proved to be related to the high calcium content of this medium. These cells probably produce a substance comparable to hypocalcin, the endocrine factor isolated from the Stannius corpuscles of some other teleost species. The high activity of type-2 cells in fresh water appeared to be connected with the low sodium and potassium levels of this medium. Type-2 cells possibly produce a hitherto unknown hormone involved in the control of sodium and/or potassium metabolism.
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348
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Veenhuis M, van Dijken JP, Harder W. Cytochemical studies on the localization of methanol oxidase and other oxidases in peroxisomes of methanol-grown Hansenula polymorpha. Arch Microbiol 1976; 111:123-35. [PMID: 65162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The localization of methanol oxidase activity in cells of methanol-limited chemostat cultures of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been studied with different cytochemical staining techniques. The methods were based on enzymatic or chemical trapping of the hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme during aerobic incubations of whole cells in methanol-containing media. The results showed that methanol-dependent hydrogen peroxide production in either fixed or unfixed cells exclusively occurred in peroxisomes, which characteristically develop during growth of this yeast on methanol. Apart from methanol oxidase and catalase, the typical peroxisomal enzymes D-aminoacid oxidase and L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase were also found to be located in the peroxisomes. Urate oxidase was not detected in these organelles. Phase-contrast microscopy of living cells revealed the occurrence of peroxisomes which were cubic of form. This unusual shape was also observed in thin sections examined by electron microscopy. The contents of the peroxisomes showed, after various fixation procedures, a completely crystalline or striated substructure. It is suggested that this substructure might represent the in vivo organization structure of the peroxisomal enzymes.
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349
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Kreger-van Rij NJ, Veenhuis M. Conjugation in the yeast Guilliermondella selenospora Nadson et Krassilnikov. Can J Microbiol 1976; 22:960-6. [PMID: 986866 DOI: 10.1139/m76-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation in Guilliermondella selenospora took place via conjugation tubes from cells in different hyphae. Afterwards, a septum was formed in the channel connecting the two cells which turned into asci or formed buds which became asci. Conjugation between adjacent hyphal cells was also found. Cell contact without fusion with denticles and stalks, which occurs in G. selenospora, was compared with conjugation.
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350
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Kreger-van Rij NJ, Veenhuis M. Ultrastructure of the ascospores of some species of the Torulaspora group. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1976; 42:445-55. [PMID: 1087861 DOI: 10.1007/bf00410175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Development and germination of the ascospores in species of the Torulaspora group of yeasts have been described. Most species had warty spores which, in sections, showed a dark outer layer consisting of the outer unit membrane of the prospore wall and a layer underneath formed at an early stage of development of the spores. In mature spores the light inner layer of the wall was delimited at the outside by a thin dark layer. The warts often contained dark material. The ascospores of two Pichia and three Debaryomyces species were studied for comparison; they differed in sections from the Torulaspora spores. The taxonomic implications of the ultrastructural observations have been discussed.
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