376
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Williams EF, Paul SM, Rice KC, Cain M, Skolnick P. Binding of [3H]ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate to brain benzodiazepine receptors: effect of drugs and anions. FEBS Lett 1981; 132:269-72. [PMID: 6271593 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)81176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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377
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Quirion R, Rice KC, Skolnick P, Paul S, Pert CB. Stereospecific displacement of [3H]phencyclidine (PCP) receptor binding by an enantiomeric pair of PCP analogs. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 74:107-8. [PMID: 6459238 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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378
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Bickford PC, Palmer MR, Rice KC, Hoffer BJ, Freedman R. Electrophysiological effects of phencyclidine on rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neuropharmacology 1981; 20:733-42. [PMID: 7279144 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(81)90221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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379
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Paul SM, Rehavi M, Rice KC, Ittah Y, Skolnick P. Does high affinity [3H] imipramine binding label serotonin reuptake sites in brain and platelet? Life Sci 1981; 28:2753-60. [PMID: 7266248 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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380
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Rehavi M, Ittah Y, Rice KC, Skolnick P, Goodwin FK, Paul SM. 2-nitroimipramine: a selective irreversible inhibitor of [3H] serotonin uptake and [3H] imipramine binding in platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 99:954-9. [PMID: 7247951 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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381
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Williams EF, Rice KC, Mattson M, Paul SM, Skolnick P. In vivo effects of two novel alkylating benzodiazepines, irazepine and kenazepine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981; 14:487-91. [PMID: 7232472 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular administration of the alkylating benzodiazepines irazepine or kenazepine (20 nmol) resulted in a complete protection against convulsant doses of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) for at least one hour, and a statistically significant protection for at least two and four hours, respectively. In contrast, administration of the non-alkylating parent benzodiazepine Ro-7/1986 or diazepam (20-60 nmol) resulted in no detectable anticonvulsants effects at fifteen minutes post-injection, the earliest interval examined. These results suggest that alkylating benzodiazepines which bind to brain benzodiazepine receptors in a non-competitive (covalent) fashion in vitro may exert a long lasting anticonvulsants effect by a similar mechanism.
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382
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Marwaha J, Palmer M, Hoffer B, Freedman R, Rice KC, Paul S, Skolnick P. Differential electrophysiological and behavioral responses to optically active derivatives of phencyclidine. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1981; 315:203-9. [PMID: 7219569 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dextro- and levorotatory isomers of 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine (PCMP) were synthesized. Both isomers inhibited spontaneous cerebellar Purkinje neuron firing when applied locally by pressure ejection. This effect was dose-dependent, with the (+)-isomer about 5--7 times more potent than the (-)-isomer. Both isomers also depressed rotarod performance in mice. Again, the (+)-isomer was about 5 times more potent than the (-)-isomer. Both rotarod performance and Purkinje cells discharge were depressed maximally 10--15 min after i.p. injection of drug. Our results suggest a correlation between behavioral performance and central neuron electrophysiological activity and suggest that the central actions of PCP or its derivatives are probably mediated at one locus, by a stereospecific mechanism.
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383
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Williams EF, Rice KC, Paul SM, Skolnick P. Heterogeneity of benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system demonstrated with kenazepine, an alkylating benzodiazepine. J Neurochem 1980; 35:591-7. [PMID: 6256492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb03695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Binding studies using the alkylating benzodiazepine kenazepine strongly suggest the existence of several populations of benzodiazepine receptors in the CNS. Kenazepine reacts noncompetitively and irreversibly with some receptors and competitively (reversibly) with others. Cerebellum contains the largest proportion (approx. 80%) of the noncompetitive type, while hippocampus and cortex contain a preponderance of competitive-type receptors (approx. 80 and 50%, respectively). The Hill coefficients for kenazepine are approx. 0.7 in cortex and cerebellum, and near unity in dorsal hippocampus. Different populations of benzodiazepine receptors may mediate different physiologic and pharmacologic effects in vivo.
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384
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Brossi A, Rice KC, Mak CP, Reden J, Jacobson AE, Nimitkitpaisan Y, Skolnick P, Daly J. Mammalian alkaloids. 8. Synthesis and biological effects of tetrahydropapaveroline related 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines. J Med Chem 1980; 23:648-52. [PMID: 6248642 DOI: 10.1021/jm00180a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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385
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Reden J, Ripka WC, Rice KC, Brossi A. 4-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines: potential reaction products of norepinephrine1,2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 126:69-72. [PMID: 7405705 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3632-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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386
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Rice KC, Brossi A, Tallman J, Paul SM, Skolnick P. Irazepine, and noncompetitive, irreversible inhibitor of 3H-diazepam binding to benzodiazepine receptors. Nature 1979; 278:854-5. [PMID: 440412 DOI: 10.1038/278854a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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387
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Reden J, Reich MF, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Brossi A, Streaty RA, Klee WA. Deoxymorphines: role of the phenolic hydroxyl in antinociception and opiate receptor interactions. J Med Chem 1979; 22:256-9. [PMID: 218012 DOI: 10.1021/jm00189a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several 3-deoxy opioids and 3,6-dideoxydihydromorphine was synthesized to ascertain the effect of the phenolic hydroxyl group on antinociceptive potency and receptor binding affinity. Catalytic reduction of the 3-tetrazolyl ether derivatives of dihydromorphine provided the entry into the 3-deoxydihydro series. The prototype, 3-deoxymorphine, was prepared by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 3-deoxy-N-carbethoxymorphinone, obtained via its 7-(phenylseleno) derivative. 3-Deoxydihydromorphinone and 3,6-dideoxydihydromorphine were found to be about as potent as, or more potent than, morphine in standard antiociceptive assays. Each of them, however, was less potent than the comparable 3-hydroxy analogue, and their binding affinity to the opiate receptor was substantially decreased. The epoxy ring in 3.6-dideoxydihydromorphine was found to increase the antinociceptive potency of the compound.
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388
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Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Reden J, Lupinacci L, Brossi A, Streaty RA, Klee WA. Paradoxical effects of N-cyanoalkyl substituents upon the activities of several classes of opioids. J Med Chem 1979; 22:328-31. [PMID: 218015 DOI: 10.1021/jm00189a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effect of the N-(beta-cyanoethyl) moiety is dependent on the opioid on which it is substituted. It caused a large increase in antinociceptive potency, in (--)-3-hydroxymorphinan and (--)-normetazocine, as compared with the N-methyl opioid. These cyanoethyl compounds do not substitute for morphine in morphine-dependent monkeys. This moiety also appears to greatly increase the ability of the opiate receptor to differentiate enantiomers. An ca. 100,000-fold difference in binding was noted between the epimeric N-(beta-cyanoethyl)-3-hydroxymorphinans and the normetazocines. The levo enantiomers have little acute toxicity and showed excellent therapeutic ratios. In contrast, the N-(beta-cyanoethyl) moiety on normorphine, norcodeine, and noroxymorphone did not appear to improve their pharmacological properties. Homologous N-cyanoalkyl opioids were less potent antinociceptives.
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389
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Iijima I, Minamikawa J, Rice KC, Jacobson AE. Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of 7-methoxycodeine. J Med Chem 1978; 21:1320-2. [PMID: 722742 DOI: 10.1021/jm00210a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(-)-7-Methoxycodeine was synthesized from (-)-1-bromosinomeninone in three steps with an overall yield of 29%. The introduction of the 7-methoxy group into the C ring of codeine did not decrease its oral activity. 7-Methoxycodeine was unstable in acidic media. Its oral activity was however, not likely to be due to conversion to the acid-stable (-)-sinomeninone, since the latter was orally inactive.
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390
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Iijima I, Minamikawa J, Jacobson AE, Brossi A, Rice KC. Studies in the (+)-morphinan series. 5. Synthesis and biological properties of (+)-naloxone. J Med Chem 1978; 21:398-400. [PMID: 206698 DOI: 10.1021/jm00202a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Naloxone was prepared in 26% overall yield in eight steps from (+)-7-bromodihydrocodeinone dimethyl ketal by a synthesis which excluded enantiomeric contamination. (+)-Naloxone was examined in three assay systems and found to have no more than 1/1000(-1)/10 000th the activity of (-)-naloxone; it can, thus, serve to test the stereospecificity of the biochemical and pharmacological actions of (-)-naloxone.
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391
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Jacquet YF, Klee WA, Rice KC, Iijima I, Minamikawa J. Stereospecific and nonstereospecific effects of (+)- and (-)-morphine: evidence for a new class of receptors? Science 1977; 198:842-5. [PMID: 199942 DOI: 10.1126/science.199942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unnatural (+) enantiomer of morphine had minimal activity in three opiate assays in vitro: the rat brain homogenate binding assay, the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum assay, and the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cell homogenates. When (+)-morphine was microinfected into the periaqueductal gray (a site known to mediate morphine analgesia) of drug-naive rats, there was only minimal analgesia, but the hyperresponsivity usually observed after microinfection of (-)-morphine occurred. Also, when (+)-morphine was microinfected into the midbrain reticular formation of drug-naive rats, rotation similar to that following microinjection of (-)-morphine occurred. These behaviors were not blocked by naloxone. Significantly, they typically occur in precipitated abstinence in morphine-dependent rats. These observations suggest that there are at least two classes of receptors, one stereospecific and blocked by naloxone and the other only weakly stereospecific and not blocked by naloxone, and that precipitated abstinence may be due, in part, to a selective blockade of receptors of the former class but not of the latter.
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392
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Iijima I, Rice KC, Brossi A. The oxidation of thebaine with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Studies in the (+)-morphinan series. III. Helv Chim Acta 1977; 60:2135-7. [PMID: 924799 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19770600704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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393
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Rice KC, Shiotani S, Creveling CR, Jacobson AE, Klee WA. N-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenehtyl)normetazocine, a potential irreversible inhibitor of the narcotic receptor. J Med Chem 1977; 20:673-5. [PMID: 16133 DOI: 10.1021/jm00215a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N-2,4,5-tribenzyloxyphenyl)ethyl methanesulfonate, prepared in a seven-step sequence, with normetazocine followed by hydrogenolysis of the benzyloxy-protecting groups, gave N-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethyl)normetazocine. This compound was prepared to study the effect of a narcotic analgesic containing a functional group which could be activated in situ to a moiety potentially capable of reacting irreversibly with the narcotic receptor. This 6-hydroxydopamin derivative of normetazocine did not prove to be a useful affinity label. Its low toxicity could indicate the necessity for the formation of an aminochrome system for the expression of toxicity by 6-hydroxydopamine.
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394
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Rice KC, Klee WA, Aceto MD, Swain HH, Jacobson AE. Potential long acting opiate antagonists: preparation, pharmacological activity, and opiate-receptor binding of N-substituted 2'-hydroxy-5-methyl-9 alpha-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans. J Pharm Sci 1977; 66:193-7. [PMID: 190376 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600660215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A homologous series of N-substituted 2'-hydroxy-5-methyl-9 alpha-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans (hydrogen to octyl inclusive, allyl, and cyclopropylmethyl) was prepared. In contradistinction to the normetazocine, normorphine, and (-)-3-hydroxymorphinan series, the N-pentyl and N-hexyl derivatives do not have the analgesic potency of the parent N-methyl compound; instead, they are narcotic antagonists with a long duration of action. All of the N-substituted 9 alpha-propylbenzomorphans, except for methyl, heptyl, and octyl, have antagonist activity. The receptor binding constants of the N-alkyl compounds are uniformly two- to threefold lower than those of the N-substituted normetazocines.
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395
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Abstract
Brief treatment of codeine (1) in chloroform with boron tribromide has consiste-tly given morphine (2) in 90-91% yield after a simple isolation procedure. The yield and simplicity of operation in this method are vastly superior to those previously reported for this transformation.
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396
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Rice KC, Wilson RS. (-)-3-Isothujone, a small nonnitrogenous molecule with antinociceptive activity in mice. J Med Chem 1976; 19:1054-7. [PMID: 966252 DOI: 10.1021/jm00230a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(-)-3-Isothujone and (+)-3-thujone were examined for antinociceptive activity using the hot-plate and Nilsen tests. In the hot plate test (-)-3-isothujone (ED50 = 6.5 mg/kg) was found to be codeine-like and equipotent with (-)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol while the racemic material was essentially half as potent as the levoratatory isomer. (+)-3-Thujone was inactive in both antinociceptive tests as were several structural analogues of the 3-thujones. As with the THC's less antinociceptive activity was observed in the Nilsen test than in the hot-plate assay. Acute toxicities for the 3-thujones were determined and vastly improved synthetic procedures have been developed for two long-known but difficulty accessible 3-thujanols.
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397
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Rice KC. Synthesis, antimalarial activity, and phototoxicity of some benzo(h)quinoline-4-methanols. J Med Chem 1976; 19:887-92. [PMID: 781245 DOI: 10.1021/jm00229a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine alpha-dibutylaminomethylbenzo[h]quinoline-4-methanols were synthesized from the corresponding 1-amino-naphthalenes by the following sequence: 1-aminonaphthalene leads to 1H-benz[g]indole-2,3-dione leads to benzo[h]quinoline-4-carboxylic acid leads to acid chloride leads to bromomethyl ketone leads to epoxide leads to benzo[h]quinoline-4-methanol. Several acid chlorides substituted in the 3 position reacted incompletely with ethereal diazomethane but were efficiently converted, without isolation of the intermediates, to the bromomethyl ketones by reaction with ethoxymagnesium diethylmalonate, bromination, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation. Several compounds prepared, especially alpha-dibutylaminomethyl-2-(2',4'-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-6-chlorobenzo[h]quinoline-4-methanol, showed significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in infected mice but were moderately phototoxic.
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398
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Rice KC, Jacobson AE. Optical resolution of (+/-)-2,5-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-9alpha- and -9beta-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans and their pharmacological properties. J Med Chem 1976; 19:430-2. [PMID: 815550 DOI: 10.1021/jm00225a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The levo and dextro isomers of 2,5-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-9alpha- and -9beta-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans have been prepared. The analgesic potency and physical dependence capacity of the optical isomers and their racemic parents were determined. The 9alpha-propyl levo isomer was analgesically equipotent with morphine; the 9beta-propyl levo isomer was considerably more potent subcutaneously and equipotent orally. None of the optical isomers suppressed the withdrawal syndrome; the 9beta-propyl levo isomer exacerbated the withdrawal syndrome.
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399
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Rice KC, Jacobson AE. Preparation and analgesic activity of 3,6-diacetylnormorphine and 6-acetylnormorphine. J Med Chem 1975; 18:1033-5. [PMID: 1159685 DOI: 10.1021/jm00244a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
3,6-Diacetylnormorphine (norheroin) and 6-acetylnormorphine have been prepared in excellent yield through the 3,N-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl) derivative of normorphine via acetylation and selective removal of protecting groups. This general procedure would be applicable to the preparation of various 3,6-diesters or 6-monoesters of normorphine. The analgesic potency of norheroin was found to be the same as that of 6-acetylnormorphine, about 0.05 that of heroin. The onset, peak, and duration of action of these compounds were nearly identical and comparable with morphine.
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400
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Rice KC, Jacobson AE, May EL. Synthesis and analgesic activities of 2,5-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-9alpha- and -beta-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans. J Med Chem 1975; 18:854-7. [PMID: 1159706 DOI: 10.1021/jm00242a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2,5-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-9alpha- and-beta-propyl-6,7-benzomorphans were synthesized from 4-methyl-3-propylpyridine in five steps, in an overall yield of 14 and 5%, respectively. The required 4-methyl-3-propylpyridine was prepared in an overally yield of 34% by a four-step sequence. The benzomorphans were about as potent as, or more potent than, morphine in vivo.
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