Levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: implication of tendency toward increased immunoglobulin E production

OBJECTIVE

In connection with the possible relationship between Mycoplasma infection and the onset of asthma, several studies have shown not only a high level of serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) but also the production of IgE specific to Mycoplasma or common allergens during the course of Mycoplasma infection. It has been suggested that the balance of T helper type 1 (TH1)/T helper type 2 (TH2) immune response may regulate the synthesis of IgE. The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of cytokine response (TH1 or TH2) during an episode of acute lower respiratory tract infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

STUDY DESIGN

Using a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with flexible bronchoscopy procedure, this study determined the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma (TH1), and IL-4 (TH2) in the supernatant of BAL fluid as well as the BAL cellular profiles of patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia (n = 14). These results were compared with those of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia (n = 12) or those of children with no identifiable airway infections (control group: n = 8).

RESULTS

The BAL cellular profile in the Mycoplasma pneumonia group was characterized by a high percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes. A significantly increased level of IL-2 was found in both pneumonia groups, compared with the control group. In contrast, the IFN-gamma level was not different for the 3 groups. The level of IL-4 and ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma were significantly elevated in the Mycoplasma pneumonia group, but not in the pneumococcal pneumonia group, compared with the controls.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-4 levels and IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios in BAL fluid are significantly higher in patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia than in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia or control participants. The BAL cytokine data suggest a predominant TH2-like cytokine response in Mycoplasma pneumonia, thus representing a favorable condition for IgE production.

Effect of bee venom and its melittin on apical transporters of renal proximal tubule cells

Renal failure by bee venom may be related to a malfunction of renal transporters. However, the effects of bee venom on apical membrane transporters of renal proximal tubular cells are not yet known. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dried bee venom of Apis mellifera and its melittin on apical transporter activity of primary cultured rabbit kidney proximal tubule cells. Bee venom (1 microg/ml) decreased the cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity over 30-min treatments. Its effect was blocked by mepacrine or AACOCF(3) (10(-6) M; phospholipase A(2) inhibitors). However, there was no effect on cell viability at a concentration of 0.01 microg/ml of bee venom. Thus, we investigated the effect of bee venom (1 microg/ml) on the activity of renal transporters at 30 min. Bee venom inhibited alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, Pi, and Na(+) uptakes, but increased Ca(2+) uptake. These effects of bee venom were blocked by mepacrine or AACOCF(3) (10(-6) M), and bee venom-induced stimulation of Ca(2+) uptake was also blocked by methoxyverapamil and nifedipine (L-type calcium channel blockers). In addition, bee venom increased [(3)H]-arachidonic acid release by 216 % of that of control. In all experiments, bee venom melittin (0.5 microg/ml) had an identical effect to that of bee venom itself. In conclusion, bee venom inhibited, in part, alpha-MG, Pi, and Na(+) uptakes through its melittin which increased Ca(2+) uptake and arachidonic acid release in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells.

Compound nerve action potential of common peroneal nerve recorded at fibular neck: its clinical usefulness

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical usefulness of the compound nerve action potential of the common peroneal nerve recorded immediately distal to or at the fibular neck, at the same time stimulating the common peroneal nerve laterally at the posterior knee.

DESIGN

For recording the compound nerve action potential of the common peroneal nerve, the active recording electrode was secured just distal to or at the fibular neck area, whereas the stimulating electrode was placed on the medial border of the lateral hamstring tendon at the level of the popliteal crease. To reduce shock artifacts, a biphasic stimulation was used.

RESULTS

In 35 adults (n = 19 men), 70 nerves were tested. The compound nerve action potential from each individual was recorded. The compound nerve action potential amplitude of a baseline-to-negative peak and conduction velocity were measured on both sides. For comparisons of the side-to-side amplitude and conduction velocity, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was applied.

CONCLUSION

This approach of recording the compound nerve action potential of the common peroneal nerve, in addition to conventional methods, may enhance the process of determining the precise localization of peroneal nerve lesion in the knee.

Homologous monocuspid valve patch in right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction

BACKGROUND

In the surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot or pulmonary atresia, pulmonary regurgitation may be detrimental in the postoperative period. We have used homograft monocuspid valve patch to prevent pulmonary insufficiency.

METHODS

From September 1996 to December 1998, twenty-five patients, 4 months to 8 years of age (median 10.1 months) had homograft monocuspid valve in the procedure of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. The function of the monocuspid valve was assessed by echocardiogram and graded as trivial to mild, mild to moderate, moderate, and severe. We evaluated the degree of pulmonary insufficiency before discharge, at 3-6 months, and at 12 months after the operation.

RESULTS

There was one hospital death due to fulminate adeno viral pneumonia. On echocardiogram, 21 patients (88%, 21/24) had no significant pulmonary insufficiency. Only one patient (4.5%) showed a moderate degree of pulmonary insufficiency. At 3-6 months, seventeen of twenty-one (81%) patients had no significant pulmonary insufficiency. There were fourteen patients who had follow-up over 1 year, and no patients showed newly developed significant pulmonary insufficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that the homograft monocuspid valve patch for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction has provided excellent early results for the prevention of pulmonary insufficiency. However these effects are limited in duration and further close follow-up should be needed.

Acupuncture increases cell proliferation in dentate gyrus after transient global ischemia in gerbils

The effects of acupuncture on cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of gerbils after transient global ischemia were investigated in this study. Acupuncture was performed on Zusanli (ST36), which is a well known acupoint in animals and humans. In Oriental medicine, Zusanli has been commonly used for the enhancement of functional recovery in stroke patients. Through 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry, an increase in cell birth in the dentate gyrus of gerbils after ischemic injury was detected. Interestingly, acupunctural treatment in ischemic gerbils resulted in a significant increase in the number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. The present findings indicate that acupuncture may affect cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of gerbils after ischemic injury.

Antley-Bixler syndrome, description of two new cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE

Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is a rare disorder characterized by multiple malformations of cartilage and bone including multisynostotic osteodysgenesis, midface hypoplasia, choanal atresia or stenosis, femoral bowing, neonatal fractures and multiple joint contractures and, occasionally, urogenital, gastrointestinal or cardiac defects. Since the first report in 1975, at least 34 cases (including this report) have been described. We present 2 cases of congenital hydrocephalus, suggesting the cause of craniosynostosis and midface hypoplasia is associated with ABS.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

The first case was a 1-day-old female with Arnold-Chiari malformation, multiple cranial synostosis, obstructive hydrocephalus and radioulnahumeral synostosis. Ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunting was performed when she was 7 days old. She died 42 days later due to cardiopulmonary failure. The second case was a 2-month-old female with bilateral coronal synostosis, obstructive hydrocephalus and brachycephaly. V-P shunting was done soon after her admission, and bilateral lateral canthal advancement with the floating forehead procedure was performed 1 month later. She is still alive with good development.

DISCUSSION

The main anomalies of the ABS can be divided into 4 categories: craniofacial, skeletal, extremity and urogenital anomalies. They may be the result of mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Ser351Cys) gene, which was confirmed in our case 2. Craniosynostosis combined with hydrocephalus created congenital increased intracranial pressure (IICP). Early V-P shunt implantation and surgical release of the closed suture and lateral canthal advancement should be done as soon as possible, ideally when the patient is younger than 3 months.

CONCLUSION

Early correction of craniosynostosis was feasible and safe for one of our patients. We offer our experience in the treatment of hydrocephalus and correction of craniosynostosis to relieve IICP.

Antiapoptotic role of NF-kappaB in the auto-oxidized dopamine-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells

Current concepts of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) center on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and dopamine has been considered to be a major source of ROS. Recently, it has been shown in a postmortem study that nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) was observed in dopaminergic neurons of patient with PD. However, its role is not known. The present study examined the possible role of NF-kappaB in ODA (auto-oxidized dopamine)-induced apoptosis to understand the process of PD. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, it was found that ODA activated the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB. Suppression of the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB in PC12 cells by overexpression of a wild-type and a dominant negative mutant form (S32A/S36A) of inhibitor kappa B (IkappaB)-alpha led to increase of apoptotic cell death induced by treatment of ODA. In addition, overexpression of NF-kappaB in PC12 cells blocked ODA-induced cell death. However, JNK/SAPK activities, which mediate various stress signals, were similar among the parental, NF-kappaB- or dominant negative mutant IkappaB alpha-transfected cells. Therefore, these results suggest that activation of NF-kappaB during ODA-induced apoptosis may have a counteracting activity against the signals mediating apoptotic cell death and thereby delay the process of Parkinson's disease.

Parietal pleura and extrapleural space in chronic tuberculous empyema: CT-pathologic correlation

PURPOSE

The purpose of this work was to describe CT findings of the parietal pleura and extrapleural space in patients with chronic tuberculous empyema and to compare them with histopathologic findings following decortication.

METHOD

Chest CT scans obtained from 13 patients with chronic tuberculous empyema who underwent decortication were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were men from 18 to 67 years old (mean 42 years old). CT findings of the parietal pleura and extrapleural space were correlated with histopathologic findings in all patients.

RESULTS

Histopathologically, the enhanced parietal pleural peel on CT was fibrous collagenous tissue, and a low attenuated layer with 2 mm thickness within the parietal pleural peel (n = 2) was either a layer of histiocytes or caseation necrosis. The extrapleural space seen as an intermediate attenuation in six patients on CT was the proliferation of vessels, inflammatory cells, and granulomas in loose collagen background. The linear soft tissue attenuation interrupting the extrapleural fat (n = 5) on CT was a collagenous fibrous layer with proliferation of vessels and inflammatory cells.

CONCLUSION

A layer of low attenuation in the parietal pleural peel may be due to different episodes of infection. The extrapleural space with intermediate attenuation may indicate ongoing inflammation. Linear soft tissue attenuation interrupting the extrapleural fat represents a fibrous layer rather than the subcostalis muscle.

Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha is not a common cause of MODY and early-onset type 2 diabetes in Korea

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)-3 with a mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1alpha has been identified in most races, but the prevalence of Korean MODY and early-onset type 2 diabetes with a mutation in this gene is unknown. To determine the prevalence of MODY and early-onset type 2 diabetes with the mutation of HNF-1alpha gene in Korea, we analyzed this gene in 69 Korean early-onset type 2 diabetics and in 35 healthy persons using the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique and direct sequencing. We identified one mutation in exon 4 (C900A) in only one of the 69 Korean subjects with early-onset type 2 diabetes; this mutation was silent and did not change the amino acid (Pro300). Additionally, we identified four polymorphisms: S487N, AAC-->AGC, intron 2 (nt -23), intron 7: (nt +7) and intron 9 (nt -24). However, there was no significant difference in frequencies of the four polymorphisms between the type 2 diabetes and control groups. Among type 2 diabetics, codon 487 variant showed no relationship to age at onset, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, basal C-peptide and 2 hour C-peptide. We concluded that this genetic mutation in HNF-1alpha gene may not be a common contributor to MODY and early-onset type 2 diabetes susceptibility in Korea.

MR imaging of congenital heart diseases in adolescents and adults

Echocardiography and catheterization angiography suffer certain limitations in the evaluation of congenital heart diseases in adults, though these are overcome by MRI, in which a wide field-of view, unlimited multiplanar imaging capability and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography techniques are used. In adults, recently introduced fast imaging techniques provide cardiac MR images of sufficient quality and with less artifacts. Ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and vascular flow measurements, including pressure gradients and pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, can be calculated or obtained using fast cine MRI, phase-contrast MR flow-velocity mapping, and semiautomatic analysis software. MRI is superior to echocardiography in diagnosing partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, unroofed coronary sinus, anomalies of the pulmonary arteries, aorta and systemic veins, complex heart diseases, and postsurgical sequelae. Biventricular function is reliably evaluated with cine MRI after repair of tetralogy of Fallot, and Senning's and Mustard's operations. MRI has an important and growing role in the morphologic and functional assessment of congenital heart diseases in adolescents and adults.

Changes of nasal function after temperature-controlled radiofrequency tissue volume reduction for the turbinate

OBJECTIVES

Temperature-controlled and temperature-monitored radiofrequency tissue volume reduction (RFTVR) for the turbinate is a new treatment modality for nasal obstruction secondary to turbinate hypertrophy. We compared the nasal functions after the treatment ofRFTVR and laser vaporizing turbinoplasty (LVT) using subjective symptom scores and objective tests.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective, randomized clinical trial.

METHODS

Twenty-four patients with nasal obstruction secondary to inferior turbinate hypertrophy were prospectively evaluated from March 1999 to October 1999 at Seoul National University Hospital (Seoul, Korea). Sixteen patients were treated with RFTVR, and eight patients with LVT. The preoperative and postoperative nasal functions were investigated by visual analogue scale of symptoms, butanol threshold test, saccharine test, acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry, and ciliary beat frequency.

RESULTS

At 8 weeks postoperatively, the severity and the frequency of nasal obstruction improved subjectively in 81.3% and 93.8% of RFTVR group and in 87.5% and 87.5% of LVT group, respectively. Significant improvement of nasal symptoms began from 2 to 3 days after the operation in the RFTVR group, whereas there was significant improvement of nasal symptoms at 8 weeks after operation in the LVT group. However, objective nasal functions including nasal volume and total nasal resistance were significantly improved at 8 weeks after surgery in both groups. Among patients reporting symptoms of hyposmia, 55.6% of RFTVR group and 63.6% of LVT group showed improved olfaction. Saccharin transit time and ciliary beat frequency were preserved after RFTVR CONCLUSION: RFTVR for the turbinate may be useful as an alternative approach for the treatment of chronic turbinate hypertrophy.

Abietadiene synthase from grand fir (Abies grandis): characterization and mechanism of action of the "pseudomature" recombinant enzyme

The oleoresin secreted by grand fir (Abies grandis) is composed of resin acids derived largely from the abietane family of diterpene olefins as precursors which undergo subsequent oxidation of the C18-methyl group to a carboxyl function, for example, in the conversion of abieta-7,13-diene to abietic acid. A cDNA encoding abietadiene synthase has been isolated from grand fir and the heterologously expressed bifunctional enzyme shown to catalyze both the protonation-initiated cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the intermediate (+)-copalyl diphosphate and the ionization-dependent cyclization of (+)-copalyl diphosphate, via a pimarenyl intermediate, to the olefin end products. Abietadiene synthase is translated as a preprotein bearing an N-terminal plastidial targeting sequence, and this form of the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli proved to be unsuitable for detailed structure-function studies. Since the transit peptide-mature protein cleavage site could not be determined directly, a truncation series was constructed to delete the targeting sequence and prepare a "pseudomature" form of the enzyme that resembled the native abietadiene synthase in kinetic properties. Both the native synthase and the pseudomature synthase having 84 residues deleted from the preprotein converted geranylgeranyl diphosphate and the intermediate (+)-copalyl diphosphate to a nearly equal mixture of abietadiene, levopimaradiene, and neoabietadiene, as well as to three minor products, indicating that this single enzyme accounts for production of all of the resin acid precursors of grand fir. Kinetic evaluation of abietadiene synthase with geranylgeranyl diphosphate and (+)-copalyl diphosphate provided evidence for two functionally distinct active sites, the first for the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to (+)-copalyl diphosphate and the second for the cyclization of (+)-copalyl diphosphate to diterpene end products, and demonstrated that the rate-limiting step of the coupled reaction sequence resides in the second cyclization process. The structural implications of these findings are discussed in the context of primary sequence elements considered to be responsible for binding the substrate and intermediate and for initiating the respective cyclization steps.

Ion chromatography detector based on solid-state ion-selective electrode array

A variety of neutral carrier type ionophores for monovalent cations were employed to prepare solid-state cation-selective electrodes (SSEs) for use as a detector in single-column ion chromatography (IC). The polyurethane-based pseudoreference electrode made it possible to assemble an array type SSE detector for IC. An SSE-based detector provides not only the overall chromatogram for the separated ion species (monensin methyl ester-nonactin-based membrane), but also the enhanced chromatogram for specified ions of interest (valinomycin as K+ and nonactin for NH4+). This feature makes it possible to perform highly quantitative analysis with low detection limits even if the separation efficiency of the ion-exchange is not sufficient. Since SSE-based IC detectors are easily miniaturized and replaceable at low cost, they are an ideal component of a portable IC system.

Multiplex PCR-based detection and identification of Leuconostoc species

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been developed for rapid and reliable identification of Leuconostoc species, by using species-specific primers targeted to the genes encoding 16S rRNA. This assay can detect and differentiate Leuconostoc species from mixed populations in natural sources as well as from pure cultures, within 3 h. This assay system consists of a total of 10 primers, two primers from each target species, and comprises two multiplex PCR reactions: one reaction for Leuconostoc carnosum, Leuconostoc citreum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and another reaction for Leuconostoc gelidum and Leuconostoc lactis. This multiplex PCR assay was used to identify 31 Leuconostoc strains isolated from kimchi, a fermented-cabbage product, and the results showed perfect correlation with the results of a polyphasic method, including 16S rDNA sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization. In addition, this assay enables simultaneous detection of the above-mentioned Leuconostoc species when chromosomal DNA from these Leuconostoc species was mixed. Thus, these results suggest that this multiplex PCR is a rapid and reliable method for identification of Leuconostoc species in pure cultures or in mixed populations.

Peroxycarbenium-mediated C-C bond formation: applications to the synthesis of hydroperoxides and peroxides

The Lewis acid-mediated reaction of alkene nucleophiles with peroxyacetals provides an effective route for the synthesis of homologated peroxides and hydroperoxides. In the presence of Lewis acids such as TiCl(4), SnCl(4), and trimethylsilyl triflate, peroxyacetals and peroxyketals undergo reaction with allyltrimethylsilane, silyl enol ethers, and silyl ketene acetals to afford homoallyl peroxides, 3-peroxyketones, and 3-peroxyalkanoates, respectively. Reactions of peroxyacetals are Lewis acid dependent; TiCl(4) promotes formation of ethers while SnCl(4) and trimethylsilyl triflate promote formation of peroxides. Lewis acid-promoted reactions of silylated hydroperoxyacetals furnish silylated hydroperoxides, which can be deprotected to homologated hydroperoxides. Hydroperoxyketals undergo Lewis acid-mediated allylation to furnish 1,2-dioxolanes via attack of hydroperoxide on the intermediate carbocation. Lewis acid-mediated cyclization of unsaturated peroxyacetals furnishes 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2-dioxepanes, and 1,2-dioxacanes through 6-endo/exo, 7-endo/endo, and 8-endo/endo pathways. The corresponding reactions involving 6-endo/endo and 5-endo/exo pathways were unsuccessful.

Biochemical identification of the neutral endopeptidase family member responsible for the catabolism of amyloid beta peptide in the brain

Amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is a physiological peptide that is constantly catabolized in the brain. We previously demonstrated that an endopeptidase sensitive to phosphoramidon and thiorphan conducts the initial rate-limiting proteolysis of Abeta in vivo, but the exact molecular identity of the peptidase(s) has remained unknown because of the molecular redundancy of such activity. We analyzed the brain-derived enzyme by means of immuno-depletion and gene disruption, and demonstrate here that neprilysin accounts for the majority of the Abeta-degrading activity. Furthermore, kinetic analysis, giving a K(m) value of 2.8 +/- 0.76 microM, indicated that Abeta(1-42) is a relevant substrate for neprilysin.

Renal and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a case report

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease that most commonly involves the lung. However, extrapulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis rarely occurs with or without subsequent involvement of the lung. We report a case of incidentally found renal and pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis in a patient who had no stigmata of tuberous sclerosis.

Presence of circulating autoantibodies against bronchial epithelia cell in patients with nonatopic asthma

Allergic response to common environmental agents has been regarded as a main pathogenetic mechanism of bronchial asthma. However, allergic sensitization (atopy) can not be detected in a siginificant number of adult asthmatic patients. The etiology of nonatopic asthma has not yet been defined. To evaluate the possible involvement of autoimmune response against bronchial mucosa in the pathogenesis of nonatopic asthma, we performed indirect immunofluorescence staining of fresh frozen human bronchial mucosa tissue using serum samples from patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma, healthy controls, and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. On immunostaining, circulating IgG autoantibodies against bronchial mucosa were detected in 2 (9.1%) of 22 patients with nonatopic asthma and in none of 22 patients with atopic asthma and of 22 healthy controls. IgG autoantibodies from the two patients with nonatopic asthma predominantly stained the cytoplasmic membrane of basal cells in bronchial epithelium. Serum samples from 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus immunostained the nucleus of epithelial cells in whole layer of bronchial epithelium. This study showed the presence of circulating IgG autoantibodies against the bronchial epithelial cell in a small portion of patients with nonatopic asthma. Further studies may be necessary to evaluate the possible involvement of autoimmune mechanism in the pathogenesis of nonatopic asthma.

Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae from Korean children in prevaccination era

Fifty-five strains of Haemophilus influenzae recovered at a children's hospital in Korea from 1992 through 1997, were analyzed for serotype and antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by broth dilution method. Among the 55 strains, 26 were from normally sterile body fluids, of which 17 were from the immunocompetent children. Spectrum in the immunocompetent included meningitis (47%), bacteremic pneumonia (18%), and bacteremia without focus (35%). Three (12%) of 26 invasive infections were caused by non-type b: one type d and two type f. Nine of 29 non-sterile body fluid isolates belonged to one of encapsulted serotypes: four a, two c, one of each of b, d and e. Thirty two (58%) strains were resistant to ampicillin, and all of which produced beta-lactamase. All of the strains were highly susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefixime, cefuroxime, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin, while 1 (2%), 7 (13%), 4 (7%) and 4 (7%) strains were intermediate to cefprozil, cefaclor, loracarbef, and clarithromycin, respectively. The serotype distribution of H. influenzae in Korean children is similar to those in developed countries before the introduction of Hib conjugate vaccine, and ampicillin resistance rate is among the highest published to date.

Three-year follow-up of women with the sole diagnosis of depressive personality disorder: subsequent development of dysthymia and major depression

OBJECTIVE

The authors sought to determine whether subjects with the sole diagnosis of depressive personality disorder are at higher risk for developing dysthymia and major depression than are healthy comparison subjects.

METHOD

Eighty-five women with depressive personality disorder who had no comorbid axis I or axis II disorders and 85 age-matched healthy comparison women were initially recruited and reinterviewed 3 years later to evaluate the cumulative incidence rate of dysthymia and major depression.

RESULTS

At the 3-year follow-up assessment, the women with depressive personality disorder had a significantly greater odds ratio for developing dysthymia than did the healthy comparison women. The difference in odds ratios for the development of major depression between women with and without depressive personality disorder did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study, the first to determine the subsequent development of dysthymia and major depression in subjects with the sole diagnosis of depressive personality disorder, found that subjects with depressive personality disorder had a greater risk of developing dysthymia than did healthy comparison subjects at 3-year follow-up. Findings of the current study also suggest that depressive personality disorder may mediate the effects of a family history of axis I unipolar mood disorders.

Pulse amperometric detection of salt concentrations by flow injection analysis using ionodes

A sensitive novel approach of using an amperometric ion detector for the flow injection analysis of salts has been developed. The detection methodology is based on measuring the current associated with the transfer of ions across polarized microinterfaces between the aqueous sample solution and a 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether-poly(vinyl chloride) gel phase, referred to as ionodes. Different sodium salts of fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate were investigated. It was found that by employing an amperometric pulse detection mode and pure water as eluent, the detection limit of the ionode detector could be lowered to ppt level of salt concentrations under flowing conditions.

Detection of radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated perilla seeds

The method consists of the extraction of fat from perilla seeds, separation of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones with florisil column chromatography, and identification of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Concentrations of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones increased with the irradiation dose. The major hydrocarbons in the irradiated perilla seeds were 8-heptadecene and 1,7-hexadecadiene from oleic acid and 6,9-heptadecadiene and 1,7,10-hexadecatriene from linoleic acid. One of the 2-alkylcyclobutanones, 2-(5'-tetradecenyl)cyclobutanone, was found in the highest concentration in the irradiated perilla seeds. Radiation-induced hydrocarbons in the perilla seeds were detected at doses of 0.5 kGy and higher, and radiation-induced 2-alkylcyclobutanones were detected at doses of 1 kGy and higher. These compounds were not detected in nonirradiated perilla seeds.

Cu2+-catalyzed oxidative degradation of thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin (Tg) was subjected to metal-catalyzed oxidation, and the oxidative degradation was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. In contrast to no effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) alone on the Tg degradation, the inclusion of Cu2+ (30 microM), in combination with 2 mM H2O2, caused a remarkable degradation of Tg, time- and concentration-dependent. The action of Cu2+ was not mimicked by Fe2+, suggesting that Tg may interact selectively with Cu2+. A similar degradation of Tg was also observed with Cu2+/ascorbate system, and the concentration of Cu2+ (5-10 microM), in combination with ascorbate, required for the effective degradation was smaller than that of Cu2+ (10-30 microM) in combination with H2O2. In support of involvement of H2O2 in the Cu2+/ascorbate action, catalase expressed a complete protection. However, hydroxyl radical scavengers such as dimethylsulfoxide or mannitol failed to prevent the oxidation of Tg whereas phenolic compounds, which can interact with Cu2+, diminished the oxidative degradation, presumably consistent with the mechanism for Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation of protein. Moreover, the amount of carbonyl groups in Tg was increased as the concentration (3-100 microM) of Cu2+ was enhanced, while the formation of acid-soluble peptides was not remarkable in the presence of Cu2+ up to 200 microM. In further studies, Tg pretreated with heat or trichloroacetic acid seemed to be somewhat resistant to Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation, implying a possible involvement of protein conformation in the susceptibility to the oxidation. Based on these observations, it is proposed that Tg could be degraded non-enzymatically by Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation.