401
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Matsumoto I, Shiroguchi T, Murakami S, Kobayashi Y, Kanemitsu N, Tange Y. [The first case of tsutsugamushi disease in Ehime Prefecture]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1989; 63:262-7. [PMID: 2504840 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.63.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first case of tsutsugamushi disease in Ehime Prefecture was experienced in December 1987 with successful isolation of the causative agent. The patient was taken ill twelve days after infection. Immunofluorescent antibody tests using the isolate, Yamazaki strain, and Gilliam, Karp, Kato, Irie and Shimokoshi strains as antigens revealed that the specific antibodies against these antigens appeared and increased in the blood of the patient during the course of the disease. And the antibody titers to the Yamazaki antigen were the highest of these antigens. Agglutinin for Proteus OXK did not appear in the blood of the patient. The immunofluorescent antibody test using type-specific monoclonal antibodies to Gilliam, Karp, Kato, Irie and Shimokoshi strains and these five strains and the Yamazaki strain as antigens revealed that the Yamazaki strain was identified as Karp type of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
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402
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Chong Y. Application of serologic diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Korea where the disease was recently recognized to be endemic. Yonsei Med J 1989; 30:111-7. [PMID: 2678763 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.1989.30.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Korea, tsutsugamushi disease is a recently recognized infection. It has become clear that it is more prevalent than leptospirosis or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Accurate diagnosis of the disease is necessary for the selection of effective antimicrobial agents which can prevent fatalities and shorten the course. For the diagnosis, various serologic tests are used. Sensitivity and specificity of a test depend on various factors. In this report, microbiological aspects of the infection were briefly described and the Weil-Felix, indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase tests were compared for their applicability in routine use and usefulness in the diagnosis. Their interpretations were also briefly discussed.
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403
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Abstract
PURPOSE AND METHODS The rickettsioses continue to constitute major health problems in many parts of the world. With increasing international travel, recognition of rickettsial diseases by physicians is becoming more important. The clinical features of four cases of rickettsial disease imported into Canada over a five-year period are presented; two patients with tick typhus (Rickettsia conorii), one patient with scrub typhus (R. tsutsugamushi), and one patient with murine typhus (R. typhi). We also present the North American data over the past 10 years from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Atlanta). RESULTS Since 1983 in the United States, three cases of imported scrub typhus, all after travel to India, were confirmed, as well as six cases of murine typhus after travel to southeast Asia. At the CDC, 67 imported cases of tick typhus have been confirmed by indirect fluorescent antibody test since 1976; most illnesses occurred after travel to Africa. CONCLUSION Rickettsial diseases are underrecognized by physicians, who should consider these diagnoses in travelers returning from endemic areas. Since effective treatment is available, prompt diagnosis and treatment are important. In all cases, specific serologic confirmation should be obtained.
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404
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Scrub typhus pneumonia. Lancet 1988; 2:1062. [PMID: 2903287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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405
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Kawamura A, Tanaka H. Rickettsiosis in Japan. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 1988; 58:169-84. [PMID: 3210342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The rickettsial diseases of man in Japan include Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus), murine typhus, which occurs sporadically, and one of spotted fever group diseases, recognized as a new entity since 1984. Starting from 1976, there has been a remarkable resurgence in the number of reported cases of Tsutsugamushi disease in Japan after several years of virtual absence, and endemics are still continuing after reaching a prominent outbreak in 1984. Its yearly incidences from 1982 to 1986 were 538, 749, 971, 890 and 738, respectively. This resurgence is most likely related to an increase of vector mite colonies that carry Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. However, it cannot be explained as to how these foci of vector mites developed. The existence of spotted fever group disease had not been recognized until quite recently. This rickettsiosis was first identified in Tokushima and Kochi Prefectures in 1984. To date, the estimated total number of sero-positive cases is over 45 cases. The causative rickettsiae were isolated from the blood of 5 patients using cell culture methods and the identification of these rickettsiae is now being carried out.
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406
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Chayakul P, Panich V, Silpapojakul K. Scrub typhus pneumonitis: an entity which is frequently missed. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1988; 68:595-602. [PMID: 3076676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four cases of scrub typhus pneumonitis are reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by positive Weil-Felix OX-K reaction and immunofluorescent antibody test for Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Two patients presented with atypical pneumonia and two had overwhelming pneumonia resembling adult respiratory distress syndrome. All patients made a full recovery after appropriate treatment.
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407
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Lim TS, LaBarre DD, Lewis GE. Evaluation of the whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay for scrub typhus exposure: adaptability to field sample collection. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1988; 41:57-68. [PMID: 3149355 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.41.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The optimal conditions for the determination of exposure to scrub typhus by the whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was 7 days culture of 10% blood in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human AB-negative serum and L-glutamine with 50-200 micrograms protein/ml of Karp, Kato, or Gilliam strain membrane antigen. A simple exponentially decaying linear model shows the decrease in lymphocyte viability, the ability of sensitized cells to be stimulated with PHA mitogen, and the corresponding decrease in stimulation by scrub typhus antigens with increasing time of preincubation on ice. The lower limit of stimulation index for the detection of scrub typhus by whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was 4.0 with a type I error of 1%.
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408
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Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, Lewis GE. Comparative evaluation of the indirect immunoperoxidase test for the serodiagnosis of rickettsial disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38:400-6. [PMID: 3128129 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An indirect immunoperoxidase test was compared with an indirect fluorescent antibody test and the Weil-Felix OXK test for serodiagnosis of scrub typhus by measuring the rickettsial antigen specific activity of IgG, IgM, and whole globulin. Acute and convalescent sera from 50 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolate-positive scrub typhus patients and from 45 febrile patients diagnosed as having diseases other than scrub typhus were tested. The receiver operating characteristic for each test showed that the indirect immunoperoxidase and indirect fluorescent antibody tests were more sensitive and specific than the Weil-Felix test using convalescent and acute as well as paired sera. The indirect immunoperoxidase test showed no cross-reactivity when R. tsutsugamushi antigen was tested against sera collected from patients living outside the scrub typhus-endemic area with diseases other than scrub typhus. The indirect immunoperoxidase and indirect fluorescent antibody tests were comparable in measured response to R. tsutsugamushi, R. typhi, and TT-118 (spotted fever group) antigen. Thus the indirect immunoperoxidase test represents a sensitive, specific, reproducible, and practical semiquantitative test for rickettsial disease diagnosis.
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409
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Hsiao RL, Lin TY, Su WJ, Wu YC. [Scrub typhus--report of two cases]. ZHONGHUA MINGUO XIAO ER KE YI XUE HUI ZA ZHI [JOURNAL]. ZHONGHUA MINGUO XIAO ER KE YI XUE HUI 1988; 29:60-3. [PMID: 3272984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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410
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Paul SR, Karanth S, Dickson C. Scrub typhus along the Thai-Kampuchean border: new treatment regimen. Trop Doct 1987; 17:104-7. [PMID: 3629692 DOI: 10.1177/004947558701700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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411
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Watanabe K, Shigeno Y, Kohno S. [Fourteen cases of Tsutsugamushi disease in Nagasaki prefecture]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1987; 61:645-51. [PMID: 3119736 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.61.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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412
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Ramanathan M, Bin Zainal Abidin MN, Balachand V. The diagnosis of scrub typhus: an evaluation. THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF MALAYSIA 1987; 42:61-4. [PMID: 3123899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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413
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Shishime E, Tachibana N, Okayama A, Ishizaki J, Yokota T, Tsuda K. [Clinical study of tsutsugamushi disease in Miyazaki District]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1987; 61:297-302. [PMID: 3112283 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.61.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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414
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Silpapojakul K, Woodtayagone J, Lekakula A, Vimuktalaba A, Krisanapan S. Murine typhus in southern Thailand. JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND = CHOTMAIHET THANGPHAET 1987; 70:55-62. [PMID: 3585210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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415
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Taylor AC, Hii J, Kelly DJ, Davis DR, Lewis GE. A serological survey of scrub, tick, and endemic typhus in Sabah, East Malaysia. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 1986; 17:613-9. [PMID: 3107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A seroepidemiological survey of 837 people and 383 febrile patients was performed in rural areas of Sabah. We determined that the rickettsial diseases scrub typhus and endemic typhus were uncommon causes of febrile illness, as was tick typhus, except in forest dwelling peoples. The rate of occurrence of SFGR specific antibody was 16.5% among 412 forest dwellers, indicating that tick typhus may be a frequent cause of illness in this population.
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416
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Suto T. [Present status of Tsutsugamushi disease, especially its epidemiology, clinical features and etiological diagnosis in Japan]. Uirusu 1986; 36:55-70. [PMID: 3095984 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.36.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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417
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Lim TS, Twartz JC, Abdullah IB, Groves MG. Detection of surface antigen in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infected mouse reticuloendothelial cells. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 1986; 17:151-5. [PMID: 3097832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody produced by immunizing CBA/CaJ mice with RE cells from C57B1/6J mice infected 14 days earlier with R. tsutsugamushi Gilliam strain bound readily to Gilliam strain non-cell associated rickettsiae and less readily to the periphery of infected RE cells. Conversely, antibody produced by immunizing with RE cells infected 21 days earlier did not bind to Gilliam rickettsiae but bound to the surface of RE cells from mice infected 21 days earlier. This binding was not related to alloantibodies because these were absorbed prior to testing. The demonstration of rickettsial antibody staining of infected cell associated antigen(s) in this assay system provides a new method for the detection of R. tsutsugamushi infection.
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418
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Henderson R, Reynolds R, Dickie A, Lang S. Imported scrub typhus. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 1986; 99:126-7. [PMID: 3456541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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419
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Kasuya S, Hirano A, Iwata T, Hamano H, Tsunekawa J, Shigemura M, Shimada E, Izumi K, Hioki A. [Studies on epidemiological and diagnostic problems in tsutsugamushi disease. With special reference to 9 cases occurring in Gifu Prefecture, Japan]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1985; 74:1652-7. [PMID: 3938471 DOI: 10.2169/naika.74.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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420
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Tachibana N. [Tsutsugamushi disease, in special relation to the new type disease]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1985; 74:1218-22. [PMID: 3935745 DOI: 10.2169/naika.74.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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421
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Takada N, Ohtsuki N. [First case of tsutsugamushi disease in Fukui Prefecture with isolation of Rickettsia from its donated blood]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1985; 59:496-9. [PMID: 3932538 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.59.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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422
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Tachibana N, Kusune E, Yokota T, Shishime E, Okayama A, Tsuda K. [Use of the low virulent strain antigens in serological diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1984; 58:583-9. [PMID: 6439785 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.58.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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423
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Brown GW, Shirai A, Jegathesan M, Burke DS, Twartz JC, Saunders JP, Huxsoll DL. Febrile illness in Malaysia--an analysis of 1,629 hospitalized patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984; 33:311-5. [PMID: 6324601 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied 1,629 febrile patients from a rural area of Malaysia, and made a laboratory diagnosis in 1,025 (62.9%) cases. Scrub typhus was the most frequent diagnosis (19.3% of all illnesses) followed by typhoid and paratyphoid (7.4%); flavivirus infection (7.0%); leptospirosis (6.8%); and malaria (6.2%). The hospital mortality was very low (0.5% of all febrile patients). The high prevalence of scrub typhus in oil palm laborers (46.8% of all febrile illnesses in that group) was confirmed. In rural Malaysia, therapy with chloramphenicol or a tetracycline would be appropriate for undiagnosed patients in whom malaria has been excluded. Failure to respond to tetracycline within 48 hours would usually suggest a diagnosis of typhoid, and indicate the need for a change in therapy.
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424
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Sassa H, Shibata T, Oba M, Okubo M, Niwa T, Matsui E. [An autopsy case of the first occurrence of tsutsugamushi disease in Gifu Prefecture--with special reference to complication with disseminated intravascular coagulation]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1984; 73:401-7. [PMID: 6376667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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425
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Otsuru M. [Tsutsugamushi disease--on the recent multiple incidences of a new type]. NIHON RINSHO. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE 1984; 42:725-39. [PMID: 6433079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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