First observation of the P-wave spin-singlet bottomonium states hb(1P) and hb(2P)

We report the first observations of the spin-singlet bottomonium states h(b)(1P) and h(b)(2P). The states are produced in the reaction e(+)e(-)→h(b)(nP)π(+)π(-) using a 121.4 fb(-1) data sample collected at energies near the Υ(5S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e(+)e(-) collider. We determine M[h(b)(1P)]=(9898.2(-1.0-1.1)(+1.1+1.0)) MeV/c(2) and M[h(b)(2P)]=(10,259.8±0.6(-1.0)(+1.4)) MeV/c(2), which correspond to P-wave hyperfine splittings ΔM(HF)=(+1.7±1.5) and (+0.5(-1.2)(+1.6)) MeV/c(2), respectively. The significances of the h(b)(1P) and h(b)(2P) are 5.5σ and 11.2σ, respectively. We find that the production of the h(b)(1P) and h(b)(2P) is not suppressed relative to the production of the Υ(1S), Υ(2S), and Υ(3S).

Atomic structure and structural stability of Sc75Fe25 nanoglasses

Nanoglasses are solids consisting of nanometer-sized glassy regions connected by interfaces having a reduced density. We studied the structure of Sc(75)Fe(25) nanoglasses by electron microscopy, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering. The positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements showed that the as-prepared nanoglasses consisted of 65 vol% glassy and 35 vol% interfacial regions. By applying temperature annealing to the nanoglasses and measuring in situ small-angle X-ray scattering, we observed that the width of the interfacial regions increased exponentially as a function of the annealing temperature. A quantitative fit to the small-angle X-ray scattering data using a Debye-Bueche random phase model gave a correlation length that is related to the sizes of the interfacial regions in the nanoglass. The correlation length was found to increase exponentially from 1.3 to 1.7 nm when the sample temperature was increased from 25 to 230 °C. Using simple approximations, we correlate this to an increase in the width of interfacial regions from 0.8 to 1.2 nm, while the volume fraction of interfacial regions increased from 31 to 44%. Using micro-compression measurements, we investigated the deformation behavior of ribbon glass and the corresponding nanoglass. While the nanoglass exhibited a remarkable plasticity even in the annealed state owing to the glass-glass interfaces, the corresponding ribbon glass was brittle. As this difference seems not limited to Sc(75)Fe(25) glasses, the reported result suggest that nanoglasses open the way to glasses with high ductility resulting from the nanometer sized microstructure.

Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen enantiomers in rats after intravenous and oral administration of ibuprofen arginate

The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen enantiomers were studied in rats after intravenous and oral administration of ibuprofen arginate by means of a chiral HPLC method. The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen was stereoselective after intravenous and oral administration of ibuprofen arginate. The pharmacokinetic stereoselectivity was higher after oral administration than that after intravenous administration. The systematic (R)-(-)-to-(S)-(+) inversion might be more important than the presystematic one in the stereoselective pharmacokinetics after oral administration. Oral administration of ibuprofen arginate resulted in a very rapid absorption of (S)-(+)-ibuprofen (eutomer), and the absolute bioavailabilities of (S)-(+)-ibuprofen and (R)-(-)-ibuprofen were about 100% and 80%, respectively. Based on the systemic exposure of (S)-(+)-ibuprofen, it could be concluded that the pharmacological actions might be similar when ibuprofen arginate was given orally and intravenously, except some differences in the onset of action.

Treatment adherence among sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in mountainous areas in China

Background

We carried out an investigation in five provinces in China to assess treatment adherence and identify factors associated with insufficient treatment adherence in tuberculosis (TB) patients in mountainous, rural areas of China.

Methods

In each of the five provinces, all counties with > 80% mountainous area were stratified into three groups according to their gross domestic product. In each stratum, one county was randomly sampled. Study subjects were sampled from all smear positive TB cases registered in 2007 in the target counties. TB patients, village doctors, county doctors and directors of the TB prevention and control institutes were interviewed. Insufficient medication adherence was defined as taking less than 90% of anti-TB drug doses prescribed. Insufficient re-examination adherence was defined as having less than the recommended three sputum smear examinations during the treatment course.

Results

A minority of patients took drugs under direct observation: on average 29% during the intensive phase of treatment. In total, 524 TB patients were included, of whom 49 (9.4%) took less than 90% of all doses prescribed and 92 (17.6%) did not have all sputum smear examinations, with substantial variations between the provinces. In multivariable analysis, no direct observation of treatment during the intensive phase and the presence of adverse events were associated both with insufficient medication adherence and insufficient re-examination adherence. Overall, 79% of patients were adherent both to treatment and re-examinations.

Conclusions

In these remote and poor areas of China, the TB control program is not fully functioning according to the guidelines. The majority of patients are not treated under direct observation, while direct observation by health care staff was associated with better adherence, both to drug therapy and re-examinations. Insufficient adherence increases the risk of unsuccessful treatment outcomes and development of drug resistance. Measures should be taken urgently in these areas to strengthen implementation of the international Stop TB strategy.

[Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interferon γ in patients with hemophagocytic syndrome and its clinical significance]

In order to explore the serum levels and clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in patients with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). The clinical data of HPS patients in Capital Medical University Beijing Friendship Hospital from October 2008 to October 2010 were collected. The serum concentration of TNF-α and IFN-γ in HPS patients and 20 healthy controls was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlations between the levels of TNF-α and primary disease were analyzed, the levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, triglyceride, NK cell activity and sCD25 were detected on the same day, the correlations between the concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ and these laboratory indicators were analyzed. The results indicated that the serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in 30 cases of HPS was higher than that in control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01); the difference of TNF-α concentration was statistically significant in rheumatism-related and tumor-related HPS groups(p = 0.04), the level of TNF-α in HPS patients showed negative correlation with hemoglobin. It is concluded that the high levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ in HPS patients may play certain roles in the pathogenesis and progress of HPS. These data indicated that the high level of TNF-α may be the main factor for anemia in patients with HPS.

ηπ+ π- resonant structure around 1.8 GeV/c(2) and η(1405) in J/ψ → ωηπ+ π-

We present results of a study of the decay J/ψ → ωηπ+ π- using a sample of (225.2 ± 2.8) × 10(6) J/ψ events collected by the BESIII detector, and report the observation of a new process J/ψ → ωX(1870) with a statistical significance of 7.2σ, in which X(1870) decays to a(0)(±)(980)π±. Fitting to ηπ+ π- mass spectrum yields a mass M = 1877.3 ± 6.3(stat)(-7.4)(+3.4)(syst) MeV/c(2), a width Γ = 57 ± 12(stat)(-4)(+19)(syst) MeV/c(2), and a product branching fraction B(J/ψ → ωX) × B(X→a(0)(±)(980)π±) × B(a(0) (±)(980) → ηπ±) = [1.50 ± 0.26(stat)(-0.36)(+0.72) (syst)] × 10(-4). Signals for J/ψ → ωf(1)(1285) and J/ψ → ω η(1405) are also clearly observed and measured.

The use of ¹²⁵I seed strands for intraluminal brachytherapy of malignant obstructive jaundice

This study is sought to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using ¹²⁵I seed strands for intraluminal brachytherapy (ILBT) in the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ), and its clinical effect on stent patency. A total of 34 patients found to have MOJ were randomly assigned to an ILBT treatment group or a control group before biliary stent insertion. For the ILBT group, ¹²⁵I seed strands were implanted into the obstructive segment of the bile duct after stent insertion. For the control group, only the biliary stent was inserted. Alimentary and hematologic complications were examined for patients in the ILBT group. The stent patency of the two groups were compared. In the ILBT group, the number of ¹²⁵I seeds per strand varied from 6 to 16 (mean, 10.9), and were successfully implanted in 17 patients. Serum levels of bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, granulocytes, and platelets assayed 2 and 4 weeks following the procedure demonstrated no significant difference between the ILBT group and the control group. The mean stent patency for ILBT group (10.2 months) was significantly longer than that of the control group (7.2 months, p=0.032). ¹²⁵I seed strands for ILBT is a feasible and safe palliative therapy for the treatment of MOJ, and may prolong stent patency.

Observation of χ(c1) decays into vector meson pairs φφ, ωω, and ωφ

Using (106±4)×10⁻⁶ ψ(3686) events accumulated with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII e⁺e⁻ collider, we present the first measurement of decays of χ(c1) to vector meson pairs φφ, ωω, and ωφ. The branching fractions are measured to be (4.4±0.3±0.5)×10⁻⁴, (6.0±0.3±0.7)×10⁻⁴, and (2.2±0.6±0.2)×10⁻⁵, for χ(c1)→φφ, ωω, and ωφ, respectively, which indicates that the hadron helicity selection rule is significantly violated in χ(cJ) decays. In addition, the measurement of χ(cJ)→ωφ provides the first indication of the rate of doubly OZI-suppressed χ(cJ) decay. Finally, we present improved measurements for the branching fractions of χ(c0) and χ(c2) to vector meson pairs.

Observation of X(3872)→J/ψγ and search for X(3872)→ψ'γ in B decays

We report a study of B→(J/ψγ)K and B→(ψ'γ)K decay modes using 772×10⁶ B ̅B events collected at the Υ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB energy-asymmetric e(+)e(-) collider. We observe X(3872)→J/ψγ and report the first evidence for χ(c2)→J/ψγ in B→(X_{c ̅cγ)K decays, while in a search for X(3872)→ψ'γ no significant signal is found. We measure the branching fractions, B(B(±)→X(3872)K(±))B(X(3872)→J/ψγ)=(1.78(-0.44)(+0.48)±0.12)×10(-6), B(B(±)→χ(c2)K(±))=(1.11(-0.34)(+0.36)±0.09)×10(-5), B(B(±)→X(3872)K(±))B(X(3872)→ψ'γ)<3.45×10⁶ (upper limit at 90% C.L.), and also provide upper limits for other searches.

Free energies of the ion equilibrium partition of KCl into nanofiltration membranes based on transmembrane electrical potential and rejection

The free energies of ion equilibrium partition between an aqueous KCl solution and nanofiltration (NF) membranes were investigated on the basis of the relationship of the transmembrane electrical potential (TMEP) and rejection. The measurements of TMEP and rejection were performed for Filmtec NF membranes in KCl solutions over a wide range of salt concentrations (1-60 mol·m(-3)) and pH values (3-10) at the feed side, with pressure differences in the range 0.1-0.6 MPa. The reflection coefficient and transport number, which were used to obtain the distribution coefficients on basis of irreversible thermodynamics, were fitted by the two-layer model with consideration of the activity coefficient. Evidence for dielectric exclusion under the experimental conditions was obtained by analyzing the rejection of KCl at the isoelectric point. The free energies were calculated, and the contribution of the electrostatic effect, dielectric exclusion, steric hindrance, and activity coefficient on the ion partitioning is elucidated. It is clearly demonstrated that the dielectric exclusion plays a central role.

Effect of pH, NaCl, CaCl2 and temperature on self-assembly of β-lactoglobulin into nanofibrils: a central composite design study

The ability of certain globular proteins to self-assemble into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro opens opportunities for the development of new biomaterials with unique functional properties, like highly efficient gelation and viscosity enhancement. This work explored the individual and interacting effects of pH (1 to 3), NaCl (0-100 mM), CaCl(2) (0-80 mM) and heating temperature (80 to 120 °C) on the kinetics of β-lactoglobulin self-assembly and the morphology of resulting nanofibrils. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) interactions included CaCl(2)*temperature, NaCl*pH, CaCl(2)*pH, temperature*pH and NaCl*CaCl(2). Particularly notable was the very rapid self-assembly at pH 3 and the highly nonlinear effect of pH on self-assembly kinetics. Nanofibril morphologies ranged from long and semiflexible or curled and twisted to short and irregular. There did not seem to be a link between the kinetics of fibril formation and the morphology of fibrils, except at pH 3, where self-assembly was very rapid and fibrils were short and irregular, suggesting haphazard, uncontrolled self-assembly.

Biodegradable CaMgZn bulk metallic glass for potential skeletal application

A low density and high strength alloy, Ca65Mg15Zn20 bulk metallic glass (CaMgZn BMG), was evaluated by both in vitro tests on ion release and cytotoxicity and in vivo implantation, aimed at exploring the feasibility of this new biodegradable metallic material for potential skeletal applications. MTT assay results showed that the experimental CaMgZn BMG extracts had no detectable cytotoxic effects on L929, VSMC and ECV304 cells over a wide range of concentrations (0-50%), whereas for MG63 cells concentrations in the range ~5-20% promoted cell viability. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity results showed that CaMgZn BMG extracts increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production by MG63 cells. However, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining indicated that higher concentrations (50%) might induce cell apoptosis. The fluorescence observation of F-actin and nuclei in MG63 cells showed that cells incubated with lower concentrations (0-50%) displayed no significant change in morphology compared with a negative control. Tumor necrosis factor-α expression by Raw264.7 cells in the presence of CaMgZn BMG extract was significantly lower than that of the positive and negative controls. Animal tests proved that there was no obvious inflammation reaction at the implantation site and CaMgZn BMG implants did not result in animal death. The cortical thickness around the CaMgZn BMG implant increased gradually from 1 to 4 weeks, as measured by in vivo micro-computer tomography.

Direct observation of local potassium variation and its correlation to electronic inhomogeneity in (Ba(1-x)K(x))Fe2As2 pnictide

Local fluctuations in the distribution of dopant atoms are thought to cause the nanoscale electronic disorder or phase separation in pnictide superconductors. Atom probe tomography has enabled the first direct observations of dopant species clustering in a K-doped 122-phase pnictide. First-principles calculations suggest the coexistence of static magnetism and superconductivity on a lattice parameter length scale over a wide range of dopant concentrations. Our results provide evidence for a mixed scenario of phase coexistence and phase separation, depending on local dopant atom distributions.

[Screening program on novel drug resistance mutations of subtype B' in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in China]

OBJECTIVE

To screen the level of novel drug resistance mutations in subtype B' in China.

METHODS

451 pol sequences collected from the previous study, which including 354 AIDS patients who had received antiretroviral treatment (ART) and 97 the untreated patients. Entire protease gene (codons 1 - 99) and full-length reverse transcriptase gene (codons 1 - 560) were included. Variation of mutations between the treated and the untreated patients with consensus/ancestral sequences were compared and the mutations with higher frequencies in the treated patients than in the untreated patients were screened before submitting the mutations to the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (SHDB) (http: //hivdb.stanford.edu/). Relation between the mutations and resistance preliminarily was then analyzed, according to the information including SHDB.

RESULTS

Frequencies of 7 mutations at 6 positions, D123E, V292I, K366R, T369A, T369V, A371V and I375V, 2 at DNA polymerase domain and 5 at connection domain of reverse transcriptase (RT) were higher in the treated patients than in the untreated patients. The information of 7 mutations including the SHDB showed that 7 mutations were major variants at corresponding positions, and theirs frequencies were higher in the treated patients using some drugs, than in the untreated patients.

CONCLUSION

7 mutations being screened from the China subtype B were possibly associated with the resistance, which called for the construction of mutated viruses by site-directed mutagenesis to identify their effects on the susceptivity of different drugs.

Synthesis of a novel phosphate analog of 20-hydroxylecdysone with potent hypoglycemic activity

A novel, water-soluble 20-hydroxylecdysono-20,22-phosphoric acid 2 and its sodium salt 3 were designed and synthesized from 20-hydroxylecdysone 1 in six steps and with 67% overall yield. The synthesized phosphoric acid 2 exhibited hypoglycemic activity >40-fold more potent than that of 20-hydroxylecdysone 1 at concentrations between 2 × 10⁻⁷ and 2 × 10⁻⁸ mol/l in a glucose consumption test in HepG2 cells. At a concentration of 2 × 10⁻⁹ mol/l, phosphoric acid 2 was still active, causing a maximum increase in glucose consumption of more than 500%, while 20-hydroxylecdysone 1 was inactive.

Confirmation of the X(1835) and observation of the resonances X(2120) and X(2370) in J/ψ→γπ+π-η'

With a sample of (225.2±2.8)×10(6) J/ψ events registered in the BESIII detector, J/ψ→γπ(+)π(-)η(') is studied using two η(') decay modes: η(')→π(+)π(-)η and η(')→γρ(0). The X(1835), which was previously observed by BESII, is confirmed with a statistical significance that is larger than 20σ. In addition, in the π(+)π(-)η(') invariant-mass spectrum, the X(2120) and the X(2370), are observed with statistical significances larger than 7.2σ and 6.4σ, respectively. For the X(1835), the angular distribution of the radiative photon is consistent with expectations for a pseudoscalar.

Measurement of the parity-violating longitudinal single-spin asymmetry for W± boson production in polarized proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s] = 500 GeV

We report the first measurement of the parity-violating single-spin asymmetries for midrapidity decay positrons and electrons from W+ and W- boson production in longitudinally polarized proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s] = 500 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The measured asymmetries, A(L)(W+) = -0.27 ± 0.10(stat.) ± 0.02(syst.) ± 0.03(norm.) and A(L)(W-) = 0.14 ± 0.19(stat.) ± 0.02(syst.) ± 0.01(norm.), are consistent with theory predictions, which are large and of opposite sign. These predictions are based on polarized quark and antiquark distribution functions constrained by polarized deep-inelastic scattering measurements.

[Expression of serum sHLA-G in patients with hemophagocytic syndrome and its clinical significance]

In order to investigate the expression of serum sHLA-G in hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) patients and to evaluate its clinical significance, the clinical data of HPS patients in Capital Medical University Beijing Friendship Hospital during the period from September 2008 to July 2010 were collected. They were divided into infection-associated HPS, tumor-associated HPS and rheumatological disease-associated HPS according to cause of diseases. The serum concentration of sHLA-G in HPS patients and 25 healthy controls was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the correlations between sHLA-G level and laboratory indicators were analyzed. The results showed that the level of serum sHLA-G in HPS patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (p = 0.003), but the difference was not statistically significant between HPS groups of different causes (p = 0.233). The positive correlation of sHLA-G level in HPS patients with platelet count was found, but there was no positive correlation of their sHLA-G levels with WBC, Hb, Plt, ALT, AST, LDH, Alb, TBil, DBil, IBil, Cr, BUN, TG, fibrinogen and ferritin levels detected on same day. It is concluded that the the increase of serum sHLA-G levels in HPS patients may be caused by different factors such as infection, tumor, T cell activation and over-stimulation of several cytokines. sHLA-G can inhibit NK cell activity, resulting in formation of abnormal immune storm, and may be play a role in the pathogenesis of HPS.

Effect of water-soluble P-chitosan and S-chitosan on human primary osteoblasts and giant cell tumor of bone stromal cells

Water-soluble phosphorylated chitosan (P-chitosan) and disodium (1 → 4)-2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-β-D-glucopyranuronan (S-chitosan) are two chemically modified chitosans. In this study, we found that P-chitosan significantly promotes cell proliferation of both human primary osteoblasts (OBs) and the OB like stromal cell component of the giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) cells at the concentration from 125 to 1000 µg ml⁻¹ at all time points of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment. Further investigation of the osteogenic effect of the P-chitosan suggested that it regulates the levels of osteoclastogenic factors, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin expression. An interesting finding is that S-chitosan at lower concentration (100 µg ml⁻¹) stimulates cell proliferation while a higher dose (1000 µg ml⁻¹) of S-chitosan inhibits it. The inhibitory effect of S-chitosan on human primary GCT stromal cells was greater than that of OBs (p < 0.05). Taken together, our findings elucidated the osteogenic effect of P-chitosan and the varying effects of S-chitosan on the proliferation of human primary OBs and GCT stromal cells and provided us the rationale for the construction of novel bone repair biomaterials with the dual properties of bone induction and bone tumor inhibition.

Evidence for ψ' decays into γπ0 and γη

The decays ψ'→γπ(0), γη and γη' are studied using data collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII e(+)e(-) collider. The processes ψ'→γπ(0) and ψ'→γη are observed for the first time with signal significances of 4.6σ and 4.3σ, respectively. The branching fractions are determined to be B(ψ'→γπ(0))=(1.58±0.40±0.13)×10(-6), B(ψ'→γη)=(1.38±0.48±0.09)×10(-6), and B(ψ'→γη')=(126±3±8)×10(-6), where the first errors are statistical and the second ones systematic.

Development and characterization of a new marine fish cell line from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

A new marine fish cell line, TK, derived from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) kidney, was established by the method of trypsin digestion and subcultured for more than 50 passages over a period of 300 days. The TK cells were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM) supplemented with HEPES, antibiotics, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-Me), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The suitable growth temperature for TK cells was 24°C, and microscopically, TK cells were composed of fibroblast-like cells. Chromosome analysis revealed that the TK cell line has a normal diploid karyotype with 2n=44. Two fish viruses LCDV-C (lymphocystis disease virus from China) and TRBIV (turbot reddish body iridovirus) were used to determine the virus susceptibility of TK cell line. The TK cell line was found to be susceptible to TRBIV, and the infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect (CPE) and transmission electron microscopy, which detected the viral particles in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Finally, significant green fluorescent signals were observed when the TK cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 vector, indicating its potential utility for fish virus study and genetic manipulation.